SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
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HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE
ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY
ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-FOURTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE
UNITED STATES
APRIL 27 AND MAY 17, 195G
PART 21
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
3 c
72723
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1956
od ST'
pte, 21-30
Boston Public Library
Superintendent of Documents
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
ESTES KEFAUVER, Tennessee
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina
THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas
PRICE DANIEL, Texas
JOSEPH C. O’MAIIONEY, Wyoming
MATTHEW M. NEELY, West Virginia
ALEXANDER WILEY, Wisconsin
WILLIAM LANGER, North Dakota
WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
EVERETT McKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois
HERMAN WELKER, Idaho
JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security
Act and Other Internal Security Laws
JAMES 0. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas
THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri
PRICE DANIEL, Texas
WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
HERMAN WELKER, Idaho
JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
Robert Morris, Chief Counsel
William A. Rusher, Administrative Counsel
Benjamin Mandel, Director of Research
CONTENTS
Witness:
Andrivve, E 1124
Blacky Thomas L 1113
Greenglass, David 1089
in
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
FRIDAY, APRIL 27, 1956
United States Senate,
Subcommittee To Investigate the
Administration of the Internal Security Act
and Other Internal Security Laws,
of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington , Z>. O .
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 10 :50 a. m., in room
424, Senate Office Building, Senator Herman Welker presiding.
.Present : Senators Welker and Jenner.
Also present: Robert Morris, chief counsel; Benjamin Mandel, re-
search director; and William A. Rusher, administrative counsel.
Senator Welker. The meeting will come to order, please.
The witness will be sworn.
Do you solemnly swear the testimony you will give before the sub-
committee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Greenglass. I do, sir.
TESTIMONY OF DAVID GREENGLASS, ACCOMPANIED BY 0. JOHN
ROGGE, HIS ATTORNEY
Senator Welker. Your name is David Greenglass ?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes, sir.
Senator Welker. Where do you reside ?
Mr. Greenglass. In New York.
Senator Welker. Where are you presently domiciled ?
Mr. Greenglass. The Federal Penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pa.
Senator Welker. How long have you been there?
Mr. Greenglass. I have been there at the penitentiary for the past
5 years.
Senator Welker. Very well. Proceed, counsel.
. Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, this witness has been called in connec-
tion with the series of hearings being carried on by the Internal Se-
curity Subcommittee into the scope and nature of Soviet activity in
the United States.
During the course of yesterday’s testimony, we received evidence
that three Soviet intelligence operators connected with Amtorg, 2
assigned to the United States, to the Soviet consulate in New York,
and 1 to the Soviet delegation at the United Nations, directed an intri-
cate series of acts of espionage against the United States.
This witness today was mentioned in the course of the testimony yes-
terday, and he is being called here in the same context.
1089
1090 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Where were you born, Mr. Greenglass ?
Mr. Greenglass. I was born in New York City.
Mr. Morris. In what year ?
Mr. Greenglass. 1922.
Mr. Morris. Can you tell us of your education ?
Mr. Greenglass. I went to Haaren Aviation High School.
Mr. Morris. Will you spell that, please?
Mr. Greenglass. H-a-a-r-e-n; Haaren.
Mr. Morris. Aviation High School?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes.
Mr, Morris. Where is that ?
Mr. Greenglass. At 59th and Tenth Avenue in Manhattan.
Mr. Morris. And then after that ?
Mr. Greenglass. I went to Brooklyn Polytechnic.
Mr. Morris. Did you graduate from Brooklyn Polytechnical School ?
Mr. Greenglass. No ; I dropped out to go to work.
Mr. Morris. Did you return to college thereafter?
Mr. Greenglass. I returned to college afterward ; after my Army
career was over.
Mr. Morris. I see. Do you have a college degree ?
Mr. Greenglass. No; I haven’t.
Mr. Morris. You do not. Did you ever belong to the Communist
Party?
Mr. Greenglass. No; I never was a member of the Communist
Party.
Mr. Morris. Did you ever belong to the Young Communist League ?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes; I was.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us when you joined the Young Communist
League ?
Mr. Greenglass. I was 16 years of age when I joined the Young
Communist League.
Mr. Morris. And how long did you remain a member of the Young
Communist League ?
Mr. Greenglass. Oh, a very short period of time, until about a year
or a year and a half later.
Mr. Morris. Did you resign from the Young Communist League?
Mr. Greenglass. No; I just dropped out. I stopped going to the
meetings and just generally didn’t do any of the things that were
assigned for me to do.
Mr. Morris. Now, why did you drop out of the Young Communist
League ?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, it bored me. It held no interest for my type
of personality. I couldn’t subject myself to the discipline that was
needed. I would rather lie in bed on Sunday morning than be up
at 6 o’clock shoving Daily Workers under people’s doors. And so I
tapered off and stopped going.
Mr. Morris. So by the time you were 18 } r ears of age, you were no
longer formally a member of the Young Communist League?
Mr. Greenglass. That is true.
Mr. Morris. Did you, at any subsequent time, join the Communist
Party ?
Mr. Greenglass. No, sir ; I never did.
Mr. Morris. Now, what was the date of your abandoning the Young
Communist League activities ?
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1091
Mr. Greexglass. Oh, about 1939 or 1940. It was 1940, 1 guess.
Mr. Morris. 1939 or 1910. Now, what was your outlook, your
ideological outlook, with respect to things relating to the Communist
Party and the Soviet Union at this particular time ?
Now, Mr. Chairman, we try not to ask in the course of the testimony
anyone's ideological outlook with respect to the Communist conspir-
acy. This morning we have a witness who has appeared in executive
session and who has come forward and cooperated fully with the sub-
committee, and I think the subcommittee should take testimony about
the circumstances and the mental viewpoint leading up to his doing
work for Soviet espionage.
Senator Welker. Very well. It will be so ordered. Proceed, Mr.
Witness.
Mr. Greexglass. Well, what it was: Philosophically, I was a Com-
munist. Everything they stood for, I identified myself with. But my
idea of what communism was, wasn't the actuality of communism.
It was my idea of what the actuality of communism was. It was an
idealized version of communism.
Now, being unwilling to subject myself to the discipline of the
Young Communist League, 1 was not unwilling to believe in the prin-
ciples behind it.
Now, all through this period, if anybody asked me, was I a Com-
munist Party member, I would say, no, but I definitely believed in
what they believed in.
Mr. Morris. If, for instance, you had been subpenaed to appear
before a congressional committee and you had been asked the question,
u Are you now a Communist, v what would your answer have been?
Mr. Greexglass. I probably would have pleaded the fifth amend-
ment.
Mr. Morris. You would have?
Mr. Greexglass. Probably, at that time, for the simple reason that
1 wanted to show my solidarity with what the Communists would do
at this particular time.
Mr. Morris. 1 see.
Proceed, Mr. Greenglass.
Senator Jexxer. Mr. Chairman, that is very enlightening for the
benefit of this committee, in that we have witnesses here, that take the
fifth amendment, who may not, in fact, actually be Communists or
may not be guilty of any conspiracy or related to any acts that
criminally indict them.
Mr. Morris. It would indicate that, Senator.
Proceed. Mr. Greenglass.
ill*. Greexglass. Although in fact I would not have been a Com-
munist at the time, as you see, it was a strange situation.
Senator Jexxer. But you would have used t lie fifth amendment?
ill*. Greexglass. That is right. My mentor, Julius Rosenberg— — *
Senator Welker. Your what ?
Mr. Gi iEEXGLASs. My mentor, Julius Rosenberg, never considered
anybody a Communist unless he was a member of the Communist
Party and subjected himself to the discipline of the Communist
Party. He didn’t even consider a Young Communist League member
as a Communist Party member, you see. He was very specific about
that. He was derisive of people who called themselves sympathizers.
1092 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. How was Julius Rosenberg related to you?
Senator Welker. Just a moment.
Mr. Morris Excuse me.
Senator Welker. Why do you use the words, “my mentor”?
Mr. Greenglass. At the time, that is exactly what he was. He was
the one who taught me about what communism was. It was his own
version. Probably he lied to me, or maybe he even believed what he
told me. I don’t know. But in that way, he was my mentor.
Senator Welker. Was he a relative of yours ?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes; he is my brother-in-law. He was my
brother-in-law.
Senator Welker. Very well ; proceed.
Mr. Morris. All right; now, will you tell us how long you remained
in that state of mind that you have just described to the committee,
Mr. Greenglass?
Mr. Greenglass. I stayed in that state of mind until fairly long — I
should say, it is really a short period of time — fairly — well, about 6
to 9 months after I started to give information, which was in 1945.
It is only with the advent of my becoming an espionage agent that a
certain truth started to penetrate that did not penetrate before.
Mr. Morris. In other words, you remained in the conviction of
mind that you have described for us until about 6 to 8 months after
you began transmitting secrets to the Soviet Union ?
Mr. Greenglass. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Now, before we get to that point, Mr. Greenglass, may
I ask you a few questions about your career? Meanwhile, you were
inducted into the Army, were you not?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. When did that take place ?
Mr. Greenglass. In 1943, in April.
Mr. Morris. And what was your first assignment in the Army?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, of course, there was the basic training,
which in my particular case was 4 weeks, because of my technical
skills, and I was transferred to the Ordnance Department at the Aber-
deen Proving Ground, where we did various types of research work
and testing of German captured equipment.
Mr. Morris. And then from there where were you assigned?
Mr. Greenglass. I was sent out to the west coast where I worked
for a General Motors plant in South Gate, Calif., where they made
tanks. I worked in the tool and machine shop. Then after that, I
was at various Ordnance bases, and assigned to an overseas outfit.
This outfit never — I mean, it was scheduled for overseas, and these
other men did go, but I was taken out and sent to Oak Ridge, which
was part of the Manhattan project.
Mr. Morris. Now, did you know what Oak Ridge was when you
first went there ?
Mr. Greenglass. No; I hadn’t the slightest idea of where I was
going or for what purpose I was being sent there.
Mr. Morris. When did you first learn what was going on at Oak
Ridge ?
Mr. Greenglass. As a matter of fact, I never did learn what was
going on at Oak Ridge. I was shipped from Oak Ridge to another
part of the project, Los Alamos.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1093
Mr. Morris. Los Alamos.
Mr. Greenglass. At Oak Ridge I was just given security checks
and some tests. I don’t remember whether I was ever asked whether
I was a member of any subversive group, but if I were asked, I could
assure you, I probably would have said no.
Mr. Morris. Can you place the time when you were transferred from
Oak Ridge to Los Alamos?
Mr. Greenglass. It was Julv 1944, or August; or early August.
Mr. Morris. At that time, did you know what was going on at Los
Alamos?
Mr. Greenglass. No; I didn’t know that, either. I
Mr. Morris. When did you first learn — excuse me, Senator.
Senator Welker. Did you finish your answer ?
Mr. Greenglass. I was about to go a little further.
Mr. Morris. Go right ahead.
Senator Welker. Go ahead ; finish your answer.
Mr. Greenglass. I did know what I had to do in my immediate
surroundings, which was an instrument shop doing experimental set-
up work. That means we made the components of various experi-
mental apparatus that was to be used in research leading to the develop-
ment of the atom bomb.
What I was doing specifically I knew, but what it was in a larger
sense, I did not know at the time, no.
Seantor Welker. Very well ; proceed, counsel.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us when you first learned of the existence
of the atom bomb ?
Mr. Greenglass. In November 1944, my wife came to see me on
our second wedding anniversary. For a while it was just an ordinary
second honeymoon. But the third day, she told me a strange story.
It seems that Julius and Ethel Rosenberg had invited her to the apart-
ment where they lived, and when she came in, Julius, after the usual
social amenities, took her aside and asked her whether she knew what
I was doing.
Of course, it was a secret project, and I did have a cover. My cover
was the fact that I was supposed to be a machine handler in a ware-
house. Similarly, other men with various types of skills were given
similar coverings.
Mr. Morris. Now : may I break in at this time? At this time, you
were still a Communist Party sympathizer ?
Mr. Greenglass. I still was.
Mr. Morris. And you had no more formal connection either with
the Communist Party or the Soviet organization than that?
Mr. Greenglass. None whatsoever.
Mr. Morris. Proceed, Mr. Greenglass.
Mr. Greenglass. In this particular meeting, when she said, “No,
I don’t know what he is doing, except that this is what he has told me,”
Julius said, “Well, he is working on an atom bomb.”
Well, of course, to my wife it doesn’t mean very much. It didn’t
at the time, I should say. But he said to Ruth, he said, “What we
want him to do is to give us information on this bomb to be transmitted
to the Russians.” And she felt very badly about it immediately and
said, “No,” that she didn’t feel that it was a proper thing to do, and
that “You are not going to do it.”
Mr. Morris. She was not going to tell you about it ?
72723— 56— pt. 21 2
1094 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mi*. Greenglass. She was not going to tell me about it.
Senator 'Welker. Will you read that entire answ 7 er ?
(The preceding answer of the witness was read by the reporter.)
Senator Welker. Very well. Proceed.
Mr. Greenglass. When she said this, Julius and Ethel both dis-
cussed it with her, bringing out that the Russians were allies, and that
is no way to treat an ally; and secondly, that I would want to do it,
and it was her duty as my wife to transmit this information to me
and let me make the decision.
Well, it must have gone on for quite some time, but finally she
agreed to go out and see me. And he said to her, “Listen. It is your
anniversary, and since you want to go out there, I will put up the
money for the trip . 55
So since she did not have much money, of course, he knew he had
to give her the money. The
Senator Welker. Did he put up the money for the trip?
Mr. Greenglass. I think my wife put up the money, and in dribbles
and dabs he paid it back. It was mostly talk.
Senator Welker. Very well. Proceed.
Mr. Greenglass. Now, this is the story she told on the way, while
we were walking down by the river, the Rio Grande, in Albuquerque
at this time. At first when this happened, when she told me this, I
felt as though the whole world had opened up and I was falling into
a chasm because, while I instinctively said, “no , 55 I was not going to
give the information, in the back of my mind I knew I was going
to give that information because — oh, yes, he did say one thing to
her: “You just tell him that a man has to have the courage of his
convictions.”
Now, it seems a strange reason to do a serious thing of this nature,
because you want to have the good will of some other man. But we
do strange things, especially since it would be very difficult to explain
our relationship without going into a lot of background of how I
was the younger, he was the older, he was the graduate engineer, I
was the young apprentice, the tyro. It was a strange relationship, and
yet one where I genuinely liked this man. And I wanted to have his
approbation.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, may I point out at this time in the
testimony, we are coming pretty generally to the area where the
witness here testified at the Rosenberg trial. Now, since all his testi-
mony there is a part of the public record, I suggest that we just pass
over that, with only suggestions by way of filling in the continuity,
until we get back into the area where there will be new evidence
coming before the committee.
Senator Welker. It is so ordered.
Senator Jenner ?
Senator Jenner. What I am interested in is this. As you say, the
testimony of the witness is a matter of public record. But I think
what the committee is primarily interested in is, did you know from
your own experience or from your mentor, Julius Rosenberg, about
the existence of Soviet Intelligence in the Soviet delegation or the
Soviet Embassy ?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, later on, when we were in business together,
when I had long since given up giving information, and was trying
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1095
in general to disentangle myself from the web, he would use me as a
sounding board, a door mat.
Mr. Mokris. You mean Rosenberg?
Mr. Greenglass. Rosenberg, yes.
Mr. Morris. Julius Rosenberg.
Mr. Greenglass. Because I was close by, and in this type of business
you don’t confide what you want to say to people who are casual ac-
quaintances, and even your best friends are not to be told. But because
I had been in the apparatus before, he would use me in that sense; he
would talk about things that he should not have if he was strictly
adhering to the way espionage agents should work. But he did say
that not only are there agents in the Russian Embassies, in the satellite
countries, the satellite country embassies, but also in the embassies of
the western democracies, Russian agents. This is a direct quote.
Senator Jenxer. Did he make any reference about the colleges?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, in trying to get me back into the apparatus
after I had quit Los Alamos, when I left the Army. I could have very
well stayed on in a very nice job, but I wanted to come home for one
reason : I wanted to disentangle myself. Julius constantly wanted me
to go to schools where I had friends, scientists, people I knew, going
to these schools.
In the University of Chicago I knew two or three people, some in
MIT. He wanted me to go to these schools, develop my contacts, get
my degree, and then continue in the service of the Soviet Government.
When I said, “Well, how am I going to do all this?” well, he said,
“Some of it you will do on the GI bill of rights.” But I realized that it
was insufficient to raise a family on. I had a wife and a child at the
time. “So the Russians will pay you to go to school.”
And I said, “This is very interesting.”
And he said, “Yes. I do it all the time. I have a number of people
that I send to school and I pay.”
Mr. Morris. Did he say what schools, Mr. Greenglass?
Mr. Greenglass. Well
Mr. Morris. I do not mean by name, but he described the schools?
Mr. Greenglass. The type of school was of the Princeton, Univer-
sity of Chicago, MIT, Harvard type of school.
He wanted the better schools. He wanted them well known, and
that had fine engineering and scientific departments.
Mr. Morris. Now, you are not naming those schools by wav of
identifying the schools, but mentioning them by way of the types of
school that he had in mind at the time that he had this conversation ?
Mr. Greenglass. That is correct.
Senator Jenner. Did he name to you any of the schools where the
Russians were financing students ?
(Mr. Greenglass shakes head negatively.)
Senator Jenner. But he said he did it all the time ?
Mr. Greenglass. He did it all the time.
Senator Welker. Proceed, counsel .
Mr. Greenglass. He, as a matter of fact, if you will, he was a pay-
master. He had wide contacts with a wide group of men. He was
the type of man that was charming, hard, and a wonderful salesman.
The proverbial statement about selling refrigerators to Eskimos, he
could do that. He had many facets to his personality, and with it all,
he was a fine technical man.
1096 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
He also had a certain directness, a certain ruthlessness, that would
let him leave everything by the wayside. One of the things he did
say to me that turned me cold — 'this was late May 1950 — he was trying
to get me to leave the country, and he had all kinds of schemes of
ways of getting out, and
Mr. Morris. Mr. Greenglass and Senators, may I get back to the
continuity of the story ? I did not mean to break into it at that time.
Senator Welker. Surely.
Mr. Morris. But I did want to make the point that we should not
go over the whole material covered in the trial.
Now, roughly, during the period that you were at Los Alamos, you
came east on your vacation, on your furlough, at one time, did you not?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes; twice, as a matter of fact, once in January
and once in September.
Mr. Morris. Now, I wonder if you would tell us of your first meet-
ing with Julius Rosenberg when you discussed the atom bomb. I
wonder if you would give us as many details of that as possible,
because, Senator, I think this particular testimony does bear on the
subject matter of our investigation.
Senator Welker. Very well. Proceed.
Mr. Greenglass. At the time, I was living at 266 Stanton Street. It
was about 11 :30 in the evening. I don’t remember the exact day of
the week. A knock came on the door, and when I opened the door, I
found Julius Rosenberg standing there. lie came in, and he kept his
finger to his lips. I didn’t say a word. He leaned close to my ear
and he said, “Go‘next door and discover if there is a listening apparatus
in the rooms next door.”
Well, I was very much taken aback. I didn’t know what to say to
him. But he gave me an order and, all right, I
Mr. Morris. Who lived next door ?
Mr. Greenglass. There was an old couple living next door who
must have been in bed for hours.
Mr. Morris. What time was it, now?
Mr. Greenglass. It was probably about twenty to twelve. I went
next door. I knocked on the door, and an old woman in a bathrobe
came to the door and said, “What can I do for you ?”
And I had to invent a lie.
Mr. Morris. Speak up just a bit, Mr. Greenglass.
Mr. Greenglass. I had to invent a lie. I said, “I locked myself out
and I would like to get through your window on the fire escape to my
own apartment.”
And she said, “Well, all right.”
Mr. Morris. She was surprised by it, was she ?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes, she was very surprised. She must have been
even more surprised when I went through her bedroom to get to the
fire escape. Of course, I just wanted to make sure that there was
nobody there.
Mr. Morris. How old was this woman?
Mr. Greenglass. There was an old man lying in bed half asleep,
her husband, and, of course, I went through the window and came
into the apartment. And he said — Julius, that is, said — “Well?”
I said, “No, there was nothing there.”
Then he felt it was all right to talk. The first thing he said to me
is, “You know, Ruth told you, you are working on an atom bomb.”
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1097
I said, “Yes. Now I know.”
“Well, do you know bow it operates?”
I said, “No, I haven’t the slightest idea how it operates. Except
for some theories, I wouldn't know how to begin to put one together.”
He says to me, “Well, then, I will tell you what to look for.”
Thereafter he described a type of bomb that was made in Los Alamos.
Sir. Morris. In other words, without going into the details of it,
Mr. Greenglass, he then did reveal to you and satisfied you that he
had a knowledge of what was going on ?
Mr. Greenglass. He definitely knew what it was about.
Mr. Morris. Now, will you place this time for us generally ? We do
not have to have the precise date.
Mr. Greenglass. January 1915.
Mr. Morris. 1945.
Senator, that was about 8 months prior to the detonation at Hiro-
shima.
Mr. Greenglass. If that is all you are interested in, I mean
Mr. Morris. No. While you were on that furlough, did you meet
with any Russians, Mr. Greenglass?
Mr. Greenglass. Oh, yes. Of course, in order to understand why
I met with one of the Russians, I had best tell you about the rest
of this conversation.
He did say — of course, I can’t quote him verbatim because I don’t
remember it that well — he said — —
Mr. Morris. Senator, may I break in at this time ?
John Rogge, who has been counsel for David Greenglass, apparently
was due here this morning when we began the hearing, and has just
arrived. I would be very happy if he could sit up here next to the
witness here today.
Senator Welker. We are very glad to have you, Mr. Rogge.
Mr. Rogge. Senator Welker.
Senator Jenner. Good morning, John.
Senator Welker. Proceed, counsel.
Mr. Morris. May I bring counsel up to date on this, Senator?
Senator Welker. Go ahead.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Rogge, we have been covering the area of Mr.
Greenglass’ early developments since joining the Young Communist
League, his induction into the Army, his transfer from Oak Ridge to
Los Alamos, his furlough back to New York, at which time Julius
Rosenberg described to him that there was an atomic bomb, and we
are just at that point.
In the general framework of the hearing, Mr. Rogge, we are taking
testimony on the general nature of the Soviet conspiracy, and we are
trying not to duplicate to any great extent the testimony that was
taken at the trial, because that is available to the committee.
We are trying to get new and additional information.
Mr. Rogge. As I have indicated to you, Judge Morris, my client
does have information relating to the inquiry which this committee
is conducting, and will be happy to give such information as he has
in response to questions that may be put to him. As a matter of fact,
he has cooperated with the Government almost from the beginning.
Indeed, he was drawn into this thing by others. I do not think he
liked it from the beginning. And after the net started closing, when
1098 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
lie was given money and persuaded to leave the country, he refused to
do so.
Shortly thereafter, when agents of the FBI came to him, it was
not long after that until he made a brief statement to them. He took
time out to consult with counsel, and thereafter decided to continue
his course of cooperation, and has since then cooperated with the
Government and will continue to cooperate and will cooperate with
this committee.
Senator Welker. Thank you very much, Mr. Rogge.
Mr. Rogge. May I say this? I thought the hearing this morning
was to begin at 11.
Mr. Morris. Ten-thirty.
Senator Welker. Very well. Thank you, Mr. Rogge.
Proceed, counsel.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Greenglass, did you, as a result of your conversa-
tion with Julius Rosenberg, which I think you were just describing
Mr. Greenglass. I was about to go on with that.
Mr. Morris. Will you go on with that?
Mr. Greenglass. He asked me to write up what I knew about what
I was doing generally, nobody else but myself, because he realized that
without any of this previous knowledge I would not have very much
to tell.
Well, one of the things I was particularly working on was a thing
called the high explosive lens mould.
Mr. Morris. Will you spell that, please, for the record ?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, it is “lens” just as “lenses” in your glasses,
and “high-explosive.”
Mr. Morris. You say, “lens mould?”
Mr. Greenglass. Yes, “lens mould.”
Mr. Morris (spelling). M-o-u-l-d?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes.
When I put this down on paper, he took the information. There
wasn't too much, but whatever it was, he took, and later on — I don’t
remember how he did it, but he got in touch with me and he said
that the Russians are very much interested in this lens mould, and that
he felt that he needed to get me in touch with somebody who would
know more about this subject and then I could explain what a lens
mould was, and this man would understand what I was talking about.
Well, some time later, I borrowed a car and I was told to meet him.
As a matter of fact, it was at the place where the U. Y. is now. On
First Avenue in Yew York City there was a very large section of
slaughterhouses, and generally at the late hours of night it was quite
dull and quiet. There was a clingy bar and grill located in a kind of
stepdown, cellar affair, and I was told to meet him in front of that,
just about between 42d and 49th, some place in that neighborhood.
I pulled up the car and somebody approached me from across the
street, and it turned out to be Julius Rosenberg. He told me to pull
up to a more dimly lit section than I was already, and he said. “Wait
here,” and he came back with another man whom he introduced to me
by some first name which I am not certain of.
' When he got into the car, lie said, “Drive.” His hat was pulled
down low
Mr. Morris. When you say, “his hat," whose hat do you mean?
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1099
Mr. Greenglass. This gentleman sitting beside me.
Mr. Morris. Did Julius Rosenberg accompany you on that trip?
Mr. Gkeenglass. No. He stayed behind.
Mr. Mokkis. He just introduced you ?
Mr. Gkeenglass. He just introduced us and stayed behind.
Oh, yes. Later, after this meeting, Julius told me that this was a
Russian I was speaking to. What Russian? All I knew is that he
was some kind of technical man, this particular Russian.
Well, in the course of the trip, he kept asking me questions about
this lens mould, and in driving in a New York street, trying to watch
the road and at the same time expounding on a scientific subject, it
was very difficult to get anything across to him. But he milked it
dry, I suppose.
We rode for about 20 minutes. Each time I turned around to em-
phasize a point, he would put his hand to my face and say, “Keep your
eyes on the road/’ And we
Mr. Mokkis. Did he do that so that you could not see his face, or
did he do that because he was afraid for liis personal safety in driving?
Air. Gkeenglass. No. It was obvious to me that he just didn't want
me to get a good look at him.
We drove up around York Avenue under the Queensborough
Bridge, down around First Avenue, and continued to drive that way
for about 20 minutes. Then I was told to park in the same place I
had picked him up, and when I did so, he got out of the car, went up
the block a bit, and Julius Rosenberg came back and said to me, “It
is all right/’
I offered him a drive home, and he said, no, that he was going to
have a drink with this gentleman, and he left. And that was the end
of it. That was the first and last time I ever saw a Russian.
Mr. Mokkis. Now, then, there were other occasions, were there not,
in which you transmitted secrets, that you were acquiring at Los
Alamos, to Julius Rosenberg?
Mr. Gkeenglass. Yes. Once
Mr. Morris. Without going into details, there were other occasions,
were there not ?
Mr. Gkeenglass. Yes, that is right.
Mr. Morris. Can you roughly tell us how many ?
Mr. Gkeenglass. Well, after this, you mean?
Mr. Morris. Two, three, four, five ?
Mr. Gkeenglass. All together, there were four, I believe.
Mr. Morris. Now, were you present yesterday when Harry Gold
testified to a meeting that he had with you in your apartment ?
Mr. Gkeenglass. In Albuquerque ?
Mr. Morris. In Albuquerque.
Mr. Gkeenglass. Yes, I was.
Mr. Morris. Did you hear his testimony at that time ?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes, I did.
Mr. Morris. Was that testimony accurate in every respect ?
Mr. Greenglass. As far as I can recollect, yes, it was.
Mr. Morris. And you did give him at that time, as he testified,
secrets about the atom bomb project ?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes, I did. As a matter of fact, there was some-
thing he didn’t mention. He mentioned that I wanted to speak about
1100 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
recruits for the spy ring. Now, the reason that he said that he
squelched me — and, of course, when he squelched me, it was quite
puzzling, because I had been instructed to find such recruits.
Mr. Morris. Who had instructed you ?
Mr. Greenglass. Julius Rosenberg had instructed me to find people
who were sympathetic to communism in this project, and after find-
ing them, he said, “Don’t mention them. Just write them down.”
Of course, it must have been my boyish enthusiasm that made me
want to speak to him myself.
Mr. Morris. Now, how many recruits had you written down ? How
many names had you written down, to the best of your recollection ?
Mr. Greenglass. Oh, I would say there were between 20 and 25.
Mr. Morris. Those are people, now, scientists whom you had as-
sessed, from your work
Mr. Greenglass. I had assessed
Mr. Morris. From your working with them at Los Alamos, as
people who would be likely recruits for Rosenberg’s operation?
Mr. Greenglass. Let me modify that.
Mr. Morris. Go ahead.
Mr. Greenglass. I say, I had assessed, more or less. Some I was
quite accurate with, I am sure. Others, I may not have been. But in
any case, I had given the FBI — we have gone through it, and re-
membered every name — we have discovered every name that was on
that list and every picture of every one of those individuals has been
identified, and
Senator Welker. May I interrupt here ?
Mr. Greenglass, how did you go about this business of finding people
who were sympathetic to the Communist cause and would give away
secrets of the United States Government? Just tell me the back-
ground. Would you approach the subject matter, or would they?
Mr. Greenglass. I will get to that right now.
You must understand that, in order to be a Communist, you must
push aside nationality. You must push aside patriotism. The very
essence of communism is not to have nationality or patriotism. It
means that you believe in the whole people of the earth as an entity, or
so goes the theory, you see.
Now, when a man believes this and believes that he is so right in
what he believes, and you are so wrong, he is so absolute about what he
believes that it can’t possibly be wrong to do anything for his cause. It
is just child’s play to say that he is doing something wrong. He is
above the law. He is above human feelings, too. As a matter of fact,
he feels that if some people get killed in the mess, why, you can’t make
a revolution — I mean, you can’t make an omelette without breaking
eggs. That is a standard phrase I have heard time and time again.
Now, when I speak — when I spoke to these people at Los Alamos,
there were certain catch phrases that we used. One that would be-
come friendly with me would say, “Well, I believe in this, that, and
the next thing,” and we realized that we had many points of agree-
ment, so many in fact that it left out any possibility that the man I
was speaking to was anything but a Communist or a Communist
sympathizer.
Now, that I feel is clear ; isn’t it ?
Then, the next step is, I speak to him. He speaks to me. He tells
me of a friend of his that he knew from school, which was no longer
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1101
at Los Alamos, and at school this man was a Communist. I see, well,
that man is a Communist. Now, I know this other man, too. 1 speak
to him. He doesn’t say he was a Communist, but he says he is one
of the boys, “the boys” being a word signifying Communists in this
particular case.
At certain times I said, “What do you mean by the boys?”
“Well,” he would say, “You know, a progressive guy.”
And sometimes I would press further, and the fellow would finally
say, “A Communist,” or “A member of the Marxist Society at UCLA.”
'Well, that was far enough, because generally the Socialists don’t
talk about Marxist Societies.
In this particular case, I
Mr. Morris. Now, these are concrete instances you are describing?
Mr. Greenglass. That is right. I didn’t mention names or any-
thing of that character.
Mr. Morris. No. We don’t want you to.
Mr. Greenglass. I didn’t remember names too well, of who these
interviews occurred with. But I didn’t mention names for the simple
reason that I felt that the particular incident may not have applied
to this particular person. But it happened. That is the conversa-
tions! had.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, may the record show at this time that
the witness has said that he has gone into specific names and identi-
fications with the FBI ?
Senator Welker. It will so show.
Mr. Morris. And he has also told some of the identities to us in
executive session, but we are not prepared, Senator, to have the names
come into the record at this time.
Senator Welker. The record will so show. Proceed.
Mr. Greenglass. I could give specific instances
Senator Welker. Very well. I think you have covered that.
Mr. Greenglass. That is how I got the names to put on the list in
this manner.
Mr. Morris. Now, did this list of 20 to 25 — did that exhaust, do
you think, the reservoir of potential scientists who would turn over,
who would work for liosenberg?
Mr. Greenglass. Let me — 1 will answer that. I frankly say “No.”
These people, these 20 or 25, were in my ken.
Senator Jenner. In his what?
Mr. Greenglass. My ken, my line of vision, my knowledge.
Mr. Morris. Iven,k-e-n.
Mr. Greenglass. While they were in my ken, there were others
who were just as sympathetic who weren’t in Los Alamos, that I heard
of but I couldn’t check of my own accord, and which I didn’t put
down, you see.
Now, there were well-known names I have heard of, but it was some-
thing I never checked of my own accord, and so I never put the names
down, you see.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I think at this point I should mention
here that Mr. Greenglass has gone into rather extensive details in some
cases about the identify of these people, and also given us a description
of the number of people involved there. I think for the purpose of
72723— 56— pt. 21 3
1102 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
our record, Senator, that we have enough of that picture, and we can
pass over this particular part.
Senator Welker. Very well. Proceed.
Mr. Morris. Now, what was your last act of espionage at any time?
Mr. Greenglass. This happened in September 1945.
Mr. Morris. And what episode was that ?
Mr. Greenglass. I gave a 12-page description of what I surmised
from various conversations — you see, I got the information in varying
ways. One of the most important things is that any scientist, ma-
chinist, technician, anybody who does that kind of work, has a tendency
to talk shop, and in talking shop, if you are listening, yon hear what
he has to say, and I was listening. As a matter of fact, I was taking
a great many mental notes. And so I was able to formulate an idea,
a picture in my mind of what went into this one of the types of bombs,
and I made a drawing. The drawing, of course, was not in exact terms
as an engineer would like it, but I did not have it in exact terms, and
it would take entirely too much time to do it. I did not at any time
take anything. I memorized what was before me and picked up con-
versation around me. That is how I got my information.
This 12-page report was given in 1945 to Julius Rosenberg.
Mr. Morris. Now, who were the couriers between you and Rosen-
berg, if any?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, the first one was my wife, enticed
Mr. Morris. May I ask you at this point, what was the attitude of
your wife toward this whole undertaking?
Mr. Greenglass. She was completely against it from the very be-
ginning, but she would go along with whatever I wanted because she
was and still is in love with me and I am with her, and so it was some-
thing she did in spite of her own beliefs.
And she constantly tried to change my mind, and eventually
succeeded.
Mr. Morris. But she was the obedient wife ; is that it ?
Sir. Greenglass. She was an obedient wife.
Mr. Morris. And did you deliberate on these things? Did you en-
gage her in conversation prior to the
Mr. Greenglass. We had many conversations about it.
Mr. Morris. And did you always overrule her objections?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, there came a point where I could not over-
rule what was staring me in the face.
Mr. Morris. What was that?
Mr. Greenglass. The fact that this was devastation on a tremendous
scale and that it was an onus that I had to bear and one which I would
prefer not to have borne, and when I discovered this — and this was
1945, 1940, in this particular time — I began to realize that every belief
that I had needed reexamination, because every belief that I had was
based upon some hidden qualm I had in my mind, one which I said,
“It does not exist.” This structure of belief, this monolithic structure,
started to have cracks in the facade, and finally it crumbled. I couldn't
believe any further. And once this occurred, I realized that I had been
wrong, and I tried every which way to get out from under this en-
tangling web.
In the period after I came back from the Army, I had been — I was
in business with Julius Rosenberg. This business that I was in with
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1103
Julius Rosenberg was something I had been promised at a much ear-
lier date, and I was still
Mr. Morans. In other words, after you got out
Mr. Greenglass. And when I was still in the Army, this business
was begun.
Mr. Mounts. Now, let me get that clear, Mr. Greenglass. In other
words, after you left the service
Mr. Greenglass. Yes.
Mr. Morris. And after you had committed your last act of espio-
nage —
Mr. Greenglass. Yes.
Mr. Morris. You were about to go into your own business?
Mr. Greenglass. That is right. No. They had put me into busi-
ness before I even left the service.
Mr. Morris. All right. Did you want to go into business with
Julius Rosenberg?
Mr. Greenglass. No, I did not want to go into business.
Mr. Morris. Tell us the circumstances of your going into business.
Mr. Greenglass. In early 1042, my brother was in the United
States Army, stationed in Kentucky at the time with the First Ar-
mored Division. He was home on furlough — no. This must have been
later in 1042. He had come home on furlough for a few days, and we
were in a moving-picture theater, my wife, he and his wife, and Julius
and Ethel. And he mentioned that he thought of going into business
after the war.
Julius brought this up, and he said he had friends who would lend
him the money. At the time I didn’t know who these friends were.
I had no idea, and neither does my brother. He never knew about it.
Rut my brother felt it was a very good idea, and he said, “Yes, that
is fine. We should.”
And the conversation that took place for about an hour or 2 in a,
movie lobby waiting for a seat is what got me in this business. What
happened was that my brother got home earlier from the war than I
did for the simple reason that he had so many combat engagements,
somewhere near 370, and 3 years overseas, and was wounded twice and
had the Purple Heart and Clusters, and when he came back, Julius
must have thought- — I can just picture his psychology : “This is a per-
fect coverup, a patriotic war veteran in business with me.”
And he said, “Well, what about this business?”
And so my brother went into business and obligated me to the tune
of $1,000. And, of course, later on, the obligation became larger. But
the point is, I was now in business, and when I got out, there was a
ready, going affair that I had to take care of. I couldn’t very well
back out of it and let my brother down. And my wife, of course,
wanted me to back out of it and lose the money, if necessary. Rut I
felt I could stave off Julius’ intriguings to go back into espionage eas-
ily enough.
Senator Welker. What sort of business was this, Mr. Greenglass?
Mr. Greenglass. Originally, it was a partnership, buying and sell-
ing Government surplus. Then this was just for a short time. When
I got out, we opened a machine-shop business, and I was the machine-
shop foreman and the toolmaker and things of that nature. And later
on, we expanded and became a corporation called the Pitt Machine
1104 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Products, Inc. And that is when — at that point, I quit the business.
Senator Welker. Very well.
Mr. Morris. How did your relations with Rosenberg continue dur-
ing this period ?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, I tried to keep my opinions to myself, espe-
cially opinions which would have brought on tirades from Julius
Rosenberg. He was, as you know from 1 tell you, quite opinionated,
and if I touched anything on communism, in front of people it would
be perfectly all right, because he wouldn’t say anything, but if I were
in any way critical, later on he would give me a tongue lashing, as
in the case of the Berlin blockade.
My brother had brought the subject up
Mr. Morris. That is the Berlin blockade ?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes. And there was some discussion about it.
Later on, after he left, I said, “Now, this is one case where 1 must
disagree completely with what you are doing and what is being done.”
I said, “These are innocent people. You can't tell me that because
they are Germans, they must be killed. 1 can't believe that everybody
is guilty. I can’t believe that a child in arms that needs milk is going
to be made the culprit in a case of this nature. I can’t see where
children that have been born during the war are guilty for what went
on in Germany and throughout Nazi Europe.”
Mr. Morris. Now, that is in connection with the Soviet efforts to
blockade Western Berlin?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes. Well, after I got through, I feel that it
took quite a "reat amount of courage for me to stand up and talk that
way to him, because I had, for years, not in any way disagreed with
him, and all my disagreements I kept to myself, because I felt that he
could be vicious in a tirade. That unleashed the well springs.
He turned me every way but loose. He tongue-lashed me so badly
that I didn’t know whether he made a mat to step on out of me. I
felt: well, I had better keep my opinions to myself, because I felt that
if I gave him the idea that I was completely unreliable, that there
would be some type of repercussion that I would not particularly
desire.
But I, of course, kept my own opinion and my own counsels from
then on.
Mr. Morris. Now, was it earlier than that that Rosenberg told you
of the Soviet intelligence agents’ being in the embassies of the western
democracies and also, about his being the paymaster for students at
the larger United States colleges?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes. In 1946 is the first time he started to press
me to go to school. Of course, I went back to school, but not where
he wanted me to go, and I didn’t take any money for this purpose
there. And this annoyed him considerably, especially since I did not
quit the business and go full time but went at night. It annoyed him,
too, that I did not go to the University of Chicago. I did not renew
any of my contacts.
One of the things he was particularly annoyed at which I had for-
gotten to tell was that when the Federation of Atomic Scientists be-
came — was born — I could have been a member of that, but maybe it
was an innate sense of disliking to belong to anything which made me
stay away from that. I did not belong.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IX THE UNITED STATES 1105
Mr. Mourns. Was lie pressing you to join 1 hat ?
Mr. (iiii'.i'.xoEASs. He told me later. He clidn t press me, because
I was out of his reach. But when I came back, he said, “\ou should
have joined that.”
Mr. Mom us. Now, was he a member?
Mr. Greexglass. No. He could not have been a member.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, may I go back and ask a question I
should have asked earlier ?
Senator Welker. Very well.
Mr. Morris. In your earlier days, did you know of an organization
called the Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists, and Techni-
cians?
Mr. Greexglass. Yes, I did.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us what you knew about that particular
organization?
Mr. Greek glass. Well, it was a night in June, 19
Mr. Morris. That was a union, was it not?
ilr. Greexglass. It was*a union, yes. Julius Rosenberg once
brought me to the headquarters of this union.
Mr. Morris. Where was that?
Mr. Ggeexglass. At the time it was on 17th Street or 18th Street
off Union Square in Manhattan Island and not far from a school, I
believe it was the Stuvvesant High School. Anyway, I was sent—
I went with him to this place, and I can’t recollect exactly the reason
I went with him there. I feel that it must have been to become a mem-
ber myself. But that didn't come off. But in the process, while I
was there and going there and coming back, lie told me a little bit
about the union. He said that most of the members were Communists
or Communist sympathizers, and that in the course of a jurisdictional
dispute with the UAW over the engineers who were working at the
Brewster Aeronautical Corp. that was in existence at the time in New
York City, that lie felt that the UAW was not being very fair, and
they should have been, because at the time the UAW leadership was
communistic. That is his words.
Mr, Morris. Now, when did you get out of the Army, Mr. Green-
glass?
Mr. Greexglass. In 194G.
Mr. Morris. What month in 194G ?
Mr. Greexglass. I believe it was the last da}^ of February.
Mr. Morris. Now, all during the subsequent postwar period you
were in business with Julius Rosenberg and your brother ?
Mr. Greexglass. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Until what date ?
Mr. Greexglass. In August 1949, I finally quit the business.
Mr. Morris. Now, did Rosenberg tell you anything about a prox-
imity fuse?
Mr. Greexglass. Yes. In one of our earlier talks. You must
understand that he had nobody to confide in who had been involved
in this. There were some, of course, but they were scattered all over
the United States, and it was difficult to talk to them when he wanted
to talk to them. I was near at hand and right under his feet every
day. lie could see me whenever he wanted to. And one day he said
that he had stolen the proximity fuse, the actual fuse itself; lie liad
walked right out
1106 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. F rom where ?
Mr. Greenglass. From Emerson Radio Corp., where he was an in-
spector for the Signal Corps. He took the fuse, put it in his brief-
case, and walked through the guard. Of course, everybody knew
him. He was the Government man in the place.
Mr. Morris. And he told you that ?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes.
Sir. Morris. Now, what did you do after you got out of business
with Rosenberg?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, I went to work for Armour Engineering
Corp. in their research and development department.
Mr. Morris. What year was this ?
Mr. Greenglass. 1940.
Mr. Morris. Now, were you still seeing Julius Rosenberg?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, it was very much cut off. Our relationship
was now at a low ebb, a minimum. But one day in October he came
to see me, and he told me that I had to start thinking about leav-
ing the country, and I said, “Why ?”
And he told me, “At the present time they are talking to the man
who spoke to the courier who spoke to you.”
Mr. Morris. Let me see, now, because the FBI
Mr. Greenglass. No.
Mr. Morris. He did not say that?
Mr. Greenglass. Scotland Yard.
Mr. Morris. Scotland Yard ?
Mr. Greenglass. England ; in England, he said.
Mr. Morris. Scotland Yard was talking to the man who
Mr. Greenglass. Who had been — the man who had spoken to the
man who had spoken to another man who was the man who had seen
me in Albuquerque.
Mr. Morris. And that immediately caused you to think about your
session with whom ?
Sir. Greenglass. As a matter of fact, I did not remember exactly
who he was talking about. And he said, “The fellow that saw you
in Albuquerque.”
And I said, “Oh, yes, Dave.”
Now, this brings to mind, when Harry Gold came to see me in
Albuquerque, he, by some error on his part, used my own first name
to represent himself. And so I remembered it. Otherwise, I prob-
ably would have forgotten it.
So I knew Harry Gold as Dave.
In any case, he told me that they were speaking to him and that
I had to think of leaving the country.
Of course, I had no intention of leaving. He told me that he wanted
me to take a boat trip, get aboard a boat and go to France. And I
said, “I don’t believe they will ever let me get aboard a boat.”
And he said to me, “Oh, yes, they will. More important fellows
than you have left this country.”
And I said, “Now, who could that be ?”
And he said, “Joel Barr left the country.”
Mr. Morris. Was that J-o-e-1 ?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes, Joel Barr, J-o-e-1.
I said, “Was Joel Barr an espionage agent?”
He said, “He most certainly was. He was one of my boys.”
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1107
So I said, “Well, that is very surprising.”
Maybe I ought to tell you a little about this Joel Barr. He had
a master's degree in electrical engineering. He was a very esthetic
man, slim, good looking, tall, a composer, a musician, a scientist, an
engineer. He had been a project engineer for Sperry at the time in
1947 when he was shown a paper on which his signature was. The
paper was a petition to bring back the nickel fare on the subway sys-
tem in New York City — the only mistake he made was that the peti-
tion was a Communist Party petition, which he had never thought
about when he signed the thing. He had been told never to sign any
petitions. But he thought this was such an innocuous petition that
it woiddn’t make very much difference. And in looking at the peti-
tion, he said, “That can't be my name.” But it was his name, and
they tired him from his job in Sperry.
Of course, that is all he knew. They thought that he was a Com-
munist Party member. As a matter of fact. I don’t believe he ever
was. He might have been a Young Communist League member in
college, but that is as far as it might have gone.
Mr. Morris. And that fact of the matter is, as revealed to you by
Rosenberg, he was one of his espionage agents ?
Mr. Greenglass. He was an espionage agent. Later on, he used
our shop to build some apparatus which he took with him
Mr. Morris. Who is this ? Barr, now ?
Mr. Greenglass. Barr. He took it with him on his trip abroad.
Before knowing he was an espionage agent, and, of course, know-
ing he was Joel Barr — he was a very pleasant fellow, a nice chap to
talk to — I asked about his progress, and Julius told me, yes, he went
to Belgium to study music because he wants to break into the music
business. He doesn’t want to be an engineer or a scientist any more.
I believed it — it didn’t seem likely. To me it would not be gilding
the lily, but coming down a step.
Well, anyway, later on I found that, through the letters, he had
gone to see Jan Sibelius in Finland, and was some sort of protege of
his, and then later he did a concert with a concert singer in Stockholm.
Then later when I was arrested, I learned from the FBI that he was
no longer available in any of his Western European haunts. He just
disappeared.
That is the story of Joel Barr.
Mr. Morris. Now, you are telling us about the efforts of Julius
Rosenberg to get you to leave the country. Did he tell you about any
other scientists who made forced departures from the country?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, he didn’t tell me of any other scientists, but
I did learn of them in this manner. There were, you see — the wav I
learned it was this. You see, one of the names of these 25 on this
list is a well-known scientist who is a full professor at a New York
State college, and
Mr. Morris. Yon are not going to mention his name, now?
Mr. Greenglass. I won't mention his name. And Joel Barr had a
friend who was also an espionage agent. This friend approached the
professor with a letter of introduction. Now, I know nothing about
this except where I have learned this from the FBI later on.
Using this name that I had given to the Russians, he was taken in
as a long-lost prodigal son, and was given the job at this university
1108 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
of project engineer on a cyclotron being built at this time. This
friend, on the same day that I was arrested, this friend was ap-
proached by the FBI, and he refused to go with them without a
warrant, and when they came back with a warrant at 5 o’clock, he
had gone, and subsequently they don’t know where he is.
That is as far as I know about that.
Mr. Morris. Now, would you tell us of your detachment completely
from this whole setup ?
Mr. Greenglass. Well, as I told you earlier, this complete thing of
belief, this whole belief, as everybody, when they formulate an ideal
system, they hate to see the chinks appear in the system, one, because
it is yours, you identify yourself with this belief ; and every time some-
thing comes up to in an} r way change the picture of this ideal system,
you feel it is a personal affront.
Now, I realize it is a far cry from the scientific method to allow
this accumulation of fact and still disbelieve it. But when you have
beliefs that amount to almost a religious belief, because it is in your
nature, almost — Communism, I mean — you begin to take things on
faith, and when you take things on faith, you cannot believe them
very well. You are not objective.
But my whole point of view has always been to take things, not
on faith, but on what is reasonable. And because of this, I finally
saw that there was not enough evidence to support this whole struc-
ture. And when this structure fell in my mind, although the sym-
pathy and the feeling was still there, I reversed this sympathy and
this reeling and came to the conclusion that it was a wrong belief and
one that I had no business believing in. And with this final knowl-
edge, when I was able to convince myself of this, I no longer could
believe and no longer felt at home with the idea, and subsequently my
emotions changed and I no longer felt emotionally tied to it.
That is generally how it came about.
This — I passed this stage in 194G and 1947. But while I contem-
plated going to the FBI, I could not bring myself to talk about what
had to be spoken about, about my wife, about my sister, about my
brother-in-law. These were people, and while I might hate a belief,
1 could never bring myself to hate people. It just isn’t in my nature.
I am not a violent man, and when I think of things I did b}^ non-
violence, I wonder at myself.
Senator Jenner. I would like to get one point straight. Going
back to the point that you brought up earlier, where you were in-
formed by Rosenberg that the Russians had agents in embassies of the
western democracies, did he include in that, Washington?
Mr. Greenglass. The way he said it, I wouldn’t think in terms of
the United States. I was thinking he meant
Senator Jenner. Or was it in the embassies of Russia in the west-
ern democracies ?
Mr. Greenglass. No ; he said
Senator Jenner. They had agents in the western democracies?
Mr. Greenglass. The embassies of the western democracies in this
country ; in the consulates, he said. That is what he said.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us of your arrest, Mr. Greenglass?
Mr. Greenglass. I was arrested — well, I think I would like to say
one more thing about J ulius Rosenberg.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1109
In June 1950 — this was after he had formulated a plan of escape
which I was supposed to memorize, which was nothing on my part but
a subterfuge, because I had no intention of leaving the country, as a
matter of fact, what I had intended to do, and what I did do, was go
into the Catskill Mountains and look over a bungalow which I was
going to take for the summer for my wife and my children, and this,
strange to say, was corroborated by the fact that the FBI agents fol-
lowed me the whole way up there. I saw them. As a matter of fact,
when I lost one of them, I practically stood up and shouted to make
known where I was so he wouldn’t have thought 1 was trying to slip
out on him.
While walking along the drive with Julius Rosenberg, he said, “Do
you think we will beat the FBI ?”
And I said, “I don’t know.”
He said, “Well, you know, if I get word that it is too hot, we will just
take off and leave the children and the women.”
I said, “Two women and four children ? We are going to leave them
and go ? Will we ever be reunited with them ?”
He said, “Well, I don’t know. Maybe yes ; maybe no.”
I said, “How can you think that way ?”
I mean, I felt cold all over.
And he said, “Well, the Russians will send in division after division
against a position and they will all be killed, and they won’t bat an eye-
lash as long as something is being done to gain their end.”
I couldn’t be that ruthless. That was one of the things I wanted
to tell you about Julius Rosenberg.
At the time of my arrest — it was in June 1950 — I was brought to
FBI headquarters, and that evening I told them the story, the whole
story, with, of course, things that I had not remembered, I told later
in other statements, because it was just that they wanted to know had
I been in or had I not ?
But I thought over this business of my sister, my wife, my brother-
in-law, before bringing myself to testify in this particular case. I
felt that I had to think about that quite a while befoi’e I could actually
make a decision. I finally made my decision, and I testified. And at
times, since we are only human, I have been sorry I testified, because
these are my flesh and blood, and because I felt affection for them,
and I still feel affection for them. But at any time — and this I knew
from the beginning — that these people would have wanted not to be
martyrs, they could have just easily put their hands up and said, “Stop.
I will tell you the story.”
But they refused. And later, when my mother went to see my sister
in Sing Sing and said, “Ethel, David is not lying. He is telling the
truth. Why do you persist in your course? If you don’t believe in
capitalism or free enterprise or anything else, if you believe in the
Russians and feel they are right, think of your children. Think of
what you are going to do to them,” my sister said, “You are not my
mother. Leave. I don’t want to have any more to do with you. You
are as bad as Dave and your father.”
And so my mother went, and my mother came to see me and told me
the story. And she says, “She is no daughter of mine, and I will not
sit shiva upon her.”
That is a Jewish religious form which is gone through for a child
that is dead, or a mother or a father or a wife. It is a form of mourn-
1110 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
in g. And when someone doesn’t do that, it is as though she had never
been born.
Mr. Morris. How do you spell that ?
Mr. Greenglass. S-h-i-v-a, as far as I know.
Mr. Morris. S-h-i-v-a?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Excuse me.
Mr. Greenglass. So this martyrdom — one thing more my mother
said — she said, “If people want to commit suicide, I will not stand in
their way, and neither will I have anything further to do with them.”
She said subsequently that she did not want her children to be
housed with my mother. Her mother-in-law believed completely in
her son’s and her daughter’s innocence, and that is where they were, the
children, I mean.
It is a hard thing to be called a murderer by people, but it is a much
harder thing — and I don’t know whether it is a very intelligent thing —
but to deliberately martyr yourself for a completely erroneous ideolog-
ical cause is, in my point oi view T , the most hypocritical and ridiculous
thing a person can do.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Greenglass, did Rosenberg ever rationalize his
service to the Soviet Union ?
Mr. Greenglass. Rationalize it?
Mr. Morris. Yes; did he ever explain why he was doing it?
Mr. Greenglass. Yes. He said that he was a Communist and that
he wanted to see communism triumph throughout the world, and he
was going to do it in the best way he knew how, and the best way he
was fitted to do it, because of his technical skill, and, of course, an-
other tiling he did not list: his complete — his willingness to use any-
body to gain his ends. He would do anything in his power to bring
about the hegemony of the Soviet Union.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I think I have no more questions at this
time.
Senator Welker. Senator Jenner ?
Senator Jenner. I would like to say at this point, Senator, that hav-
ing interrogated so many witnesses here, it is very obvious that this
witness today and the witness yesterday are a refreshing contrast to
most of the witnesses that have thus far appeared before the subcom-
mittee. And because of their cooperation and because of the evidence
that they have given us, we are able to function much more effectively.
Now, if there were many more people like this who, having been
involved in the Communist conspiracy, did come forward and tell all
they knew about it as fully and completely as these witnesses did, it
would not be long before the Soviet underground in this country would
be smashed.
Senator Welker. That is very true.
Senator Jenner. I might add that it is refreshing to see witnesses
like Mr. Gold and yourself appear here in public. You are paying
society for the crimes that you have both committed. In your testi-
mony here, you may be setting an example that will break this vicious
conspiracy which is out to overthrow and destroy our country.
You have given this committee, particularly, certain information
that I think is very valuable, in view of the fact that you never were
a Communist, and yet, you were doing Communist work. I think, by
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES mi
your story, many men and women will learn through your horrible
experience what it might mean to the future. And as one individual,
I think both of these men in their cooperation have shown great cour-
age, and I want to thank them in behalf of the committee.
Senator Welker. Thank you, Senator Jenner.
To you, David Greenglass, I met you for the first time when I visited
on an inspection tour of Lewisburg Penitentiary last December, I
think
Mr. Greenglass. That is right.
Senator Welker. A job I had to do on another subcommittee of
Judiciary.
You realize that if you have wilfully testified falsely here, this com-
mittee will be very anxious to see you prosecuted to the full extent of
the law, and the sentence that you are now serving in Lewisburg might
very well be extended for a very lengthy period. Do you understand
that?
Air. Greenglass. I do.
Senator Welker. David, this devastating and tremendous scope of
your activity and your ruthless disregard of loyalty to your country,
to law, and to humanity, if you had it to do over again, would you
ever become so involved ?
Mr. Greenglass. Knowing what I know now, I don’t believe I
would.
Senator Welker. Was it worth it all ?
Mr. Greenglass. It certainly was not.
Senator Welker. Very well. The hearings are concluded, and I
want to thank you, David Greenglass, and you, Harry, for the testi-
mony given before the committee. It has been troublesome to you, I
know. It has not been easy to hear.
The spectators will please remain in their seats until the witnesses
and the marshals leave the room.
Mr. Morris. Just one minute, Senator.
I would like to thank James Bennett, Director of Prisons, and the
Deputy United States Marshals Joseph G. Oreto and William O. Col-
lin and Frank Noe for the assistance that they have given the sub-
committee during the testimony in arranging for the appearances of
these witnesses before the committee, and all the other marshals, the
United States marshal here in Washington and everyone else who was
concerned with the project. Their cooperation has been splendid.
Senator Welker. Very well. The spectators will remain seated.
(Whereupon, at 11 :50 a. m., the subcommittee adjourned.)
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
THURSDAY, MAY 17, 1950
United States Senate,
Subcommittee To Investigate the
Administration of the Internal Security Act
and Other Internal Security Laws,
of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington , D . C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:35 a. m., in the
caucus room, Senate Office Building, Senator William E. Jenner
presiding.
Present: Senator Jenner.
Also present: Robert Morris, chief counsel; William A. Rusher,
administrative counsel; Benjamin Mandel, research director; and
Robert McManus, research analyst.
Senator Jenner. The hearing will come to order.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Black, will you come forward? Will you be
seated there?
Senator Jenner. Will you be sworn to testify?
Do you solemnly swear that the testimony given in this hearing
will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help
you God?
Mr. Black. I do.
Senator Jenner. You will proceed, Mr. Morris, with the question-
ing of the witness.
Mr. Morris. Senator, this hearing is being held in connection with
the series being conducted by the Internal Security Subcommittee in
connection with the nature and scope of Soviet activity in the United
States.
The specific subject this morning will be Soviet espionage.
Mr. Black, will you give your name and address to the reporter,
please?
TESTIMONY OF THOMAS L. BLACK, NEWARK, N. J.
Mr. Black. Thomas L. Black, 70S High Street, Newark, N. J.
Mr. Morris. Where were you born, Mr. Black?
Mr. Black. Bloomsburg, Pa.
Mr. Morris. In what year?
Mr. Black. July 5, 1907.
Mr. Morris. What is your business or profession?
Mr. Black. I am a chemist.
Mr. Morris. For how long have you been a chemist?
Mr. Black. All my working life, approximately 26 years.
1113
1114 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. Nov/, Mr. Black, have you ever been a member of
the Communist Party?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. When did you join the Communist Party?
Mr. Black. Approximately 1931.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us what unit, branch, and section of the
Communist Party you joined?
Mr. Black. I joined the Communist Party in New York City,
section 2, unit 2-B, located on the lower East Side.
Mr. Morris. How long did you remain a member of the Com-
munist Party?
Mr. Black. Approximately 2 years.
Mr. Morris. Will you sketch for us very briefly your career in the
Communist Party?
Mr. Black. I don’t believe I quite understand your question.
Mr. Morris. Did you attend meetings of the Communist Party
with any regularity?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. Did you pay any Communist Party dues?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. Did you get to know any other Communists?
Mr. Black. Quite a number of them.
Mr. Morris. Was there any other unit or branch that you subse-
quently joined, other than the one you describe here?
Mr. Black. I was transferred to a unit in Jersey City and later to
a unit in Newark.
Mr. Morris. You left the Communist Party 2 years after you
joined it?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us why you left the Communist Party?
Mr. Black. I wanted to go to the Soviet Union to work, about 1933,
and I discussed this with the Communist organizer in Newark, Rebecca
Grecht.
Mr. Morris. Will you spell that for the committee, please?
Mr. Black. That is G-r-e-c-h-t.
Mr. Morris. What did she tell you, and what did you ask her?
Mr. Black. I told her that I wanted to try to get a job in the Soviet
Union, and that I wondered what arrangements could be made.
She told me that I could go to work any place in the world, but not
in the Soviet Union; that she would make any arrangements that might
be necessary, but that, as a party member, I could not work in the
Soviet Union ever.
Mr. Morris. As a result of that decision made by your Communist
superiors, you decided to leave the party?
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Did your interest in the Soviet Union continue?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us what form it took?
Mr. Black. After I had been out of the party some months, I
went to Amtorg Trading Corp. in New York City and inquired about
employment in the Soviet Union.
Mr. Morris. Now, whom did you meet at Amtorg Trading Corp.?
Mr. Black. Gaik Ovakimian.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1115
Mr. Morris. You know that he has been identified by Mr.
Rastvorov as a person who was a chief resident agent of the Soviet
secret police in the United Statep?
Did Gaik Ovakimian introduce himself by that name?
Mr. Black. Yes; he did.
Mr. Morris. What was his job with Amtorg?
Mr. Black. I was never quite certain as to the duties he had with
Amtorg, but I believe he was connected in some way with petroleum
products. Oils, and so on.
Mr. Morris. What did he tell you he wanted?
Mr. Black. He told me that if he were to recommend me for
employnnent in the Soviet Union, I would have to produce evidence
of usefulness. Otherwise he could not personally make a recom-
mendation.
Mr. Morris. I see. What did he ask you to do?
Mr, Black. He asked me to give him some information of a tech-
nical nature, which would tend to indicate my usefulness to the
Soviet technology.
Mr. Morris. Did you, conforming with his request, begin to supply
him with information of a technical nature?
Mr. Black. I did.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us for the record what material you
gave him?
Mr. Black. I gave him information concerning the processes for
producing textile auxiliaries and tanning materials; other products of
that nature, with which I was familiar. I wrote the processes up for
producing these things, and included information on their uses and
applications.
Mr. Morris. Now, on how many — will you speak up, Mr. Black?
Now, on how many occasions did you meet Mr. Ovakimian and give
him the information you have just described?
Mr. Black. Possibly three occasions.
Mr. Morris. Where did you meet him on these occasions?
Mr. Black. In New York City. We met in restaurants.
Mr. Morris. Can you tell us with particularity in what restaurants
you met him?
Mr. Black. I don’t recall what restaurants we met in, but they
were rather good restaurants. In the Times Square area.
Mr. Morris. Where did you get the information you imparted to
him?
Mr. Black. I had a great deal of it in my head, but what I didn’t
know I supplemented with information that was available to me on the
job.
Mr. Morris. Was Ovakimian’s interest in the information itself,
or was his interest in the fact that he was testing you to see whether
or not you were going to supply that and other information, and render
other services for the Soviet Union?
Mr. Black. He told me, after he had gone over this information, that
it was of no particular interest to him, because they had other sources
of such information, and that this was not particularly valuable.
Have I answered your question?
Mr. Morris. I missed the very last thing you said, Mr. Black.
Mr. Black. He indicated that the information I had given him
was of no particular value, because it was rather elementary.
1116 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. However — you added something move; didn't you?
Mr. Black. I don't believe that I quite understand.
Mr. Morris. I didn't know whether I had his full answer, Senator.
Mr. Black, did you break off your relationship with Mr. Ovakimian?
Mr. Black. No; I didn't break it. He introduced me to someone
else.
Mr. Morris. In other words, he gave you a different assignment.
Mr. Black. That is correct.
Mr. Morris. What year was this?
Mr. Black, you joined the Communist Party in 1931, stayed in
until 1933. You met Gaik Ovakimian in 1933?
Mr. Black. Either late 1933 or early 1934. I can't be sure of the
exact date.
Mr. Morris. At what point, now, did Ovakimian transfer you to
another Soviet agent?
Mr. Black. I believe that it was about the middle of 1934, or
perhaps early spring.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us the circumstances whereby you were
transferred by Ovakimian to another agent?
Mr. Black. Ovakimian told me that he was very busy and that
he wanted me to meet a friend of his who would meet with me occa-
sionally.
He said that he had too many other tasks to take care of, and that
this fellow would see me and he assured me that the person I wa^ to
be introduced to was a friend of his, and I could speak freely with him.
Mr. Morris. Who was this friend of his?
Mr. Black. He was introduced to me as Paul Peterson.
Mr. Morris. Was that his true name?
Mr. Black. I am sure that it was not, although I have no way of
knowing.
Mr. Morris. How long did you deal with the man known to you as
Paul Peterson?
Mr. Black. I would say up until about 1938.
Mr. Morris. Now, what was the nature of your relation with
Peterson? Was he asking you to supply information, or was he train-
ing you for still some other assignment?
Mr. Black. He was training me for some other assignment.
Mr. Morris. Do you know a man named Harry Gold?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. Did you introduce Harry Gold to a Soviet agent at
any time?
Mr, Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. The Harry Gold who testified before this committee,
2 or 3 weeks ago, was the same Harry Gold you know?
Mr. Black. That is correct.
Mr. Morris. I wonder if you would tell us your relationship with
Paul Peterson? Just tell us what happened. You said that you be-
lieved he was training you for some assignment. Give us the specifics
about that particular assignment.
Mr. Black. The first several meetings with Peterson were purely
social. We met in New York City and we had dinner, and the
conversation revolved around small talk. Nothing particular was
said about anything. In other words, in those early meetings he
was getting acquainted with me, and seeing what kind of a person
I was, sizing me up generally.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1117
Mr. Morris. Did lie give you assignments?
Mr. Black. No, sir; not then.
Mr. Morris. What did he do?
Mr. Black. Well, gradually the talk started to revolve around
how I could be useful to the Soviet Union, and I think that it was
at that tune that I first realized that he was intending to train me
for espionage, although that was certainly never mentioned at that
time.
Mr. Morris. Tqll us the nature of the training he gave you.
Mr. Black. The training consisted of discussing various aspects
related to espionage, and this was done during long walks which we
used to take together on the sidewalks of New York, mostly. Never
in restaurants or any place like that.
Mr. Morris. Now, what aspects of training were covered by him
in his relationship with you?
Mr. Black. How to detect surveillance by FBI agents, and how to
avoid it; what to do in case the surveillance was detected; how to
collect information and write reports; how to microfilm them; how to
condense information into the fewest possible words and yet make it
complete enough to be useful.
That general sort of thing. I don’t know
Mr. Morris. Did he go into the importance of appointments and
rendezvous?
Mr. Black. Yes, in general.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us something about that?
Mr. Black. I am not quite sure that I understand what information
you want.
Mr. Morris. Did he explain to you how appointments were made
between Soviet agents?
Mr. Black. Yes; he did.
Mr. Morris. Will } x ou tell us briefly something about that?
Mr. Black. The Soviet superior would always do the contacting,
and the lesser agent never had any way of knowing how or when or
where he could contact his superior.
Mr. Morris. Is there anything else on that point you can tell us,
Mr. Black?
Mr. Black. Well, some arrangements for the next meeting were
always made, and then the actual time was generally set by a telephone
call. The place and the time were prearranged, but the date was
generally made by telephone a few days before.
Mr. Morris. Through what period did you work with Peterson?
Mr. Black. Until about 193S — 1937 or 1938.
Mr. Morris. From 1934 to 1938.
During that period, the time was consumed principally in training
you for espionage work?
Mr. Black. That is correct.
Mr. Morris. No specific assignments were given to you at that
time, were they?
Mr. Black. Yes; but they were not in connection with espionage.
Mr. Morris. I see. What was the nature of those assignments?
Mr. Black. In 1936, at the time of the first Moscow trials, I lost
sympathy with the Communist movement, and I told Peterson that
if this terror was going to continue in Moscow, I would become a
Trotskyitc.
1118 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. How did he react to that disclosure by you?
Mr. Black. He became violently angry, and we parted on very
bad terms.
Mr. Morris. Now, did he ever drop you as a contact?
Mr. Black. No, sir.
Mr. Morris. What happened?
Air. Black. A period of time elapsed — I don’t recall just how long.
Possibly a few months. Then I got a phone call from him, and in
the telephone conversation he seemed rather friendly. He asked me
to meet him. I kept that appointment.
Mr. Morris. Did you meet him in New York?
Air. Black. Yes, sir.
Air. AIorris. Did he give you another assignment?
Air. Black. Yes; he did. He told me that he had been thinking
over what I had told him about becoming a Trotskyite, and he thought
that was a very good idea. So he instructed me to join the Socialist
Party, the Trotskyist faction.
Air. AIorris. Is that the Socialist Party, Trotskyist faction? What
was the name of that party?
Air. Black. Socialist Party of America. That was before the
Socialist Workers’ Party.
Air. AIorris. So your relationship at that- time was that you joined
the Trotskyist party on the instruction of the Soviet agent?
Air. Black. That- is right.
Air. AIorris. Did you, at the same time, keep your contact and
keep reporting to him?
Air Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us, Air. Black, precisely what happened?
Air. Black. I was instructed to be a good party member and to
ingratiate myself with the leadership of the party.
Mr. Morris. That is the Trotskyist party?
Mr. Black. That is right.
Air. Morris. Meanwhile you had completely disassociated yourself
for many years now, with the Communist Party?
Air. Black. That is correct.
Air. AIorris. Were you reading things like the Daily Worker?
Air. Black. No, sir; only occasionally, because I had been instructed
not to.
Mr. Morris. Were you seeing your old Communist friends?
Mr. Black. No, sir; I had been instructed to break all contacts
with them also.
Mr. AIorris. Now, will you tell us the nature of your assignment
with the Trotskyist party?
Air. Black. The only definite assignment 1 had was to become
friendly with the leading Trotskyists.
Mr. AIorris. And to report back to Peterson?
Air. Black. Just to keep contact with him. Not to report anything
specific to him. As a matter of fact, he was not interested in what was
going on in the Trotskyist movement.
Mr. AIorris. Was Peterson the agent now for whom you were
working at that time?
Air. Black. I believe so. I know that Peterson was the one that
assigned me the task.
Air. Morris. Now, at what point did Peterson break off and
another agent take his place?
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1119
Mr. Black. I believe that was probably the latter part of 1937, or
the early part of 1938.
Mr. Morris. Who was the new agent who moved in?
Mr. Black. I think — I can’t be quite sure of this, but I think it was
a fellow I knew as George, and who later I identified as Semenov.
Mr. Morris. That is Semon Semenov?
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. He was also of Amtorg Trading Corp.?
Mr. Black. I don’t know. I don’t really know what his connec-
tion was.
Air. Morris. Now, he succeeded Peterson as your contact in the
year 1937?
Mr. Black. I believe so. For a very short period.
Air. AIorris. Now, when you worked under him, were you still in
the Trotsky organization?
Air. Black. Yes, sir.
Air. AIorris. What you were doing, then, was developing friends
among the Trotskyists?
Air. Black. That is right.
Mr. AIorris. Who succeeded Semenov as your senior agent?
Air. Black. 1 believe it was a person that 1 knew as Jack, although
I can’t be quite certain of that, either.
On second thought, I think the person that succeeded this Semenov
was a fellow that I knew as Dr. Schwartz. His correct name was
Gregor Rabinowitz.
Air. AIorris. Under what cover did Gregor Rabinowitz operate?
Air. Black. He was an employee of the Soviet Red Cross.
Air. AIorris. And he was here under that cover?
Air. Black. That is correct.
Air. AIorris. How were you assigned to him? Will you tell us the
circumstances leading up to your transfer to Rabinowitz?
Air. Black. The first time I recall seeing Rabinowitz was in the
hospital. I had been confined in the hospital for some weeks, due to
an accident. He came to visit me there, and he introduced himself
as Dr. Schwartz.
Air. AIorris. Was he a medical doctor?
Air. Black. He was.
Air. AIorris. And actually you have since learned that his name is
Dr. Gregor Rabinowitz?
Air. Black. That is correct.
Air. AIorris. And he operated under the cover of the Soviet Red
Cross?
Air. Black. That is right.
Air. AIorris. And did you tell him what your assignment had been
under previous agents?
Air. Black. No, sir; lie knew more about that than I did, I guess.
Air. AIorris. Did he give you an assignment?
Air. Black. Yes, sir; when I was released from the hospital. He
told me that he wanted me to quit my job and make arrangements to
go to Coyoacan.
Air. AfoRRis. Would you spell that for us, please?
Air. Black. I am sorry. I can’t spell it.
Air. AIandel. That is C-o-y-o-a-c-a-n.
Air. AIorris. He wanted you to go down there?
1120 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Did he state for what purpose?
Mr. Black. Not specifically. He said that he wanted me to go
down and join Trotsky’s household.
Mr. Morris. In other words, he wanted you to join the household
itself?
Mr. Black. That is correct.
Mr. Morris. And keep contact with him.
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Did you learn what Rabinowitz ’s plan was at that
particular time?
Mr. Black. No; not at that time. I asked some questions, and
he told me that the questions the nature of which I was asking did
not need to concern ine then. I would get instructions later.
First I was to go to Coyoacan, and there would be other Soviet
agents in Trotsky’s household, and 1 asked him who they would be.
He said I would find out that when the time came.
I asked him what I was supposed to do, and he said I would be
told when the tune came. He refused to answer any questions about
what the nature of the work was.
Mr. Morris. Did you subsequently find out what the nature of
that assignment was?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. What was the nature of that assignment?
Mr. Black. To arrange for the assassination of Trotsky.
Mr. Morris. Did you take that assignment?
Mr. Black. No, sir.
Mr. Morris. Why did you not take that assignment?
Mr. Black. Because, as I stated previously, in 1936 I had lost
complete sympathy with the Communist movement, and the Soviet
Union, and I was trying to break away from these Soviet agents.
Incorrectly, but I was still trying to make a break.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us why it is that you appear here today
and tell us that you were disassociated ideologically with the Com-
munists, and yet you kept accepting these assignments?
Mr. Black. I did it because of fear.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us briefly about that, Mr. Black?
Mr. Black. Well, when Peterson and other agents, many times,
made threats to me — never direct threats, but alwa 3 7 s by implication
or innuendo — implied threats.
Mr. Morris. Did you have a fear for your life?
Mr. Black. That is correct.
Mr. Morris. Fear for bodily harm?
Mr. Black. That is correct.
Air. Morris. Now, what reason did you give Rabinowitz for not
going to Coyoacan?
All*. Black. I told him that it would look very suspicious if I
were to suddenly leave the country without appearing before the
workmen’s compensation court which was to settle my accident case.
He accepted that.
Air. AIorris. I see. Now, what was your next assignment after
that?
Air. Black. After that, after the assassination of Trotsky, I
didn’t see any more of Rabinowitz. But I was contacted by another
agent, the one I believed I knew as Jack.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1121
Mr. Morris. Do you know what his name was?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir. His last name was Katz.
Mr. Morris. Is that Iv-a-t-z?
Mr. Black. Yes.
Mr. Morris. What assignment did he give you?
Mr. Black. Well, a period of some months had elapsed. Then lie
finally contacted me by a method which had been prearranged by
other agents.
Mr. Morris. Would you tell us about that?
Mr. Black. Well, I got a telephone cal]. I didn't know who was
calling, but the nature of the conversation indicated to me that I was
supposed to be at a certain place at a certain time, and supposed to be
carrying some form of identification.
Air. Morris. I am sorry. I didn't hear you.
Air. Black. I got a telephone call which indicated to me that I
was supposed to be at a certain place at a certain time, carrying some
form of identification, whatever it was that we had prearranged. I
believe some current issue of a magazine. That is how I met Jack
He identified himself to me after picking me out.
Mr. AIorris. What year is this?
Air. Black. I believe that this must have been about 1940. The
reason I believe that, is that, in checking some dates this morning
with Mr. Alandel, he pointed out that Trotsky had been assassinated
in 1940. This was after the assassination of Trotsky, I am almost
certain.
Air. AIorris. Now, what was the nature of the assignment received
from Katz.
Air. Black. Well, in the first several meetings, I didn't receive any
assignment. It was just keeping contact. Then he asked me to get
him some technical information.
Air. AIorris. From where did he ask you to get the technical in-
formation, or did he leave that up to you to get it?
Mr. Black. He left it up to me, because he had reason to believe
that I had been trained enough by Peterson that I could be on my own.
Mr. Morris. I see. Did you get the technical information for
him?
Mr. Black. I did get him some, and I wrote him some reports.
Mr. Morris. Is it your testimony that at this time you still had
the disaffection that you have described toward the Communist
movement?
Air. Black. That is corrects
Air. AIorris. But 3 t ou still carried out the assignment from Katz
because of the fear you have described?
Air. Black. That is correct.
# Air. AIorris. In your dealing with Katz, you mentioned in execu-
tive session that you had a conversation with him about Carlo Tresca.
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us what that conversation was about?
Who was Carlo Tresca?
Mr. Black. Carlo Tresca was an anti-Communist radical who had
been active for a great many years. I don't know what his political
philosophy was. I believe he was an anarchist, but I am not sure.
Air. AIorris. What did Katz say about Carlo Tresca?
Air. Black. Carlo Tresca was murdered in New York as he was
leaving an office building.
1122 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. Was that in January 1943?
Mr. Black. I think so. The Trotskyists accused the Communists
of the murder. In the press, of course. So I asked Katz what the
story was there. I told him that it was my opinion that that sort of
thing gave communism a very bad name, and I didn't approve of it.
Mr. Morris. What did he tell you about Tresca?
Mr. Black. He told me that Tresca was an enemy of the working
class, and that as such he had received a fair trial in Moscow.
Mr. Morris. He had been tried in Moscow?
Mr. Black. He had been tried in Moscow in absentia, and this
was not a murder; it was an execution.
Air. Morris. He said that he had been tried and found to be an
enemy of the working class; is that it?
Air. Black. That is correct.
Air. AIorris. Did the disappearance of Juliet Stuart-Poyntz ever
come up?
Mr. Black. I don't believe so.
Air. AIorris. You knew, of course, that she disappeared in 1937?
Air. Black. Yes, sir.
Air. AIorris. But you know nothing about that disappearance?
Mr. Black. No sir.
Air. AIorris. Did that make an impression on you?
Air. Black. Yes; it did.
Air. AIorris. Now, how long did you take assignments from Katz?
Air. Black. Well, there was a brief period in the early 1940's, and
then I didn't hear from him again until about 1945, or possibly 1946.
He contacted me by telephone, and I kept an appointment with
him.
He said that since it had been a long time since he had seen me, he
wanted to know if I would still cooperate with him. He said that
times change and people change, and he wanted to know where I
stood.
Mr. AIorris. Was this in 1946?
Mr. Black. I believe so. It possibly was 1945.
Mr. Morris. When he said he wanted you to cooperate, what did
you say to him?
Mr. Black. I gave him a noncommittal answer and told him that
I hadn't changed. I was afraid to tell him anything different. So
he said he would contact me again.
Mr. Morris. Were you still fearful of the consequences of your
encounters with these people?
Mr. Black. More so than ever.
Mr. AIorris. Why was that?
Mr. Black. Because of events that had taken place in the mean-
time, such as the assassination of Trotsky and the murder of Tresca
and the murder of Walter Krivitsky.
Mr. Morris. However, did you receive another assignment after
that time from Katz?
Mr. Black. No, sir.
Mr. Morris. Did you have any other contact with any other
Soviet agent?
Air. Black. No, sir.
Mr. AIorris. Didn't you tell us about an assignment in 1950?
Mr. Black. I was contacted by telephone in 1950, but I did not
keep that.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1123
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us about that?
Mr. Black. I received a telephone call from a Miss Watkins.
That was the code word that indicated that I was to meet a Soviet
agent
Mr. Morris. When was this worked out?
Mr. Black. In 1946.
Mr. Morris. In 1946 you worked it out with whom?
Mr. Black. With Katz.
Mr. Morris. With Katz you worked out a prearranged meeting
whereby a phone call would come in to you and a party would an-
nounce herself as Miss Watkins.
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. And you didn’t receive that phone call until 1950?
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Four years later, and the call came in?
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. What were the other prearrangements about that?
Mr. Black. When I got a phone call from Miss Watkins, I was
supposed to go on the Tuesday following the phone call to the Trans-
Lux Theater and wait under the marquee for 3 minutes, from 7:15
until 7:18, I believe, and identify myself by the color of necktie and
the current issue of some magazine, I have forgotten which.
Mr. Morris. This had all been worked out 4 years earlier?
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. And you remembered the directions?
Mr. Black. Pretty well; yes.
Mr. Morris. That had to be quite precise, to wait 3 minutes from
7:15 to 7:18 under a theater marquee.
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. And you remembered that?
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. When this call came through, did you comply with
the call?
Mr. Black. No, sir.
Mr. Morris. By failing to take the call, you broke off your relations
w ith the Soviet agents?
Mr. Black. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Have you received any contact from that time?
Mr. Black. No, sir.
Mr. Morris. When we asked you to testify publicly, did you express
some fear of doing that?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. Were you given assurances by this subcommittee
that if you came fonvard and told your story, the committee would
commend you for that, and by doing so you would get perhaps more
protection than you would have b}" remaining in an anonymous
state?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. And you have made full disclosure of all your activi-
ties in Soviet espionage?
Mr. Black. Yes, sir; insofar as I can remember. A period of some
20 years has elapsed since my original contact. Of course, it is
impossible to recall all details over that period of time.
1124 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. How long have you been cooperating with the FBI?
Air. Black. Since 1950.
Mr. Morris. You have made, to the best of your knowledge, full
disclosure to them?
Mr. Black. That is correct.
Mr. AIorris. In view of the witness’ very responsive attitude to
the questions that have been asked him, and because of his voluntarily
testifying about other things he was not asked about, I would like
the record to show that the committee should commend him for his
testimony before the committee.
Senator Jenner. The committee does commend you, Mr. Black,
and furthermore, let me state that it is unusual for this committee
to get a man who has had past affiliations with the Communist Party
such as you have had to come out openly and help this committee in
their effort to stop this Communist conspiracy.
This particular phase of our study is to look into Communist tactics,
how they operate in our country. We know they are operating today.
We know the method of operation continues to change.
It is our duty as a subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee, a
Subcommittee on Internal Security, to try to keep abreast of their
machinations.
I want to commend you, and I want to thank you for your coopera-
tion here, and I do believe that the fact that you have come forward
will give you more protection from the fears you have expressed in
the past.
Furthermore, you may encourage others to do the same.
Thank you very much.
Air. Black. Thank you.
Senator Jenner. You may be excused.
Do you have any other witnesses?
Air. Morris. Apropos of this testimony today, we took testimony
yesterday from a witness who for security reasons contended that he
cannot make a public appearance here this morning.
I would like to read excerpts from this particular testimony, Air.
Chairman, into the record, because it bears on the particular testi-
mony we heard today.
Senator Jenner. You may proceed.
Air. Morris. I will read the questions, and Air. Alandel wall r.ead
the answers of Air. Andriyve.
(The excerpt from the testimony of E. Andriyve, May 16, 1956, was
read into the record, the questions being read by Air. AIorris, the
answers being read by Air. Alandel, and was as follows:)
Mr. Morris. Were you employed in the Soviet Union during the war?
Mr. Andriyve. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. What position did you have? Describe the position you held
at that time.
Mr. Andriyve. Well, that depends on time. Since late 1943 I was in the Red
army, mobilized along with millions of other people, and during 1944, and prob-
ably January 1945, I do not remember exactly, I was employed with the Signal
Corps Military Research Institute in Moscow, in the capacity of researcher.
That is all so far.
Mr. Morris. Now, what were the functions of that job?
Mr. Andriyve. Well, my particular job consisted of editing and seeing that the
technical magazine of the institute was properly published, so that is editorial and
publishing functions within the institute.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1125
In addition to it, I had the function of, I would say, examining a scries of docu-
ments, very many of them, all of them in foreign languages. I would say 90 per-
cent of them, of American origin, and 10 percent of British and French origin.
Mr. Morris. Where did these documents come from?
Mr. Andriyve. I received them from the secret police section, which is with
every Soviet agency, including our institute.
Mr. Morris. These documents would be turned over to you by individuals
who came from the section of the secret police?
Mr. Andriyve. Yes; such documents are usually kept in the secret police sec-
tion, attached to this or that Soviet institution, and every major Soviet institution
has a secret police section which is called in Russian “Spetsotdel,” which is a
verv well-known word in Russian and also in the West.
So, the batch of the documents would be given to me practically every day for
perusal, examination, and determination of their nature, that is, technical nature,
with the task to determine how should they be channeled among the Soviet
institutions dealing with this particular type of science or engineering.
That means a part of the documents had to do with high power, superhigh
frequency and ultrahigh frequency tubes that are used for radar. I would classify
them to be sent to the factories and institutions which dealt with tubes.
The other part would deal with telephone communications and field conditions.
I would classify them to be sent along to the Signal Corps Institute, who dealt
with telegraphv.
Still other documents would deal with purely scientific matters which had, at
least to our viewpoint at that time, no immediate technical application. I would
classify them separately and to be sent to some pure science organization, and
so on.
That was the type of work I had been doing there for over a year.
Mr. Morris. Now, was there anything to indicate the point of origin of these
documents? You say 90 percent came from the United States?
Mr. Andriyve. Yes; 90 percent came from the United States. That was
clear and open, because they bore some United States town mark or organization
mark, or just the letterhead, or something like that. That was clear.
Now, the shape of the documents were — pardon me. The documents were of,
I would say, four general shapes. No. 1, printed matter; No. 2, typewritten
books or pages; No. 3, it would be the photocopies or photostats that evidently
came in originally from the United States; and, No. 4, the enlargements, blowups
from microfilms. And of them, very many were printed on the Soviet photopaper.
So we could safely assume that the microfilms got into Russia from America and
were developed and enlarged at some local Soviet level.
And that was the sort of documents I dealt with, and their appearance.
Mr. Morris. Was there anything on any of the documents that indicated the
particular place of origin of the documents?
Mr. Andriyve. I would say that many documents, probably most of them,
had the indication of the particular place where they originated.
Mr. Morris. Now, what were some of the places where they originated?
Mr. Andriyve. Honestly, it is already 12 years after the event, and I forgot
a lot except for maybe 2, both of them because I saw them quite often on the
documents. One was Fort Monmouth and the other was RCA. I could not
tell you, exactly, which of the RCA institutions or laboratories because I just
do not remember it.
Mr. Morris. But you do remember that some documents did come from
RCA?
Mr. Andriyve. I do remember that many documents bore the trademark of
RCA.
Mr. Morris. Did many of them bear the trademark of Fort Monmouth?
Mr. Andriyve. I would say many.
Mr. Morris. Many?
Mr. Andriyve. I would say so.
Mr. Morris. You do not know whether it was the Signal Corps, whether they
were Signal Corps documents or just generally Fort Monmouth?
Mr. Andriyve. I remember in general very many documents dealing with
radar at that time, so whether these were Signal Corps or any other branch, I
really cannot tell.
Mr. Morris. But there is nothing more that you can tell us about the Radio
Corporation of America documents?
Air. Andriyve. I am afraid not.
Air. M orris. Is there anything more you can tell us about the Fort Monmouth
documents? Did they appear in quantity?
1126 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IX THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Andriyve. Pardon?
Mr. Morris. Did documents from both places appear in quantity?
Mr. Andriyve. I would say, yes, in quantity.
Air. Morris. And what year was this, now?
Air. Andriyve. That was 1944. After 1944 I was transferred to the other
business, doing other business within the radar part. But I saw a friend of
mine who was doing the same type of work — I saw him repeatedly in 1945 — and
we talked on the general state of affairs of his work and my work, so he said that
the flow of documents continued.
Air. AIorris. And were they contemporaneous documents; I mean, did the
dates that appeared thereon indicate they were freshly acquired?
Air. Andriyve. Yes, sir; the documents I dealt with were fresh and sometimes
very fresh.
Air. AIorris. Now, were there any photographs involved?
Air. Andriyve. You mean the photographs — pictures of some humans?
Air. AIorris. Of equipment.
Air. Andriyve. Equipment, oh, yes, very much.
Air. AIorris. There was?
Air. Andriyve. Very much.
Air. AIorris. There were pictures of the equipment. And in addition to radar
equipment, what else was described?
Air. Andriyve. Quite a lot of equipment. As I said, some description of
Signal Corps, like telephone; telegraph; radio apparatus; some purely theoretical
papers.
I should recall a couple of them. It is just difficult offhand when you haven’t
dealt with the subject in a long time. I remember, for example, one theoretical
paper which we were not particularly interested in, but which proved quite useful
later here in the West and also in Russia, and that was the simultaneous use of
two carrier waves of the same frequency shifted by phase. That is a highly tech-
nical thing, and at that time it looked like a curiosity to us, but now it is quite
commonly used here and there.
Air. AIorris. Did any of these documents bear a classification mark “secret,”
“top secret,” “confidential”?
Air. Andriyve. Very many of them had classification marks. I would say the
vast majority had some classification, either “secret” or “top secret” or “con-
fidential.”
Air. AIorris. And how they came into your possession you do not know, except
for the fact they were given to you by the secret police?
Mr. Andriyve. I had no way of knowing that. The only thing I coulo tell
you, was just in a facetious vein, we would tell to the secret police officer, “Where
did you steal them,” and he would say, “Shut up, it is none of your business.
Your business is to try to find out how to use them, and it is our business how to
get them.”
Air. AIorris. And you say that these documents appeared in great numbers?
Air. Andriyve. Yes, sir.
Air. Morris. These classified documents?
Air. Andriyve. Yes, sir.
Air. AIorris. From the United States.
V 7 ould you estimate how many such documents? I know it is a hard thing,
but I wonder if you could estimate approximately how many were turned over
to your section by the secret police?
Mr. Andriyve. The grand total for 1944 —
Air. AIorris. Of course, that is a big order. Could you give us an approxi-
mation?
Air. Andriyve. Thousands.
Air. AIorris. Thousands?
Air. Andriyve. Yes, sir.
Air. AIorris. To your knowledge, were there other sections which were trans-
lating and analyzing American confidential and classified documents?
Air. Andriyve. Yes. I could say that undoubtedly there were, and many of
them.
Air. AIorris. Did you know any of them?
Air. Andriyve. I will tell you, indirectly, yes, and I will tell you how. First of
all, the flow of documents which usually come to me was preclassified by somebody
or prechanneled by somebody, because I never got any documents on matters
irrelevant to the electronics and to the radar line. I never had any irrelevant
documents. All documents were in that line of work, so somebody presorted that
before sending it to the institute I worked in.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IX THE UNITED STATES 1127
On the other hand, 1 done a few pieces of work for the chamber of commerce
in Moscow. This was editorial work, editing certain translations made for the
chamber of commerce. There was a lot of descriptions of American pieces of
apparatus in aviation, in aeronautics, in what they call this thing — wait a
moment — when they bring down the airplane to the earth
Mr. Rusher. Ground control?
Mr. Andriyve. Ground controlled approach — ground controlled approach,
artillery devices, and many other things. So although I have never dealt with
those things, I positively know that they existed.
(Whereupon, at 2:55 p. m., the subcommittee adjourned.)
Senator Jenner. Are there further witnesses?
Mr. Morris. No.
The next testimony will be at 10:30 a. m. tomorrow morning, Sena-
tor, when we will again analyze facts about the Soviet redefection
campaign.
Senator Jenner. The committee will stand recessed until that
time.
(Whereupon, at 11:35 a. m., the committee recessed, to reconvene
at 10:30 a. m., Friday, May 18, 1956.)
The following press release of the subcommittee, dated May 21,
1956, was ordered into the record at a meeting of the subcommittee
on June 26:
Robert Morris, chief counsel of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee,
today made the following statement:
“We have just been assured that Thomas L. Black, who testified before the
Senate Internal Security Subcommittee on May 17, will not be dismissed from
his employment, as was reported last week.
“Percy Helie, president of the Percy Helie Co., of Worcester, Mass., after con-
ferring with a staff member of the subcommittee, stated: ‘Black is on our payroll
and is going to stay/
“Arthur Schroeder, president of the Atlas Refining Co., where Black works on
the Percy Helie contract, has assured the subcommittee as follows:
“ ‘The Atlas Refining Co. has no intention of penalizing Thomas L. Black for
his cooperation with the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee. Our concern
is with the security of our plant and of our country. We wish to cooperate fully
and we have asked the subcommittee to assist us in obtaining whatever clearance
may be necessary for Black from the Army, Navy, and Air Force, with which we
have contracts. If this clearance is obtained, and if our study of the hearing
transcript satisfies us, we will allow Black to enter the plant.’ ” "
Senator James O. Eastland (Democrat, of Mississippi), subcommittee chairman,
who previously commended Helie’s stand, expressed his appreciation to the
Atlas Co. for its promised cooperation. The subcommittee has been assured that
Black is still on the Helie payroll.
Mr. Morris said, moreover, that the Internal Security Subcommittee would
assist the Atlas Co. in obtaining whatever security clearance Black’s job requires.
INDEX
Note. — The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee attaches no significance to
the mere fact of the appearance of the name of an individual or an organization
in this index.
Aberdeen Proving Ground (Ordnance Department) 1092
Air Force 1127
Albuquerque 1094, 1099, 1106
American 1125, 1127
Amtorg Trading Corp 1089, 1114, 1115, 1119
Andriyve, E. (excerpt from testimony) 1124-1127
Armour Engineering Corp 1106
Army 1090, 1092, 1095, 1097, 1102, 1103, 1105, 1127
Atlas Refining Co 1127
Atom bomb 1093, 1096, 1097, 1099
B
Barr, Joel 1106, 1107
Belgium 1107
Bennett, James (Director of Prisons) 1110
Berlin blockade 1104
Black, Thomas L.:
Testimony of 1113-1124
708 High Street, Newark, N. J 1113
Born-Bloomsburg, Pa., July 5, 1907 1113
Chemist for 26 years 1113
Member Communist Party, 2 years 1114
Employment 1127
Clearance for 1127
Press release, May 21, 1956 1127
Bloomsburg, Pa 1113
Brewster Aeronautical Corp 1105
British 1125
Brooklyn Polytechnic 1090
C
Catskill Mountains 1109
Chicago, University of 1095,1104
Code word 1123
Collin, William O., deputy United States marshal 1111
Communism 1108
Communist 1091, 1101, 1105, 1110, 1120, 1121, 1122
Communist cause 1100
Communist movement 1117
Communist Party, New York City, section 2, unit 2-B, lower East Side.. 1114
Coyoaean 1119, 1120
Cyclotron 1108
D
Daily Worker
“Dave”
1090, 1118
... 1106
E
Emerson Radio Corp
England
Espionage
Espionage agent
1106
1106
1103, 1117
1092, 1106, 1107
Z
INDEX
HUS I UN KUbLIU LlbHAMY
3 9999 05445 4168
Page
FBI 1098, 1100, 1101, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1117, 1124
Federal Penitentiary, Lewisburg, Pa 1089, 1110
Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists, and Technicians — Man-
hattan 1105
Federation of Atomic Scientists 1104
Fifth amendment 1091
Finland 1107
First Armored Division 1103
First Avenue, New York City 1098
Fort Monmouth 1125
France 1106
French 1125
G
General Motors 1092
“George” 1119
German (s) 1092, 1104
GI bill of rights 1095
Gold, Harry 1099, 1106, 1110, 1116
Government 1097, 1100, 1103, 1106
Grecht, Rebecca, Communist organizer in Newark 1114
Green glass, David:
Testimony of 1089-1111
Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary 1089
Reside, New York 1089
Born, New York City, 1922 1090
Haaren Aviation High School 1090
Brooklyn Polytechnic 1090
Army, April 1943-February 1946 1092
Employed, Armour Engineering Corp., 1949 1106
Attorney, O. John Rogge 10S9
Greenglass, Ruth 1093, 1096
H
Haaren Aviation High School, 59th and 10th Avenue, Manhattan 1090
Harvard 1095
Helie, Percy 1127
Hiroshima 1097
“Jack”
Jenner, Hon. William E _ _
Jersey Citv, N. J _ _ _
Jewish __ ________
- 1119
1089, 1113
1114
___ 1109
Katz, Mr _ _ _
Kentucky _ * _
Krivitsky, Walter _
IC
_ 1121, 1122, 1123
1103
1122
Lewisburg, Pa _ _
Los Alamos
L
1089
1092, 1093, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1099, 1100, 1101
Mandel, Benjamin _ _ __ _
Manhattan _
Manhattan Island- _ _
Manhattan Project
Marxist Society
McManus, Robert __ -
MIT
Morris, Robert _ _ _ __
Moscow
Moscow trials _ -
M
1089, 1113, 1124
1090
1105
1092
___ 1101
1113
1095
1089,1113
1117, 1122, 1124, 1127
- 1117
INDEX
III
N
Page
Navy
Nazi Europe _
Newark, N. J
New York
1127
1104
1113, 1114
___ 1089,
1090, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1105, 1107, 1114, 1115, 1110, 1117, 1118
1121 .
New York State College - 1107
Noe, Frank 1111
O
Oak Ridge
Oreto, Joseph G., deputy United States marshal
Ovakimian, Gaik
1092, 1093, 1097
___ mi
1114, 1115, 1116
P
Percy Helie Co., Worcester, Mass 1127
Peterson, Paul 1116-1121
Pitt Machine Products, Inc 1103, 1104
Press release, May 21, 1956 (Thomas L. Black) 1127
Princeton 1095
Queensborough Bridge 1099
R
Rabinowitz, Gregor 1119, 1120
Rastvorov, Yuri 1115
RCA 1125
Red army 1124
Rio Grande 1094
Rogge, O. John, attorney for David Greenglass 1089, 1097, 1098
Rosenberg, Ethel 1093, 1094, 1103, 1109
Rosenberg, Julius 1091-1110
Rosenberg trial 1094
Rusher, William A 1089, 1113
Russia 1108, 1125, 1126
Russian (s) 1093, 1095, 1097, 109S, 1099, 1107, 1108, 1109
Russian agents 1095, 1116, 1117, 1120, 1122
Russian Embassies 1095
S
Schroeder, Arthur 1127
“Schwartz, Dr.” 1119
Scotland Yard 1106
Seeret police section (“Spetsotdel”) 1125
Semenov, Semon 1119
Sibelius, Jan 1107
Signal Corps 1106, 1125, 1126
Signal Corps Institute 1125
Signal Corps Military Research Institute, Moscow 1124
Sing Sing Prison 1 109
Socialist 1101
Socialist Party of America 1118
Socialist Workers’ Party 1118
South Gate, Calif 1092
Soviet 1093, 1104, 1125
Soviet agents. {See Russian agents.)
Soviet conspiracy 1097
Soviet consulate in New York _ 1089
Soviet delegation 1094
Soviet delegation at the United Nations 1089
Soviet Embassy - 1094
Soviet espionage 1091. 1123
Soviet Government 1095
Soviet intelligence 1094, 1104
Soviet intelligence operators 1089
IV
INDEX
Soviet Red Cross
Soviet redefection campaign
Soviet secret police
Soviet Union
Sperry
“Spetsotdel”
Stockholm
Stuart-Poyntz, Juliet
Stuyvesant High School
Page
1119
1127
1115
1091, 1092, 1110, 1114, 1117, 1120, 1124
1107
1125
1107
1122
— 1105
T
Times Square 1115
Trans-Lux Theater (Washington, D. C.) 1123
Tresca, Carlo 1121, 1122
Trotsky 1120, 1121
Assassination of 1120, 1122
Organization 1119
Trotskyists 1122
Trotskyite 1117, 1118
U
UAW 1105
UCLA 1101
Union Square 1105
United Nations 1089, 1098
United States 1089, 1105, 1108, 1115, 1125, 1126
United States colleges 1104
W
Washington 1108, 1111
Watkins, Miss (code word) 1123
Welker, Hon. Herman 1089
Western Europe 1107
Worcester, Mass 1127
Y
York Avenue
Young Communist League
o
1099
1090, 1091, 1097, 1107
cPOSITORY
' y>
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE
ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY
ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-FOURTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
ON
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE
UNITED STATES
APRIL 24, MAY 2, 1956
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
OF THE
PART 22
UNITED STATES
72723
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1950
Superintendent of Documents
DEC 1 7 1956
COMMITTEE OX THE JUDICIARY
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
ESTES KEFAUVER, Tennessee
OLIX D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina
THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas
PRICE DANIEL, Texas
JOSEPH C. O’MAHONEY, Wyoming
MATTHEW M. NEELY, West Virginia
ALEXANDER WILEY, Wisconsin
WILLIAM LANGER, North Dakota
WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
ARTHUR V. W r ATKINS, Utah
EVERETT McKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois
HERMAN WELKER, Idaho
JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
Subcommittee To Investigate tite Administration of the Internal Security
Act and Other Internal Security Laws
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina
JOHN L. MCCLELLAN, Arkansas
THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri
PRICE DANIEL, Texas
WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
HERMAN WELKER, Idaho
JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
Robert Morris, Chief Counsel
William A. Rusher, Administrative Counsel
Benjamin Mandel, Director of Research
II
CONTENTS
Witnesses: page
Fujii, Shuji 1144
Koten, Bernard L 1183
Mills, George 11G8
North, Joseph 1 153
Smith, Jessica 1129
hi
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
TUESDAY, APRIL 24, 1956
United States Senate, Subcommittee
To Investigate the Administration of the Internal
Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws,
of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D . C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 11 : 15 a. m., in room
104-B, Senate Office Building, Senator Herman Welker presiding.
Present: Senator Welker.
Also present: Robert Morris, chief counsel; Benjamin Mandel, re-
search director; and William A. Rusher, administrative counsel.
Senator Welker. Come to order.
Call your first witness.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, there were four witnesses scheduled for
today. Three of them we have heard in executive session; one we
were not able to reach because of the lateness of the hour. And there
will be two witnesses in open session here this morning. The first
witness will be Jessica Smith.
Senator Welker. Will you take the stand here? Raise your right
hand and be sworn.
Do you solemnly swear the testimony you give before the subcom-
mittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
so help you God ?
Miss Smith. I do.
Senator Welker. Be seated.
TESTIMONY OP JESSICA SMITH, NEW YORK, N. Y., ACCOMPANIED
BY JOSEPH FORER, HER ATTORNEY
Mr. Morris. Will you give your name and address to the reporter,
Miss Smith ?
Miss Smith. My name is Jessica Smith. My married name is Jes-
sica Smith Abt. My address is 444 Central Park West, New York
City.
I would like at this point to vigorously protest this hearing as an
invasion
(Senator Welker gavels.)
Miss Smith. Invasion of the freedom of the press, just as the New
York Times had to so protest, and I seriously object to the whole idea
of my work for American-Soviet understanding and friendship and
peace being considered under the head of anything subversive, particu-
larly in view of the fact that President Eisenhower recognized this
same point of view when he went to Geneva last summer.
1129
1130 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Senator Welker. I think you have qualified your statement. Are
you ready to proceed ?
Miss Smith. Yes.
Senator Welker. Proceed, counsel.
And will you confine your answers, please, to his questions ?
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, the subcommittee has been holding
hearings since February of this year in an effort to determine, for
legislative action, the nature and extent of Soviet activity in the
United States. This committee has received evidence that the witness
here today is a member of the Communist Party and that for many
years she has been actively engaged in Soviet propaganda. And in
order to live up to this obligation of trying to determine to what extent
Soviet propaganda and Soviet activity operate in the United States,
this witness has been called here today.
Senator Welker. Very well.
Proceed with your questioning.
Mr. Morris. Now, you are the wife of John Abt, are you not, Miss
Smith ?
Miss Smith. Iam.
Mr. Morris. And when did you marry John Abt?
Miss Smith. In 1937.
Mr. Morris. Had you previously been the wife of Harold Ware?
Miss Smith. I must claim my privilege not to answer these ques-
tions, first of all, under the first amendment of the Constitution guar-
anteeing freedom of the press and speech ; also, I claim my privileges
under the fifth amendment not to testify against myself.
Senator Welker. At this point the chairman is going to order and
direct you to answer the question as to whether you were the wife of a
Mr. Ware.
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Senator Welker. I do not think it comes under the heading of the
objections that you have been taking advantage of.
Miss Smith. I beg your pardon. I didn’t hear the last.
Senator Welker. I say, I do not think your objection will cover
the testimony on the question of whether you were the wife of Mr.
Ware, Mr. Fuller, Mr. Jones, or anybody else.
Miss Smith. I abide by my privilege. I see no connection between
my
Senator Welker. All right. You do not need to argue it. Now,
just take your own advantage of the amendment. You refuse in the
face of a direct order. That is all you have to do. You do not need
to debate it.
Proceed, counsel.
Mr. Morris. Did you know Harold Ware?
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer for the same reasons I have given
before.
Mr. Morris. Miss Smith, where were you born ?
Miss Smith. I was born in Madison, N. J.
Mr. Morris. And what is your education ?
Miss Smith. My education was, for my intermediate and high-
school training, at Friends Seminary, New York City. Following
that, I went to Swarthmore College, from which I graduated in 1915.
And it was this Quaker background in my education, influencing me,
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1131
that gave me my interest to work for peace and international under-
standing.
Mr. Morris. And it is that that you are pursuing now ; is that right?
Miss Smith. That is what I am pursuing now.
Mr. Morris. Do you have any postgraduate degrees ?
Miss Smith. No; no postgraduate degrees.
Mr. Morris. Now, what is your present occupation?
Miss Smith. I am the editor of New World Review.
Mr. Morris. Now, what is New World Review ?
Miss Smith. New World Review is a magazine which, first of all,
I would say, is concerned with peace and international understand-
ing. We report on matters in the Soviet Union, the eastern European
countries, China, and many other parts of the world. We do what-
ever we can to get direct information on internal events and we do a
great deal of work in the field of reporting and analyzing foreign
relations with a particular view always of trying to bring about better
international understanding, solving problems by negotiation, and
world peace.
Mr. Morris. What is the circulation of your publication?
Miss Smith. As I told you before, we prefer not to make it public,
but if it is necessary, our circulation today is quite small. It is
probably a little below 8,000.
Mr. Morris. I see.
Miss Smith. It has been much larger in previous years.
Mr. Morris. What is the maximum circulation that you have had ?
Miss Smith. The maximum circulation was 120,000 during the
years of the war when our countries, the Soviet Union and our country,
the United States, when these two countries were allies in the war
against fascism. At that time, it was our highest point.
Mr. Morris. Was that a paid subscription of 120,000?
Miss Smith. It was for the most part. Yes; I would say it was
practically entirely. I mean, there may have been a certain amount
of exchange, through agencies, and so on.
Mr. Morris. Were there any large blocks at that time, of sub-
scribers ?
Miss Smith. What do you mean ?
Mr. Morris. I mean, an organization taking many, many sub-
scriptions.
Miss Smith. I don’t know about that; no.
Mr. Morris. So, for the most part, it was individual subscriptions?
Miss Smith. It was, for the most part, individual. We had certain
bundle orders, bookstore shipments, and sales, and so on, but no large
blocks.
Mr. Morris. Does your publication exist on the weight of the sub-
scriptions, the money that you collect from subscriptions
Miss Smith. No.
Mr. Morris. And from advertising?
Miss Smith. No.
Mr. Morris. How do you make up whatever deficit there is?
Miss Smith. We make that up by contributions, by constant appeals.
Mr. Morris. Who are the contributors who make up the deficit?
Miss Smith. Well, there are a great many of them, and I wouldn’t
care to give the names. In the first place, I couldn’t possibly give
their names, because there have been thousands over the years.
1132 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. Yes. But you say there are particular subscribers who
do make up the deficit?
Miss Smith. Yes; that is right.
Mr. Morris. I wonder if you would, Miss Smith, gather together
that information and let us know who they are.
Miss Smith. Well, that is a very serious question, to gather to-
gether that information. I don’t even know whether we have it over
any period of time.
Mr. Morris. Tell me this, Miss Smith. To your knowledge, are
any of these people Communists?
Miss Smith. To my knowledge, are any of them Communists?
Mr. Morris. Yes, the people who make up the difference.
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Miss Smith. There are a lot of people involved. It seems to me
that I can certainly only claim my privilege and refuse to answer
on the basis of the reasons I gave before.
Mr. Morris. Now, what individual made the largest contribution
to your publication during the past year ?
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer on the basis of my previous reasons.
Senator Welker. The Chair is going to order and direct you to
answer that question.
Miss Smith. I abide by my refusal.
Mr. Morris. Would you tell us how long this present publication
has been in existence? What did you say the name of the publication
is?
Miss Smith. The name of the publication now is New World
Review.
Mr. Morris. New World Review. Now, how long has it been known
as New World Review?
Miss Smith. It has been known as New World Review since — I
believe it was 1950. I can check the date, but I believe it was the
winter of 1950.
Mr. Morris. And prior to that it was known as Soviet Russia
Today; is that correct?
Miss Smith. That is correct.
Mr. Morris. Now, how long did it exist as Soviet Russia Today?
Miss Smith. It existed since the year 1932.
Mr. Morris. And the subscription varied to the extent that you
have testified here today, a peak of 120,000 ?
Miss Smith, I don’t know about the earlier years before I was
editor.
Mr. Morris. When did you first become editor?
Miss Smith. I became editor in the spring, I believe, of 1936.
(A reproduction of the contents page of the May 1936 issue of
Soviet Russia Today was later ordered into the record at this point,
marked “Exhibit No. 250,” and reads as follows :)
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1133
Exhibit No. 250
[Soviet Russia Today, May 1936]
Contents
Editorial Notes 5
Spring Sowing 7
Jessica Smith
Workers of Magnitogorsk 0
Jack Scott
May Day, Drawing 10
Grischa Metlay
In Defense of Peace 11
Roinain Rolland
Soviet Vets 12
Harold Hickerson
Heroism 13
Mikhail Koltsov
Social Security — Soviet Style 15
Jill Martin
I Love 16
Alexander Avdeyenko
May Day in Moscow 18
Walter Duranty
Facts and Figures 20
I Visit the Red Army 21
Arthur Belirstoek
Letters 24
FSU Tour 30
Your Questions Answered 31
Jessica Smith, editor ; John Gilmore, assistant editor ; Alexander Lev, business
manager
Editorial board : Theodore Bayer, Fred Briehl, Naomi Davis, Robert W. Dunn,
Herbert Goldfrank, A. A. Heller, Hays Jones, Myra Page, Edwin Seaver
CONTRIBUTORS
Julien Bryan, one of whose photographs appears on the opposite page, is a
lecturer and photographer. His fine newsreels of the Soviet Union are an
important factor in creating a better understanding of life in the U. S. S. R.
Jack Scott is the son of Scott Nearing. He has worked in Magnitogorsk for
several years as an acetylene welder, and is now studying to be an engineer at
the night Engineering Institute in Magnitogorsk.
Grischa Metlay is a newcomer among our artist contributors. He designed
the cover of our March issue.
Romain Rolland is known everywhere as one of the world’s great writers and
a champion of human rights.
Harold Hickerson is a leader in the progressive veterans’ movement in this
country and coauthor with Maxwell Anderson of Gods of the Lightning.
Jill Martin is a writer and authority on Soviet affairs. She has made a
special study of the question of Social Insurance in the U. S. S. R.
Alexander Avdeyenko is a young Soviet writer, who is also an engineer at
Magnitogorsk.
Mikhail Koltsov is the leading columnist of the Soviet Union, and has con-
tributed a great deal to the new Soviet literature.
Walter Duranty needs no introduction to our readers. In Soviet Russia since
1921 as correspondent of the New York Times, he has written the most brilliant
and enlightening dispatches of any foreign correspondent. His most recent
book is I Write as I Please, a current best seller.
Arthur Behrstock is a young Chicago newspaperman who was a member of
the staff of the Moscow Daily News last year. He has just returned from the
Soviet Union.
72723 — 56 — pt. 22 2
1134 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
ANNOUNCEMENT
With this issue the price of Soviet Russia Today becomes 15 cents a copy.
Mounting paper prices and printing costs together with our plans to make
Soviet Russia Today a steadily improving magazine make necessary the small
advance in price. The subscription price remains $1.00 per year.
We feel confident our readers will welcome a policy which is directed towards
giving you a better, a larger, and finer printed magazine and which, too, enables
us to expand the circulation steadily into every nook and corner of America.
Of course, we would like to have every reader a subscriber. If you are not a
subscriber, become one now. One month from today, the June issue will appear
on the newsstands. The cover of the June issue will be the most beautiful and
effective we have ever carried. Other features include an interview with Alfred
Lunt on the Soviet Theater; an article by Joris Ivens, noted Dutch film director
who worked with Pudovkin in the Soviet Union ; a description of Soviet col-
lectives by Carl Hansen ; a review of Anna Louise Strong’s new book, This
Soviet World, by Edwin Seaver; Vacations for All, by Myra Page.
(Vol. 5, No. 5, May 193G. Entered as Second Class Matter, April 25, 1932, at
the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Subscription
$1.00 per year ; 60 cents for 6 months. Published monthly by F. S. U. Publica-
tions, Inc., Suite 401, S24 Broadway, New York, N. Y.)
Mr. Morris. And what did you do prior to that time ?
Mr. Forer. You mean immediately prior?
Miss Smith. What do you mean by “prior” ?
Senator Welker. “Before.”
Mr. Morris. Before you became editor of Soviet Russia Today.
Mr. Forer. Immediately.
Miss Smith. You mean just immediately?
Mr. Morris. What was your previous employment prior to receiv-
ing the editorship ?
Mr. Forer. You mean immediately prior?
Mr. Morris. Yes.
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Miss Smith. Well, immediately prior, I had taken a short trip to
the Soviet Union; and, before that, I had been working at the Soviet
Embassy, a job that grew out of editing the bulletin which was
originally published by the Soviet Information Bureau.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us about that, Miss Smith?
Miss Smith. What shall I tell you about it?
Mr. Morris. What was the nature of the job? What was the na-
ture of the editing that you did; what was the nature of the bulletin?
Miss Smith. At the time when there were no relations, no diplo-
matic relations, between our two countries, there was an information
bureau of the Soviet Union here in Washington which issued a
monthly bulletin — I believe it was called the Soviet Union Review —
which simply reported items from the Soviet press, documents, and
so on. It was just a bulletin, not a magazine of opinion in any way,
just a reportorial sort of bulletin.
Mr. Morris. And what did you do with that ?
Miss Smith. I was the editor of it, in the sense of gathering mate-
rial.
Mr. Morris. What was the circulation of that particular publica-
tion ?
Miss Smith. I haven't the slightest idea. It wasn’t a very big circu-
lation, but I have no idea.
Mr. Morris. Was Boris Skvirsky connected with that publication?
Miss Smith. He w T as the head of the information bureau at that
time.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1135
Mr. Morris. And you worked for liim ?
Miss Smith. I worked for him.
Mr. Morris. And then your next employment after that was your
work for the Soviet Union Today?
Miss Smith. Then when recognition came — that was in the fall
of 1933 — the information bulletin continued for just a few months,
because at that time, as a part of the whole agreement, it was decided
that neither country should carry on particular publications in the
other country. So the publication was stopped and for a short time
thereafter I remained at the Embassy doing stuff on informational
work, getting material from the Soviet press, and answering ques-
tions, and so on.
Mr. Morris. Now, your output as a writer has been, you might
say, prodigious, has it not, Miss Smith?
Miss Smith. (No response.)
Mr. Morris. I have here before me, prepared by the Library of
Congress, a list of articles that you have written from 1937 to 1954.
Just the mere listing of them covers five pages. I wonder if you
would just look at that list of publications and tell us whether or not
that is correct.
Miss Smith. I couldn’t possibly, going through this list, remember
the titles of every article. As the editor of the magazine, naturally I
have written for it in every single issue.
Mr. Morris. I mean, you do not see any articles there that are not
your articles ?
Miss Smith. In general, I can’t possibly make a sweeping, absolutely
categorical answer. I would have to stop and check every one, and
it is very possible that there may be something here I didn’t write. I
have to say that.
Mr. Morris. But to your knowledge
Senator Welker. It is very possible that you wrote them all ?
Miss Smith. It is possible, but I couldn’t possibly give
Senator Welker. I understand.
Miss Smith. I don’t remember the titles of all of the articles written
over all the years, by any means, but I have written articles constantly
for the magazine over these years.
Mr. Morris. There are 98 articles from Soviet Russia Today and
the New World Review. Ninety-eight they number. Now, have you
written articles for other publications ?
Miss Smith. I have written very few.
Mr. Morris. For other publications ?
Miss Smith. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Principally, what have they been ?
Miss Smith. I just don’t know.
Mr. Morris. You cannot recall any other articles that you have
written other than the articles for Soviet Russia Today ?
Miss Smith. No.
Mr. Morris. Have you written articles under a name other than
your own ?
Miss Smith. I decline to answer on the grounds I have previously
stated.
Mr. Morris. What are those grounds ?
Miss Smith. My privilege under the first amendment and under
the fifth amendment not to testify against myself.
1136 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Senator Welker. The Chair recognizes the objections made under
the fifth amendment.
Mr. Morris. Miss Smith, I offer you a list of 8 books compiled by
the Library of Congress and ask you whether or not you have written,
translated, or edited those 8 books.
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Miss Smith. Well, there is one down here, “By Miss Smith/’ It is
a translation, Over the North Pole.
Mr. Morris. I see.
A translation of someone else’s book ?
Miss Smith. That is right.
Oh, I see it does say “translated.” And on this U. S. S. B. And
World Peace, by Vyshinskii, I remember I did some editorial work,
but only in the sense of a condensation or something like that. There
was no editing of the material as such.
Mr. Morris. Otherwise, that list is correct ?
Miss Smith. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, may that whole paper, prepared by the
Library of Congress and established or modified to the extent it has
been by the witness today, be received into the record?
Senator Welker. It will be so ordered.
(The documents referred to were marked “Exhibit No. 250-A” and
read as follows:)
Exhibit No. 250-A
A List of Books by Jessica Smith
Smith, Jessica. The American people want peace ; a survey of public opinion.
New York. S. R. T. Publication. 1955. 47 pp.
Jungle law or human reason. 1949. [From Who’s Who, 1956.]
Negotiations : the way to peace. 1954. [From Who’s Who, 1956.]
Over the North Pole, by George Baidukov, tr. by Jessica Smith. New
York, Harcourt Brace. 1938. 99 p. TL721.B27A32
People come first. New York, International Publications. 1948. 254 p.
DK32.S58
• The U. S. S. R. and world peace, by Andrei Vyshinskii. ed. by Jessica
Smith. New York, International Publications, 1949. 128 p. DK273.V9
• War and peace in Finland, a documented survey, prepared * * * by Allen
Brody, Theodore M. Bayer * * * [and] Jessica Smith. New York, Soviet
Russia Today, 1940. 128 p. DK459.5.W29
Woman in soviet Russia. New York, Vanguard Press, 1928. 216 p.
HQ1662.S5
Articles in the New World Review (Formerly Soviet Rvssia Today) Written
by Jessica Smith
1937
After twenty years. Statistics of socialist victory gathered from Soviet reports
prepared for the twentieth anniversary. Dec. 1937, p. 11.
America welcomes the flyers. Aug. 1937, p. 8.
Changing man : the Soviet education system by Beatrice King. Reviewed by
Jessica Smith, Jan. 1937, p. 28.
The end of Socialism in Russia, by Max Eastman. Reviewed by Jessica Smith,
April 1937, p. 27.
1938
A people’s army. April 193S, p. 18.
A reply to Malcolm Cowley. Aug.-Sept. 1938, p. 28.
Brusskin. Aug.-Sept. 1938, p. 14.
Democracy in action. July 1938, p. 13.
The People’s Congress meets. Feb. 1938, p. 9.
The “Rodina” flies east. Dec. 1938, p. 16.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1137
1039
Economic advances in 193S. Feb. 1939, p. 24.
The Soviet Union — its land and its resources. Sept. 1939, p. 14.
We didn't ask Utopia, by Harry and Rebecca Timbres. Reviewed by Jessica
Smith. July-Aug. 1939, p. 32.
1040
Light on Moscow : Soviet policy analyzed, by D. N. Pritt, K. C., M. P. Reviewed
by Jessica Smith. Jan. 1940, p. 28.
Must the war spread? by D. N. Pritt, K. C., M. P. Reviewed by Jessica Smith.
April 1940, p. 27.
The new Soviet countryside. Nov. 1940, p. 16.
Socialism comes to new regions. March 1940, p. 10.
1941
American-Soviet friendship. Nov. 1941, p. 9.
Labor reserve schools open. Jan. 1941, p. 12.
Soviet foreign trade. March 1941, p. 12.
This is not time for tears. Oct. 1941, p. 20.
We will not stand on the sidelines. Dec. 1941, p. 20.
1942
American Soviet Friendship Congress. Report. Dec. 1942, p. 7.
On Lt. Pavlichenko. Oct. 1942, p. S.
“Second-front dinner” of American Council on Soviet Relations. Report. July
1942, p. 8.
To Soviet women. March 1942, p. 10.
A text for any kind of sermon. Review of book by John Scott. Aug. 1942, p. 23.
1943
Behind the soviet victories. Sept. 1943, p. 16.
The production front. Jan. 1943, p. 5.
Soviet women in the war. April 1943, p. 14.
1944
The human story of Dnieprostroy. A review of Wild River by Anna Louise
Strong. Jan. 1944, p. 26.
Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran. Jan. 1944, p. 5.
The ship didn’t sink. A review of My Lives in Russia by Markoosha Fischer.
June 1944, p. 28.
White yacht with silver sails, a short story by Benjamin Kaverin. Translated
by Jessica Smith, March 1944, p. 24.
Editorials. Review and Comment. Feb.-Dee. 1944, p. 5.
1940
Baku — city of wind, oil and culture. March 1946, p. 11.
Children of Rostov. Sept. 1946, p. 20.
Human beings come first. Dec. 1946, p. 16.
Life on a collective farm. Jan. 1946, p. 8.
Mayor Popkov of Leningrad. April 1946, p. 20.
North shore invasion. Sept. 1946, p. 29.
On a Soviet freighter. May 1946, p. 16.
Reconstruction in Rostov. Aug. 1946, p. 23.
Reconversion for peace. July 1946, p. 14.
Rostov schools rise from the ashes. Oct. 1946, p. 20.
What do the Russians know of us. June 1946, p. 23.
Editorials. Review and Comment. Jan.-Dee. 1946, p. 5.
Stalingrad — forever a symbol. Feb. 1946, p. 7.
1138 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
1948
American-Soviet relations — the key to peace. Nov. 1948, p. 4.
Keep the door wide open — to a century of peace. June 1948, p. 4.
Made in Germany — the Nazi-Soviet documents. March 1948, p. 6.
People come first. Reviewed by Jessica Smith. Dec. 1948, p. 22.
The road to higher education. Aug. 1948, p. 10.
The soviet position on atomic energy. Oct. 194S, p. 9.
The soviet school system. July 1948, p. 15.
Soviet teachers discuss their problems. Jan. 1948, p. 14.
Soviet women, their work, their families, their desires. March 1948, p. 15.
War propaganda from Hollywood. Feb. 1948, p. 19.
What the Marshall Plan really is. Feb. 1948, p. 6.
The cold war, a study in U. S. foreign policy. Reviewed by Jessica Smith, Jan.
1948, p. 24.
Editorials. Review and Comment. Jan.-Sept. 1948, p. 4. Dec. 1948, p. 4.
1949
Comment on the case of Anna Louise Strong. May 1949, p. 3.
For an atomic era of peace. Dec. 1949, p. 5.
Soviet trade union democracy. Dec. 1948, p. 18.
The tenth Soviet Trade Union Congress. Oct. 1949, p. 12; Dec. 1949, p. 18.
32 years of progress and a struggle of peace. Nov. 1949, p. 4.
Tito and the plot against the peace. Oct. 1949, p. 4.
In anger and pity. Reviewed by Jessica Smith, July 1949, p. 23.
The Philosophy of Peace. Reviewed by Jessica Smith, Aug. 1949, p. 23.
Editorials. Review and Comment. Jan.-April 1949, p. 4. May 1949, p. 5.
June-Sept. 1949, p. 4.
1950
Again the goose step. Reviewed by Jessica Smith, April 1950, p. 22.
Berlin Command. Reviewed by Jessica Smith. April 1950, p. 22.
Atomic energy and soceity. Reviewed by Jessica Smith. April 1950, p. 23.
Background of the Korean conflict. Aug. 1950, p. 13.
The battle of Berlin. July 1950, p. 21.
The big truth and the big lie. Oct. 1950, p. 14.
H. W. L. Dana, Memorial Address. July 1950, p. 20.
Decision in Germany. Reviewed by Jessica Smith. June 1950, p. 25.
The Hungarian Trial and Yugoslavia. Jan. 1950, p. 14.
The last optimist. Reviewed by Jessica Smith. May 1950, p. 24.
Lenin (film). Reviewed by Jessica Smith. May 1950, p. 26.
Soviet Russia Today title changed to New World Review, Jan. 1951, p. 2.
Soviet struggle for peace 1917-1950. Nov. 1950, p. 2.
The U. N. General Assembly fourth session. March 1950, p. 8.
Editorials. Review and Comment. Jan.-July 1950, p. 4; Sept.-Oct. 1950, p. 4;
Dec. 1950-Jan. 1951, p. 4.
1951
You can win the peace. April 1951, p. 9.
Editorial. Review and Comment. March 1951, p. 33.
1953
Postmarked Moscow by Lydia Kirk. Reviewed by Jessica Smith. Jan. 1953,
p. 62.
In battle for peace by W. E. B. Dubois. Reviewed by Jessica Smith. Jan. 1953,
p. 58.
1954
The Berlin Conference and after. March 1954, p. 3.
Geneva and Peace. May 1954., p. 3.
37tli anniversary of the U. S. S. R. Nov. 1954, p. 3.
People’s China in world affairs. Aug. 1954, p. 3.
United action for peace. April 1954, p. 3.
How the McCarron Act threatens you. Jan. 1954, p. 3.
Geneva — and after. Sept. 1953, p. 3.
For a peaceful foreign policy. Oct. 1954, p. 4.
The two roads before us. Feb. 1954, p. 3.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1139
Mr. Morris. Miss Smith, what languages do you know— do you
speak and write?
Miss Smith. 1 know well only my own language.
Mr. Morris. I see.
You have done some translating.
Miss Smith. 1 learned Russian to the extent that I can speak it very
badly and can translate it. I feel I have a fairly good reading and
translation knowledge.
Mr. Morris. How much time have you spent in the Soviet Union?
Miss Smith. Well, all together, on various trips, it would come to
somewhere around 4 M> to 5 years.
Mr. Morris. How many trips have you taken to the Soviet Union ?
Miss Smith. To the Soviet Union ?
Mr. Morris. Yes.
Miss Smith. Four.
Mr. Morris. And what was the duration of the longest one ?
Miss Smith. The longest trip was my first trip, when 1 was with the
American Friends Service Committee, as a relief worker in the work
that was done under the Hoover American Relief Administration
Mr. Morris. That was back in 1922 and 1924 ?
Miss Smith. 1922.
Mr. Morris. And then what has been your latest trip ?
Miss Smith. My latest trip was at the end of the war, 1945 — 3
months.
Mr. Morris. That was of 3 months 5 duration.
Now, have you seen this listing in Who’s Who, Miss Smith? They
list your trips there.
Mr. Forer. What is the question ?
Mr. Morris. Have you seen that ?
Miss Smith. Yes, I have seen it.
Mr. Morris. Are the trips described therein accurate? Are they
accurately described ?
Mr. Forer. I am not clear about “accurately described.”
Mr. Morris. Doesn’t it mention when she has been in the Soviet
Union?
Mr. Forer. Aren’t there two? There was one from 1922 to 1924.
Another one is 1926 to 1928. Then there are two others, then 1935 and
1945.
I mean, are those dates right ? Is that the question ?
Mr. Morris. Yes.
Mr. Forer. Go ahead. Answer that. Are the dates correct?
Miss Smith. Yes, I think the dates are correct.
Mr. Morris. May that go in the record, Mr. Chairman ?
Senator Welker. That is admitted.
(The document referred to was marked “Exhibit No. 251” and reads
as follows:)
Exhibit No. 251
[Who’s Who, p. 2559]
Jessica Smith
Smith, Jessica, author, editor; b. Madison, N. J., Nov. 29, 1S95 ; d. Walter
(Granville-Smith, N. A., artist) and Jessie May (Stout) Smith; A. B., Swarth-
more Coll., 1915; m. Harold M. Ware. January 1925 (Died Aug. 13, 1935) ; 1 son,
David Ware ; m. 2d, John Abt, Mar. 1937. Writer Phila. N. American, 1911-12;
organizer and speaker woman's suffrage movement ; famine relief work and
1140 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
publicity Am. Friends’ Service Com. in Russia, 1922-24; mem. Russian Recon-
struction Farms (Am.), U. S. S. R., N. Caucasus, 1926-28; editor Soviet Union
Review, Washington, D. C., 1929—33; toured U. S. S. R, 1935 and 1945; editor
Soviet Russia Today (Am. mag.) since 1936. Author: Woman in Soviet Russia,
1928; War and Peace in Finland (with Bayer and Brody), 1940; People Come
First, 1948. Translator : Over the Pole, by George Baidukov, 1938. Home :
444 Central Park West, New York 25, N. Y. Address : 114 E. 32d St., New York
16, N. Y.
Mr. Morris. Did you answer the question, Miss Smith, about what
was the duration of your longest trip there?
Miss Smith. I did.
Mr. Morris. How long was that?
Miss Smith. It was nearly 3 years, when I was with the American
Friends Service Committee.
Air. Morris. You were there for 3 years?
Miss Smith. Yes ; practically 3 years.
Mr. Morris. Now, have you worked with a man named Robert W.
Dunn ?
Robert IV. Dunn, for your information, Miss Smith, was
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Miss Smith. I am not clear when you say “worked with,” if you
mean in association with him or
Mr. Morris. Did you have the same Communist assignment to-
gether with him?
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer this question on the grounds I gave
before.
Mr. Morris. Does that include your invocation of privilege under
the fifth amendment?
Miss Smith. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Now, have you personally met Robert TV. Dunn?
Miss Smith. He was in the Soviet Union with the Quaker organ-
ization at the time I was.
Mr. Morris. Now, to your knowledge, was he doing undercover
work for the Communist Party?
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer on the grounds given previously.
Mr. Morris. Did you assist him in any undercover work for the
Communist Party?
Mr. Forer. What do you mean by “undercover” ?
Mr. Morris. Illegal.
Mr. Forer. Illegal?
Miss Smith. Certainly not. I was engaged
Mr. Morris. Have you ever done any work for him in connection
with an assignment from the Communist Party ?
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Senator Welker. Counsel, may I admonish you, if the witness wants
some help, she will ask you for it.
Mr. Forer. All right.
Miss Smith. I am turning to him in perplexity.
Senator Welker. I happened to be seated very close to you. I did
not hear you ask him. Let us not argue about the matter.
Miss Smith. Is that a request or not ?
Senator Welker. It is not very funny. Let us go on with the
proposition.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1141
Miss Smith. No, I don’t think it is very funny, either. But with
such extraordinary questions, I don’t know how to answer them.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, the reason for the questions is that we
have received information that the witness today has been closely asso-
ciated at some time in the past with Robert W. Dunn in connection
with clandestine activities of the Communist Party, and we are trying
to determine the nature of them.
Now, Miss Smith, if you would tell us to what extent you have been
associated with Mr. Dunn, maybe we can form some kind of conclusion
about the nature of that information.
Senator Welker. If you want advice from counsel, you ask him.
Mr. Forer. I would like to know the question, now. The question
is
Mr. Morris. I put all the questions, counsel, into that framework.
Senator Welker. What is the pending question ?
Mr. Morris. What is the pending question, Mr. Reporter?
Senator Welker. Read the question, Mr. Reporter.
(Question read by reporter.)
Mr. Forer. I haven’t heard any question.
Mr. Morris. What has been your association with Robert W. Dunn ?
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Miss Smith. I decline to answer on the grounds already given.
Mr. Morris. Miss Smith, when you were the wife of Harold Ware,
did you ever attend meetings of the Ware cell of the Communist Party
in Washington?
Miss Smith. I decline to answer on the grounds I have previously
given.
Mr. Morris. Did you first meet your present husband, J ohn Abt, in
connection with meetings of the Harold Ware cell of the Communist
Party in Washington in the early 1930’s?
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Mr. Forer. May we have the question again ?
Will you read it?
Mr. Morris. I asked her, did she first meet her present husband,
John Abt, in connection with meetings of the Harold Ware cell of
the Communist Party in Washington in the early 1930’s.
(The witness consults with her attorney.)
Miss Smith. I first met John Abt at some social affair in Washing-
ton.
Mr. Morris. I see. Was that prior to 1932?
Miss Smith. At the moment I don’t recall the date.
Mr. Morris. Did you ever attend any meeting with John Abt at
the Harold Ware cell of the Communist Party in Washington?
Miss Smith. I claim my privilege under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Morris. I)o you know Alger Hiss? Have you ever met Alger
Hiss?
Miss Smith. I claim my privilege under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Morris. Did you ever attend meetings of the Harold Ware cell
at which was present Alger Hiss?
Miss Smith. I claim my privilege under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Morris. Did you ever attend any meetings of the Harold Ware
cell at which was present Donald Hiss?
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer on the basis already given.
72723—56 — pt. 22 3
1142 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. Have you attended meetings of the Harold Ware cell
of the Communist Party at which was present Lee Pressman?
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer on the grounds already given.
Mr. Morris. The same question, with Charles Kramer ?
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer on the grounds already given.
Mr. Morris. Victor Perlo?
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer on the grounds already given.
Mr. Morris. Now, to your knowledge, Miss Smith, have agents of
the Soviet military intelligence met in your apartment?
Miss Smith. Certainly not.
Mr. Morris. I see.
Now, do you remember having a meeting in your apartment at which
was present Elizabeth Bentley?
Miss Smith. I have no knowledge of any of those meetings.
Mr. Morris. You do not remember Eliza Wh Bentley meeting in
your home ?
Miss Smith. I have no knowledge of any such meeting.
Mr. Morris. Are you acquainted with the testimony of Elizabeth
Bentley that she met for the purposes of carrying out espionage for
Soviet military intelligence in the home of John Abt? Do you know
that ?
Miss Smith. I have read a great many scurrilous statements by
stoolpigeons in the press.
Mr. Morris. That is hardly a proper attitude to take. Miss Smith.
We are trying to ask you questions as a result of your own experience.
Miss Smith. I told you that I knew nothing about any such meet-
ing. I answered it.
Mr. Morris. Were you present at any such meeting?
Miss Smith. I was present at no such meeting.
Mr. Morris. How long have you lived at 444 Central Park West?
Miss Smith. I don’t know whether it is 11 or 12 years. I have
forgotten.
Mr. Morris. And it is your testimony that you cannot recall Eliza-
beth Bentley holding meetings or attending meetings in your apart-
ment at 444 Central Park West?
Miss Smith. It is.
Mr. Morris. Did you ever meet a person there under the name of
Helen ?
Miss Smith. What is it?
Mr. Morris. Helen, without giving any last name.
Miss Smith. I know nothing about any such person.
Mr. Morris. Have you spoken at Cornell University, Miss Smith?
Miss Smith. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Would you tell us under what auspices you spoke there ?
Miss Smith. I have forgotten. Some combined group of youth
organizations, as far as I remember.
Mr. Morris. Was your appearance there arranged by a Communist
Party organizer, to your knowledge?
Miss Smith. No.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I think I have no more questions of
this witness at this time.
Senator Welker. I have no questions of the witness. She is excused.
Thank you very much.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1143
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, may I recall the witness? I am sorry.
There was something I forgot to ask.
Are you now a member of the Communist Party ?
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer on the grounds previously given.
Mr. Morris. Have you been a member of the Communist Party dur-
ing the period that you have been editor of Soviet Russia Today and
the New World Review?
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer on the grounds previously given.
Mr. Morris. Were you a Communist when you worked for the Soviet
Information Bureau?
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer on the grounds previously given.
Mr. Morris. Were you a Communist when you went to the Soviet
Union under the auspices of the American Friends Service Committee
from 1922 to 1924?
Miss Smith. I refuse to answer on the grounds previously given.
Mr. Morris. All right, Senator. 1 have no more questions.
Miss Smith. I would like to register a final protest against the
witch-hunting nature of this session. If you really wanted to find out
any information, I would think that you would question me about
our magazine, about the work through which we have reached the
public and done our best, as I said at the beginning, to create a basis
for decent understanding between nations, for the ending of atomic
war, and for peace. And this has been the position of our own Govern-
ment in recent months. Why have you not
Senator Welker. Very well
Miss Smith. If this is an honest investigation, tried to question me
along such lines?
Senator Welker (gavels). I think you have made a statement.
Now I should like to make one to you.
If you want to give us some information, why don't you answer
counsel's questions as to whether or not you are now a member of the
Communist Party or you have ever been a member of the Communist
Party? I am assuring you that this is not a witch hunt, and it is
nothing that anyone enjoys. We are here representing the American
people in a job that is given to us, and 1 resent; as do the members of
this staff and the committee, this voluntary contribution on your part
that we are here witch hunting.
Now, if you want to be so fair and so high and mighty, just answer
counsel's questions without the fifth amendment. I think then we
would get to a fine, wholesome basis for this hearing.
Do you desire to do that ?
Miss Smith. I stand on the position that I made before.
Senator Welker. The witness is excused.
Miss Smith. I would like to say that I resent
Senatr Welker. That is all.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Fujii. Will Mr. Fujii come forward?
Senator Welker. Will you raise your right hand and be sworn?
Do you solemnly swear the testimony you give before the subcom-
mittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
so help you God ?
Mr. Fujii. I do.
1144 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
TESTIMONY OE SHUJI EUJII, NEW YOKE, N. Y., ACCOMPANIED BY
JOSEPH EOKER, HIS ATTORNEY
Mr. Morris. Will you give your name and address to the reporter,
please ?
Mr. Fujii. Shuji Fujii, 319 East 10th Street, New York 9, N. Y.
Mr. Morris. What is your position, Mr. Fujii ?
Mr. Fujii. I am a free lance translator, interpreter, and draftsman.
Mr. Morris. Have you been until recently a reporter for the Hokubei
Shimpo, New York City?
Mr. Fujh. No.
Mr. Morris. That is spelled H-o-k-u-b-e-i S-h-i-m-p-o.
Mr. Fujii. No.
Mr. Morris. Have you worked for the Hokubei Shimpo ?
Mr. Fujii. Yes; I did.
Mr. Morris. Will you speak up, please?
Mr. Fujh. Yes; I did.
Mr. Morris. What was the nature of your work for that publica-
tion?
Mr. Fujh. Typographical work.
Mr. Morris. Oh, you did typographical work?
Mr. Fujh. That is right.
Mr. Morris. You did not do reporting work?
Mr. Fujh. No.
Mr. Morris. What is the nature of that newspaper, Mr. Fujii?
Mr. Fujh. It is a Japanese- American community newspaper.
Mr. Morris. Japanese- American committee newspaper?
Mr. Fujh. Community newspaper.
Mr. Morris. Community newspaper. In the Japanese language?
Mr. Fujii. Japanese and English; one page in English.
Mr. Morris. Now, who is the editor of that publication?
Mr. Fujii. Mr. Kita.
Mr. Morris. Isaku Kita ?
Mr. Fujn. Kita.
Mr. Morris. Now, you have done some reporting work; have you
not?
Mr. Fujh. No.
Mr. Morris. You have written articles for newspapers; have you
not?
Mr. Fujii. For that newspaper ?
Mr. Morris. For that newspaper.
Mr. Fujii. I believe I did.
Mr. Morris. How much writing have you done for that newspaper?
Mr. Fujn. Oh, maybe 1 or 2 articles.
Mr. Morris. Did you write in English or in Japanese?
Mr. Fujii. I think, both in English and Japanese.
Mr. Morris. Both English and Japanese.
Now, you also do translating work, do you not, Mr. Fujii?
Mr. Fujh. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Have you been doing translating work for Japanese
industrialists who come to the United States?
Mr. Fujii. Translating work, you mean ?
Mr. Morris. Yes.
Mr. Fujh. I did some interpreting work.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1145
Mr. Morris. Interpreting work, I see. You act as an interpreter
for Japanese industrialists coming to the United States?
Mr. Fujii. Yes.
Mr. Morris. I see. You have also done some writing for the Na-
tional Guardian; have you not?
Mr. Fujii. Once, I think; if I recall correctly, once.
Mr. Morris. I offer you an article called, The Spies Did Conspire
for Peace, in the National Guardian of February 28, 1949. That is
about the Richard Sorge case.
Mr. Fujii. It is my article.
Mr. Morris. I see. Have you written any other articles in the Na-
tional Guardian?
Mr. Fujii. Not that I recall.
Mr. Morris. The Meaning of the Vote in Japan, January 31, 1949.
Do you remember doing that article?
Mr. Fujii. It is mine, too, yes.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, may both of those articles go into the
record.
Senator 'Welker. It is so ordered.
(The articles referred to were marked “Exhibits 252 and 252- A 5 ’
and read as follows :)
Exhibit No. 252
[National Guardian, February 28, 1949]
MacAkthur’s Hoax : The Spies Did Conspire — for Peace
(By Shuji Fujii)
Bichard Sorge and Hozumi Ozaki, the two leading figures in General Mae-
Arthur’s report on Soviet spies in Japan, were executed by the Tojo govern-
ment after prolonged torture on the morning of November 7, 1944.
Their crime was helping our side to win the war against fascism. What they
accomplished is probably unique in all the annals of espionage.
On the first anniversary of their execution, the former judge who presided
at their trial said that, while Sorge was “a Communist to the very end,” Ozaki
was ‘‘a true Japanese patriot.” (Quoted in Tokyo Mainichi, November 25, 1945).
Man of peace : The truth, according to Shinichi Matsumoto, Ozaki’s closest
friend and an active labor leader until his death in 1947, is that Ozaki as a
Communist had worked for over 15 years against Japan’s expansionist policy.
Ozaki foresaw only disaster for his country and untold misery for his people if
Japan’s “holy war against communism” (actually a coalition of brass and big
business to reap billions out of the Chinese opium trade etc.) continued.
He first met Sorge in Shanghai in the early thirties. By the summer of 1941
Sorge had worked his way into the job of press attach^ under Nazi Ambassador
Eugen Ott in Tokyo.
Hitler informed Japan as early as June 6, 1941, of his plan to attack the Soviet
Union. Immediately the “Northward” group in Japan clamored for similar
military action. Sorge and Ozaki both being in vantage positions without doubt
learned of this, and made every effort to prevent Japan’s participation. It Is
known, for instance, that Ozaki fought vigorously against it at a meeting with
Konoye and his advisers which took place at the Breakfast Club.
Fanatics win : On June 25, 1941, 3 days after the Nazi assaults on the Eastern
front, Ott discovered that Japan planned to move southward instead. In the
meantime full-scale military preparations were pushed by Japan.
Ozaki met his friend Matsumoto around this time, and took some comfort in
the fact that war against the Soviet had been averted. But nonetheless he was
deeply concerned about the imminent war with the United States, and made a
pledge to devote all his efforts to prevent so fatal a catastrophe.
It is known today that the final decision to wage war against the United States
and the Allies was taken on September 6, 1941, by Emperor Hirohito, the then
1146 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Prime Minister Prince Konoye, Tojo and other war criminals. Ivonoye weakened
later and Tojo’s army fanatics forced a showdown with him.
Ozaki, Konoye’s brain trust, was arrested on October 15, and next daj the
Konoye cabinet resigned, paving the way for Tojo and his gang to move full
steam to war.
Who was the traitor? According to Matsumoto, Ozaki not only worked against
war but also worked for the defeat of his fatherland. A small group of anti-
imperialists around Sorge and Ozaki conspired courageously for peace against
powerful adversaries.
Tojo and his associates — tried and hanged only 4 years later for their “crimes
against peace and humanity” — branded Sorge and Ozaki as traitors and hanged
them.
Yet Ozaki never lost confidence that the people in Japan would learn the truth
about his work within 10 years of his death. His last words were to express
his keen regret that he could not live to witness personally the inevitable defeat
of To jo’s Japan.
Today the Japanese people know the truth, that he was a conspirator but a
conspirator for peace.
Exhibit No. 2 52- A
[National Guardian, January 31, 1949]
The Meaning of the Vote in Japan
By Shuji Fujii 1
Japan’s 30 million voters gave the extreme rightists a clear majority in the
third postwar election held on January 23.
The victory of the ultraconservative Democratic-Liberals, headed by Premier
Shigeru Yoshida, is an uneasy one. The Communists also made an unexpected
advance in multiplying their Diet (Parliament) representation almost nine
times. More than half of the middle-of-the-road Socialists, Democrats and
People’s Cooperative members, who had become synonymous with corruption,
were unseated.
Thus the election result is a triple rebuff to Gen. Douglas MacArthur’s occupa-
tion headquarters. Boasting of their accomplishment in democratizing Japan
and the artificially propped-up centrist course, they have been hellbent against
the Communists.
Fertilizer : The Japanese Communists undoubtedly took full advantage of the
current situation in China. However, it is mainly due to their carefully pre-
pared and well organized campaign that political predictions were upset.
Last summer Premier Asliida (Democrat), Vice Premier Nichio (Socialist),
State Minister Ivuruso (Democrat) , and scores of other high government officials.
Diet members and big businessmen became involved in the scandal of the 3
billion yen loan to a fertilizer manufacturer.
With dissolution on December 23; the Communists lost no time in putting
up their strongest candidates, 11G in all. Among them were well-known labor
leaders such as Kikunami (former chairman of the Japanese Congress of Indus-
trial Unions) and Dobashi (chairman of the powerful Government Communica-
tion Workers). Thirteen locally prominent Socialist leaders deserted their party
and ran on the Communist ticket.
What’s needed : Sanzo Nozaka, one of the Communist Party’s Big Three,
stated as the party’s immediate aim “nationalization of financial institutions
and key industries and their control by the people.”
This, he said, is vital in order to carry out the nine-point economic recovery
program ordered by the 11-power Far Eastern Commission, to abolish the special
privileges and subsidies of the big Zaibatsu businesses which have run as high
as 700 billion yet, and to balance the state budget.
The Communists emphasize trade with China, and are opposed to one-sided
importation of foreign capital from the United States alone, as advocated by
other parties.
1 Shuji Fujii, born in California and educated in Japan, edited the prewar west coast
Japanese-American weekly Doho and served with the United States Army during the war
in the CBI theater.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES ] 147
“Too idealistic” : The Yosliida government is paving the way for inllux of
United States capital investments. Ualtex Oil, Northwestern Airlines, General
Motors, Ford, Standard Oil, Reynolds Light Metal and Standard Electric are
among United States firms negotiating for contracts. On January Iff Maj. Gen.
William F. Marqnat, chief of the SCAU Economic and Scientific Section, told
Japanese officials to draw op plans for revising corporate taxes, which are
“to high from the viewpoint of inviting foreign capital.”
The Japanese Labor Ministry in the meantime is drafting a series of revisions
to labor legislation. The Labor Standards Act is said to be “too idealistic”
for enforcement “since it aims at raising Japanese working conditions to the
world level.”
•Dilemma of the United States is that the Yosliida government is a direct
antithesis of the declared United States policy of democratization. The more
the United States relies on extreme rightists in Japan as a substitute for Chiang
in China, the more unpopular it will become with the Japanese.
The longer the occupation troops remain, the heavier the drain on Japan’s
crumbling economy. This xeav’s budget for occupation costs alone is 100 billion
yen, or a quarter of the total state outlays. And this is one of the major deter-
rents to Japan’s ultimate economic recovery.
nOW THEY VOTED
Old and new party lineups in the Japanese House of Representatives, supreme
governing body under the new constitution, are as follows :
Before
After
Votes
(millions)
Democratic libunds
152
2G4
13.3
Com mini is ts
4
35
2.9
Socialists --
111
49
4.1
Democrats
90
08
4.8
People’s Cooperatives
29
14
1.0
Minor parties
50
23
3.2
Independent
21
13
2.3
Mr. Morris. You have also written for the People's World?
Mr. Fujii. I don’t recall if I wrote an article or not.
Mr. Morris. Now, where were you born, Mr. Fujii ?
Mr. Fujii. Los Angeles, Calif.
Mr. Morris. In what } r ear?
Mr. Fujii. December 22, 1010.
Mr. Morris. And what has been your education ?
All-. Fujii. Well, I was brought back to Japan when I was an
infant and had my schooling up to 2 years of college in Japan.
Mr. Morris. And when did you return to the United States?
Mr. Fujii. 1931.
Mr. Morris. And did yon continue your education here in the
United States?
Mr. Fujh. I had a couple of years’ high school in California, and
after that, attended evening sessions of the college.
Senator Welker. What was this about the college?
Mr. Morris. I asked him if he had continued his education.
What was the answer, Mr. Fujii?
Mr. Fujii. I had a couple of years’ high school in California, maybe
a year and a half, and then I attended a few sessions, evening sessions,
of college.
Senator Welker. What college ?
Mr. Fujii. I went to City College in New York ; I went to Columbia
and NYU, the New York Community College.
1148 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Senator Welker. Is that all the colleges in which you took special
courses or which you attended ?
Mr. Fujii. Yes, sir.
Senator Welker. All right.
Mr. Forer. Aside from 2 years in Japan.
Senator Welker. Yes.
Mr. Fujii. Yes, 2 years of college in Japan.
Mr. Morris. Now, you worked for the OWI, did you not, the Office
of War Information?
Mr. Fujii. Yes; I did.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us how you got your job with the Office of
War Information?
Mr. Fujii. Well, they sent me a letter
Mr. Morris. Who sent you a letter?
Mr. Fujii. I have the letter with me.
Mr. Morris. Would you show it to us ?
Mr. Fujii. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Now, how long did you work for the Office of War
Information ?
Mr. Fujii. Two months.
Mr. Morris. What was the nature of your work with the OWI?
Mr. Fujii. Editorial work.
Mr. Morris. Editorial work?
Mr. Fujii. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us exactly what you did, Mr. Fujii?
Mr. Fujii. I did some writing in Japanese; also editing Japanese
articles written by others. I think I wrote a few propaganda leaflets,
I think to be dropped behind the Japanese lines, if I remember cor-
rectly.
Mr. Morris. Were they the leaflets that were sent out to Honolulu?
Mr. Fujii. I don’t know what the destination was in the Pacific
war fronts.
Mr. Morris. Now, what else did you do for the Office of War In-
formation?
Mr. Fujii. I think they were editing some Japanese magazines, and
I did the work on them.
Mr. Morris. You edited Japanese magazines ?
Mr. Fujii. I did.
Mr. Morris. Now, after you left the Office of War Information,
you went to the Office of Strategic Services, did you not ?
Mr. Fujn. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us what you did for them ?
Mr. Forer. Wait. I am not sure that he is allowed to answer that.
I am not talking about the fifth amendment or anything like that.
Will you find out first ?
Mr. Fujii. I did some secret work. I took an oath not to talk about
it, but
Mr. Morris. I do not know what the nature of the secret work
would be that he did for the OSS that he cannot tell us about now,
Senator.
Mr. Forer. May I explain this? As I understand it, Mr. Fujii was
told by OSS that it was work that he was not supposed to reveal to any-
body. I am just telling you that. If the committee insists, all right.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1149
But then it is the committee’s responsibility. I do not want him to
get in trouble for violating any Government rules.
Senator Welker. I doubt very seriously if he will get in serious
trouble as a result of it.
Mr. Foiiek. I do not want him to get into any trouble.
Senator Welker. I am ordering and directing you to answer the
question.
Mr. Forer. All right. Go ahead and tell him.
Senator Welker. If it gets you in trouble, I will be in trouble with
you.
Mr. Fujii. I belonged to a movement, a Morale Operations, under
Lt. Col. Herbert S. Little.
Mr. Morris. Lieutenant Colonel — what is his name ?
Mr. Fctjii. Herbert S. Little.
Mr. Morris. Herbert S. Little?
Mr. Fujii. Yes.
Mr. Morris. And what was your work with that unit ?
Mr. Fujii. It is hard to explain, but the nature of the work is what
they call black propaganda.
Mr. Morris. Koughly tell us what black propaganda is.
Mr. Fujii. Well, white propaganda is apparently disseminated
from the Allied sources, while the black propaganda is simulated to
have originated from the Japanese enemy sources.
Mr. Morris. And actually it is originated by the United States?
Senator Welker. I do not think we need to go into that.
Mr. Fujii. It was actually written by our hand, but it was simu-
lated so that it appeared as though it originated from the Japanese
sources.
Mr. Morris. Tell me this. Were you a member of the Communist
Party while you were doing that work ?
Sir. Fujii. I refuse to answer on the basis of my privilege under
the fifth amendment not to be a witness against myself.
Mr. Morris. Were you a member of the Communist Party when
you were working for the OWI ?
Mr. Fujii. I refuse to answer for the same reasons.
Mr. Morris. Now, Mr. Fuiii, what did you do after you left the
OSS?
Mr. Fujii. I started free-lancing as a translator and an inter-
preter.
Mr. Morris. I see. Now, for whom did you work? Did you live on
the west coast a little while ?
Air. Fujii. You mean, before the war?
Mr. Morris. Yes.
Mr. Fujii. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us what you did there ?
Mr. Fujii. What period, sir?
Mr. Morris. Well, you say, “before the war.”
Mr. Fujii. Since 1931?
Mr. Morris. Well, what were you doing in 1938, for instance?
You lived in Los Angeles, did you not ?
Mr. Fujii. Yes.
Mr. Morris. At 986 South Catalina Avenue, Los Angeles?
Mr. Fujii. 986 ?
72723— 56— pt. 22 4
1150 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. 986 South Catalina Avenue, Los Angeles.
Mr. Fujii. I believe I did.
Mr. Morris. Did you not register in 1939 as a Communist Party
voter ?
(The witness consults with his attorney.)
Mr. Fujii. I refuse to answer for the same reason.
Mr. Morris. Your affidavit of registration, No. B-381352?
Mr. Forer. Is that a question?
Mr. Morris. Yes. Was that your registration?
(The witness consults with his attorney.)
Mr. Fujii. I refuse to answer for the same reason I gave you be-
fore.
Mr. Morris. Now, will you tell us what you have done since you
left OSS, in addition to being associated with the Hokubei Shimpo?
Mr. Fujii. Well, as I said, I was doing free-lancing as a translator,
interpreter, and draftsman.
Mr. Morris. Have you ever used the name Jimmy Saito?
Mr. Fujii. I refuse to answer for the same reason.
Mr. Morris. Now, have you been connected with a newspaper, the
Doho-Sha ?
Mr. Fujii. The name of the newspaper is Doho.
Mr. Morris. Doho. And what does the hyphenated expression
“Sha” add to it?
Mr. Fujii. It is like the New York Times, Inc., or Co.
Mr. Morris. You worked for the Doho. Where is the Doho ?
Mr. Fujii. It is in Los Angeles. It is published in Los Angeles.
Mr. Morris. When did you work for the Doho ?
Mr. Fujii. From 1937 up to the time of the evacuation.
Mr. Morris. I see. Were you a member of the Communist Party
at that time?
Mr. Fujii. I refuse to answer for the same reasons I gave before.
Mr. Morris. Have you been connected with the Committee for a
Democratic Far Eastern Policy?
(The witness consults with his attorney.)
Mr. Fujii. Well, I was a so-called consultant.
Mr. Morris. And were you active in the Japanese- American Com-
mittee for Democracy?
Mr. Fujii. I was a member of that committee.
Mr. Morris. You were a member. What was that committee?
Mr. Fujii. Well, I don’t know the whole background of the whole
organization. But that was the organization of the Japanese aliens
and American-born Japanese on the East coast to protect their in-
terests and also to aid the allied victory during the war.
Mr. Morris. To your knowledge, was that organization controlled
by Communists?
(The witness consults with his attorney.)
Mr. Fujii. Not to my knowledge.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Fujii, is your father alive?
Mr. Fujii. No. He is deceased.
Mr. Morris. When did he die?
Mr. Fujii. 1935, 1 think; maybe 1934. I don’t know.
Mr. Morris. Are you today a Communist?
Mr. Fujii. I refuse to answer for the reason I previously stated.
SCOPE OP SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1151
Mr. Morris. Mr. Fujii, you wrote quite a bit about the Richard
Sorgo case. What is the basis of your knowledge of that particular
case ?
Mr. Fujii. Well, from Japanese publications mostly.
Mr. Moi:i:is. What Japanese publications?
Mr. Fujii. Japanese newspapers, magazines and books on the sub-
IGCt.
Mr. Morris. I see. Have you ever had any dealings with Richard
Sorge personally?
Mr. Fujii. No.
Mr. Morris. Directly or indirectly?
Mr. Fujii. No.
Mr. Morris. How about Mr. Ozaki?
Mr. Fujii. No.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Miyagi?
Mr. Fujii. No.
Mr. Morris. Do you know a man named Miyagi?
Mr. Fujii. I know his name by the magazine mention.
Sir. Morris. But you have had no dealings directly or indirectly
with Sir. Sliyagi ?
Sir. Fujii. No.
Sir. SIorris. Are you now a Communist, Sir. Fujii?
Sir. Fujii. I refuse to answer for the reason I gave.
Sir. SIorris. Sir. Chairman, I have no more questions of this witness.
Senator Welker. No more questions. The witness is excused and
the hearing is over.
Sir. SIorris. Sir. Chairman, the next meeting of the committee will
be tomorrow morning when witnesses have been subpenaed in con-
nection with the disappearance of the Soviet seamen, or the return
to the Soviet Union of the Soviet seamen, and that hearing will be
in furtherance of the present series of hearings in which the commit-
tee is trying to determine the scope and nature of the Soviet activity
in the United States.
Senator Welker. Very well.
(Whereupon, at 12 noon, the subcommittee recessed, to reconvene
at 10 a. m., Wednesday, April 25, 1956.)
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
WEDNESDAY, MAY 2, 1956
United States Senate,
Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration
of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal
Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,
T V ashing ton, D . C .
The subommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 12:20 p. m., in room
155, Senate Office Building, Senator Herman Welker presiding.
Present: Senator Welker.
Also present : Robert Morris, chief counsel ; William A. Rusher,
administrative counsel; and Benjamin Mandel, research director.
Senator Welker. The meeting will come to order.
Air. Morris. The first witness is Mr. J oseph North.
Senator Welker. Mr. North, will you stand and be sworn, please?
Do you solemnly swear the testimony you will give before this
subcommittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth, so help you God ?
Mr. North. I do.
Senator Welker. Your name is J oseph North ?
Mr. North. That is right.
Senator Welker. Where do you reside, Mr. North ?
Mr. North. Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y.
Senator Welker. Very well.
Proceed, Counsel.
TESTIMONY 0E JOSEPH NORTH, CROTON-ON-HUDSON, N. Y., ACCOM-
PANIED BY MILTON ERIEDMAN, HIS ATTORNEY
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, this hearing is being held this morn-
ing in connection with a series of hearings being held by the Senate
Internal Security Subcommittee, in which that subcommittee is try-
ing to make a factual determination of the nature and scope of Soviet
activity in the United States.
The first witness is being called this morning because we have re-
ceived testimony, sworn testimony in the record, that at least one
American newspaperman was introduced to Soviet espionage through
the witness here this morning, and he is being called to ask if that is
a truthful situation. Then he will be a competent witness to testify
about that particular phase of activity, so that we may make judicial
and legislative findings that may be necessary.
Senator Welker. Counsel, I want it definitely understood that
these hearings are being held so that if the Congress of the United
States feels necessary, legislation will be submitted to the Congress,
if we so recommend. Is that correct ?
1153
1154 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. That is right, Senator.
Senator W elker. Very well. Proceed.
Mr. North. Pardon, Judge, or Senator.
Senator Welker. Yes.
Mr. North. I understand that if you present a statement to the
committee 24 hours in advance
Senator Welker. That is right.
Mr. North. That it may be read. And I would like to ask if I may
read it now, or would you prefer that I read it later ?
Senator Welker. I have no knowledge of a statement. I did not
see one in our executive hearing.
Mr. Morris. It was submitted, Senator.
Senator Welker. Will you explain that?
Mr. Morris. Senator, in connection with the particular statement,
it is true that the witness has complied with the 24-hour rule of this
subcommittee. However Senator, he has inserted in that statement
things that are highly irrelevant to the present inquiry and therein
he makes accusations against the chairman and members of the com-
mittee.
Now, Senator, in this connection we have noticed with increasing
frequency that witnesses come before the subcommittee and they in-
ject other issues into the hearing.
Now, one purpose of the witnesses in doing that, Senator, may be
that they are trying to divert the attention of anyone who may read
a report of these hearings as to what the hearing is about.
Senator, by injecting other issues in the statement, and possibly
hoping that these other issues will be reported, this thing is turning
up with greater frequency.
Now, Mr. North, that is a 3- or 4-page statement, is it not ?
Mr. North. No, it is not. It is a two-and-a-quarter-page state-
ment, and
Senator Welker. Just a moment.
Mr. North. Pardon me.
Senator Welker. You say it attacks the chairman and members of
this committee?
Mr. ]\ [orris. Yes ; I did say that, Senator.
Senator Welker. I do not believe your counsel would approve of
that. I think Mr. Friedman knows that I have been just as fair on
this committee as anybody could possibly be.
Mr. Morris. Not you, Senator. It is Senator Eastland, as chair-
man of the committee.
Senator Welker. Very well. You did not attack me.
Mr. Friedman. May I make this suggestion, with your permission,
Senator ?
Senator Welker. Very well. Proceed.
Mr. Friedman. Since there is reference to relevance, perhaps the
application to read it might be renewed a little later, to see whether
it is relevant, since Mr. North necessarily prepared this statement
without knowing what would be relevant.
Senator Welker. Very well.
Of course, here is the idea, as I view it, Mr. Friedman, and I think
we have gone over this before. When a statement is submitted to
the subcommittee, unless the witness wants to open it up for free
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IX THE UNITED STATES 1155
and full cross-examination, that is being rather unfair to the com-
mittee.
Mr. North. Unfair to
Senator Welker. 1 have no objection
Mr. North. Pardon me.
Senator Welker. I have no objection if he wants to answer all ques-
tions and file all the statements he wants to, but 1 just do not like to
get hit in the ear and never reply. Do I make myself clear?
Mr. Friedman. What it amounts to, Senator
Senator Welker. What it amounts to is that you and I will sit
down after the hearing and see if this is relevant.
Mr. Friedman. I should like him to have the opportunity to make
the application before the conclusion of the hearing.
Senator Welker. Pie has made his application now, and I am going
to withhold a ruling on it, Mr. Friedman. I have not seen it before,
and you know if I had, I would have told you. I am going to try to
read it when the testimony goes on.
Mr. Friedman. Yes, sir.
Senator Welker. Very well.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I would like to read from the testimony
of Winston Burdett before the Senate Internal Security Subcommit-
tee on June 28, 1955. It is almost a year ago now, Senator.
Senator Welker. With the understanding that, of course, this is
merely preliminary, as the basis for your first question?
Mr. Morris. That is right, Senator.
Mr. Burdett, testifying :
In January of 1940 when I was still working at the Brooklyn Eagle, I was
contacted by a member of the party unit with respect to this trip which then
developed. It was in the latter half of January 1940, but I received a phone call
from Nat Einhorn, the Eagle party unit member whom I have mentioned, and
Einhorn asked me to get in touch with a man named Joe North. Joe North, the
name, was well known to me. Joe North, the name, was well known to all
Communist Party members as a correspondent for the Communist Daily Worker.
Einhorn indicated to me in his phone call that this was a matter of some
importance and I was to visit Joe North in his apartment, as I remember, on the
following Sunday of that week in order to find out what the matter was. Ein-
horn gave me his address and I went to his apartment, which I remember was in
the Greenwich Village section of New York City, somewhere west of Seventh
Avenue.
I saw Joe North as Einhorn had instructed me, and North told me that, “We,”
as he said — and by “we,” I understand that he was speaking of the Communist
Party — there was no question in my mind — “We want you to go to Finland. We
have an assignment for you there in which you can be useful to the party.” And
he told me that he would put me in touch with the man who would give me
specific instructions concerning this trip.
Shall I relate those entire circumstances, sir?
The Chairman. Yes.
Mr. Burdett. Joe North told me that he and this third man, as I shall now call
him, would rendezvous on a street corner in New York City 2 or 3 nights following
my meeting with Joe North on that particular Sunday in his apartment. I was
to rendezvous with Joe North and meet this third man on a street corner, which
was just south of Union Square in New York City. I have forgotten whether it
was on Broadway or on Fourth Avenue, but it was a specified 13th Street corner.
This was done, and I met Joe North on the street and this third man was nearby
and we rendezvoused together, and we all proceeded to a restaurant or cafeteria-
style restaurant on the south side of 14th Street. I believe it was on Union
Square itself, though I can’t recall exactly.
This man. this third man, told me simply this, that “They or we have a mission
for you in Finland. We want you to go abroad. We want you to go abroad as a
correspondent for the Brooklyn Eagle.”
1156 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Now, Mr. North, do you remember the episode described therein by
Mr. Burdett?
Mr. North. I must respectfully take the protection of the fifth
amendment, but it strikes me as
Senator Welker. Now, just a moment. That is not an objection yet.
Mr. Friedman will help you, or I will help you : Upon the ground and
for the reason that any answer that I might give might tend to force
me to bear witness against myself.
Is that correct, Mr. Friedman ?
Mr. Friedman. That is correct, sir.
Senator Welker. You see, I want you fully protected on the fifth.
Just to say you take the fifth amendment is not a legal objection, you
see. Now you are protected on the fifth amendment. You have taken
it, and you have answered the question.
Mr. Morris. Did you ever meet Mr. Burdett?
Mr. North. I reply as I did previously.
Mr. Morris. The same ruling, Mr. Chairman ?
Senator Welker. The same ruling.
Mr. Morris. Did you live in the Greenwich Village section of New
York City in 1940?
Mr. North. I reply as I did previously.
Senator Welker. The same objection.
Mr. North. The same objection.
Mr. Morris. Will you identify for us the third man referred to by
Mr. North who said, “They or we have a mission for you in Finland 7 ’?
Mr. North. The same objection.
Mr. Morris. Did you rendezvous on the specified 13th Street
corner of New York City with the third man and Winston Burdett?
Mr. North. The same objection, Judge.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I would like, without laboring this
too greatly, to read from another portion of the testimony. This is
now page 1331. This is a small paragraph. This is still Burdett
testifying:
That is all that took place at my first meeting with Golos and North, and
I should say that at all the meetings with Golos, North was present, and the
meetings took place in the same way that I have described. That is to say,
there was a rendezvous, in the early evening, on the street, between the three
of us, I usually, as I recall, meeting North first and then Golos appeared from
around the corner, and all of us on each occasion proceeding to this cafeteria
and sitting down there for a half hour or so, and that is where our business was
transacted.
Now, did you meet, Mr. North, with Jacob Golos and Winston
Burdett on the three or four occasions described by Winston Burdett
before the subcommittee?
Mr. North. I make the same objection, Judge.
Mr. Morris. I have here, Mr. Chairman, a photograph of Jacob
Golos, who was also known as J acob Raisin, and who has been identi-
fied before this Senate Internal Security Subcommittee as an officer
of the Soviet military intelligence organization in the United States.
I ask you if you have ever seen this man before, Mr. North.
Mr. North. The same objection.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, that photograph appears in our record
at page 1330.
Mr. North, did you know a man named William Remington?
Mr. North. The same objection.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1157
Mr. Morris. Did you introduce William Remington to Jacob Golos?
Mr. North. Same objection.
Mr. Morris. Now, Mr. Chairman, we have a reference in a book
written by Elizabeth Bentley that she purchased a basket containing
several bottles of rye from the Hicks Fruit Store as a gift from the
NKVD to Joseph North.
I would like to ask this witness today if he has ever received several
bottles of rye from Hicks Fruit Store as a gift from the NKVD.
Mr. North. The same objection.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, there is testimony before the House un-
American Activities Committee, by Mr. William Remington — Did
you ever know the former mother-in-law of William Remington?
Mr. North. The same objection.
ill*. Morris, ill*. Remington has testified before the House un-
American Activities Committee, and I am quoting from the late Mr.
Remington :
I recall having lunch with Mr. North and a friend of his to whom he intro-
duced me at a restaurant in midtown Manhattan. That restaurant has been
identified in previous hearings, as you know.
Question. And what is the name of it?
Mr. Remington. It is a restaurant, Child’s or Sclirafft’s — it slips my mind at
the moment — in the vicinity of Lexington Avenue and 32d Street, thereabouts
within a block or two.
Question. Was the gentleman whom you met at that dinner Jacob Golos?
Mr. Remington. Yes.
Now, was that truthful testimony that Mr. Remington was giving
at that time?
Mr. North. The same objection.
Senator Welker. I did not hear the first portion of the question.
Did you have Mr. North in that, too?
Mr. Morris. Yes. William Remington, therein, Senator, testified
that Joseph North introduced him, the late Mr. Remington, to Jacob
Golos, whom we have described.
Senator Welker. I see.
Mr. Morris. Did you know Jacob Golos?
Senator Welker. He has already answered that.
Mr. Morris. You have already answered that; have you not?
Mr. North. Yes; I have.
Mr. Morris. Now, I would like to read Miss Bentley’s testimony,
Senator. Miss Bentley testified — I shall read the preceding question
of Remington by Mr. Wood:
Mr. Golos was introduced to you by Mr. North, who was known to you to be
a Communist, and Mr. Golos in turn introduced you to Miss Bentley. All these
facts didn’t register in your mind as making Miss Bentley a bad risk to give
confidential information to?
Remington answered :
They did not.
In reply to a question whether she knew Mr. Joseph North, Miss
Bentley testified :
Not personally ; no. I knew of his activities through Mr. Golos. He was one
of the editors of the New Masses and, in addition, was a lookout man for Russian
intelligence. By “lookout” I mean he was always on the lookout for good Com-
munists who could be used on Russian intelligence work. That is why he was
in touch with Mr. Golos who was a Russian intelligence agent.
72723— 56— pt. 22 5
1158 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. North, were you a lookout man for Russian intelligence?
Mr. North. The same objection.
Mr. Morris. Did you ever look for likely recruits for Russian intel-
ligence work?
Mr. North. The same objection.
Mr. Morris. Mr. North, where were you born?
Mr. North. May I ask, Senator, again, if I may read my statement,
because I think it does have pertinence to this inquiry.
Senator Welker. Now, you and I are going to tangle on that state-
ment if you insist on it. I haven’t had a chance to read it yet.
Mr. North. I am sorry. I am sorry, sir.
Senator Welker. That is why I have been missing these questions.
Mr. Morris. The question was, Where were you born?
Mr. North. In the Ukraine.
Mr. Morris. And when did you come to the United States?
Mr. North. When I was 9 months old.
Mr. Morris. And you were educated in the United States?
Mr. North. Yes.
Mr. Morris. What has been your education?
Mr. North. I went to public schools. I went to high school. I
won a scholarship at a high school which was revoked because I am a
Jew.
Mr. Morris. What high school would do a thing like that, Mr.
North?
Mr. North. This was in the high school of Chester, Pa.
Senator Welker. What was that answer?
(The answer was read by the reporter.)
Mr. North. Then I worked my way through college.
Mr. Morris. What college did you go to, Mr. North ?
Mr. North. I went to the University of Pennsylvania.
Mr. Morris. And you graduated in what year?
Mr. North. In 1925. And at the university I got my bachelor of
arts’ degree.
Mr. Morris. And is that the extent of your formal education ?
(Mr. North nods head affirmatively.)
Mr. Morris. No postgraduate work?
Mr. North. None.
Mr. Morris. Are you a newspaperman by profession ?
Mr. North. Yes.
Mr. Morris. When did you first become a newspaperman?
Mr. North. About 1925.
Mr. Morris. And would you tell us what newspaper or publications
you worked for at that time?
Mr. North. At that time I worked for the Chester Times in
Pennsylvania.
Mr. Morris. And how long did you hold that employment ?
Mr. North. Oh, approximately 3 or 4 years.
Mr. Morris. I see. And then what was your next newspaper assign-
ment?
Mr. North. Well, you see, Judge, I feel that this inquiry relates to
the question of suppression of the press.
Senator Welker. All right. Now, will you just go ahead and an-
swer the question and do not argue the law or the merits of the ques-
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1159
lion ? If you want to take the fifth amendment or whatever it might
be, I am not going to sit here and listen to any speech, now. I am
telling you that.
Mr. North. 1 don’t intend to make a speech, Senator.
Senator Welker. You started out to. Now, answer the question
or refuse to answer it, one of the two.
Mr. North. I think it has relevance to the statement that I made,
and I was therefore
Senator Welker. You mean that to ask a man who has admitted
lie is a newspaperman, what newspapers he worked on is an invasion
of the freedom of the press? Now, Mr. North, I am sure you do not
want to go that far.
Mr. North. Well, I have noticed a pattern of this committee in
regard to
Senator Welker. Now, just a moment *
Mr. North. Newspapermen.
Senator Welker. I noticed your statement, too. Now, if you want
to submit yourself to full and complete cross examination instead of
what you think is a blanket smear, in which you call me along with
every other member of this committee a Fascist, and somebody out to
destroy you or other people, I am not going to stand for that, because
I try my best to protect every person that comes before this committee,
regardless of what counsel might ask. I run the committee when I am
chairman, and you are not going to sit there and say to me or any mem-
ber of this committee that we are Fascists; that we are out to destroy
this or that person.
I want that just eminently clear in your mind, Mr. North.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I might submit at this time, judging by
the evidence before the committee with respect to Soviet espionage and
Soviet contacts with American newspapermen, there is evidence before
the committee that would indicate that this man today is a competent
witness who could testify about events that the committee is interested
in, and we appeal to you to do so, Mr. North.
Now, you have elected to invoke your privilege under the fifth
amendment, and the chairman has upheld you. Nevertheless, Mr.
North, we would like answers to these questions, because, as the Senator
has pointed out, we have to know the underlying facts about the Com-
munist organization if we are going to intelligently legislate against it.
We ask you again if you will answer some of these question for us.
Mr. North. I know nothing of the kind of charges you have now
made.
Mr. Morris. I made no charges. I stated that there is testimony in
the record, Mr. North, that indicates that you introduced Jacob Golos
on several occasions, in several different circumstances, one case involv-
ing William Remington and another case involving Winston Burclett.
Air. North. I would like to answer that, Judge.
Air. AIorris. By all means.
Air. North. When you have a country today, as we have, where
informers, prevaricators, have been used— —
Senator Welker. Now, you answer the question.
Air. North. Pardon me, sir. I am trying to answer it.
Senator Welker. Now, } r ou are going to answer the question and not
make a speech, Air. North.
Air. North. It is not a speech.
1160 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Senator Welker. We are going to get along fine, as all of Mr.
Friedman’s clients get along with me. We are not going to argue this
matter at all. If you want to answer the question, well and good. If
you want to claim your privilege, well and good, and I will be the last
man in this room if anyone says you cannot claim your privilege.
Mr. North. But, Senator, you, I am sure, have respect for the
Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court ruling yesterday on the SACB
raised the question of
Senator Welker. I understand the Supreme Court
Mr. North (continuing) : Of tainted and perjured testimony.
Senator Welker. Very well.
Mr. North. For this reason, I am answering as I am answering. I
think it is very relevant.
Senator Welker. Very well, then. If all this evidence is perjury,
why do you take the fifth amendment? Stand up and say they are
bald-faced lies, and we will find out if they are, and if they are, some-
body is going to the penitentiary, and it will not be you, Mr. North.
Mr. North. I am not so sure about that.
Senator Welker. I am sure you are not.
Mr. North. There are a number of people who have gone to jail on
perjured testimony
Senator Welker. Not as a result of the acting chairman ; I am sure
of that.
Now, if you want to answer counsel’s questions, we will be delighted.
Mr. Morris. What was your next employment after your employ-
ment with the Chester, Pa, newspaper?
Senator Welker. I will add this. I think a man has a perfect right
to work for the Chester Times-Herald or the Daily Worker or any-
thing he does, in furtherance of his profession. It is certainly not
a crime, in my opinion, unless you are in a conspiracy.
Mr. North. After my work on the Chester Times, I had become
interested in labor, coming from a working class family in a work-
ing class community. It was about this time that the depression
broke; the stock market crashed, and I went around the country and
saw the misery of that day, and I wrote many articles about that, and
in the course of that, I saw people living in the Hoovervilles ; I saw
families starving to death. I wrote about the needs for unemployment
insurance, for social security. I feel proud that I had some part in
the winning of unemployment insurance in this country, and I wrote
those articles, but they could not appear in newspapers which were
controlled by people who did not see the tragedy that the country
had been enveloped in.
The only publications that would use those articles, which I thought
was the truth, and knew was the truth, were labor newspapers.
Senator Welker. Were you a member of the Communist Party at
that time, Mr. North, when you wrote these articles ?
Mr. North. I must claim the privilege of the fifth amendment.
Senator Welker. Very well.
You say that the labor newspapers would be the only ones who
would accept your articles ?
Mr. North. Were the only ones who were publishing the truth as
I saw it and as it was in the country.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1161
Senator Welker. Now, have you written on social security and un-
employment compensation and all those things recently
Mr. North. Yes, sir.
Senator Welker. Newspapers carry that quite fully, do they not?
Mr. North. Well, times have changed since that day, and many
newspapers will publish facts today, for example, on the Negro
question, where they didirt in 1929-30, and when you have this com-
mittee headed by Senator Eastland
Senator Welker. Now, just a moment.
Mr. North (continuing) : Who stands for racism
Senator Welker. Now, just a moment. We are going to keep this
germane to the subject matter, and you are not going to sit there and
embarrass me or the committee as long as I am acting chairman. I
am trying to be as much of a gentleman to you as I know how. Now,
I hope that you will bear with me. If not, counsel with my friend,
Mr. Friedman.
Mr. North. 1 appreciate your effort, Senator, but I still feel that
coming here and being smeared as I am, I must tell the truth.
Senator Welker. Yes. And I see in your prepared statement
Mr. North. For example
Senator Welker (continuing). Where you say that we are out to
destroy the press and the first amendment of the Constitution, that
we are a bunch of Fascists, and that we are promoting false charges
against you, a newspaperman of over 30 years, that we are trying to
strive to paralyze freedom of thought and expression of all newspapers
and have them write as Eastland and company would have them write,
or else.
Now, if you want to prove that, you are going to open the gate to
full and complete cross-examination, and I will do it personally. Now,
if you want to be just as fair as I am going to be in this matter, to let
your statement come in the record and then you submit to fair cross-
examination to see whether or not your allegations are in fact the
truth, we will get along fine.
Mr. North. Well, Senator, 1 have read that Senator Eastland has
called
Senator Welker. Senator Eastland is not before this committee,
and I am asking you.
Mr. North. But he is the head of the committee.
Senator Welker. I do not believe he is. I think I happen to be
head of it today.
Mr. North. I am sorry, sir.
Senator Welker. And you are going to be treated with all the re-
spect I know how, Mr. North.
Now, I know what you are trying to do. You are trying to pro-
voke —
Mr. North. I am not, sir
Senator Welker (continuing). The acting chairman
Mr. North. I am sorry. I am not.
Senator Welker. And I am sorry. I am the most wonderful fel-
low to get along with you ever knew, I think. My wife doesn’t.
Mr. North. Senator, you seem to be a very gracious man, and I have
nothing against you personally.
Senator Welker. Well, you
1162 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. North. But I am talking about the work of this committee and
(he fact that I think the committee should investigate Senator East-
land, who has called to overthrow the Supreme Court decision
Senator Welker. Now, once again
Mr. North. Instead of that, you bring me here
Senator Welker. I am going to admonish you to be responsive to
the questions propounded to you, and I have heard enough of this fly-
ing over and taking on somebody else while you are being not, I think,
fair to me, when you refuse to answer these things.
Mr. North. I wish to be fair to you, Senator.
Senator Welker. Of course, if they would tend to incriminate you,
1 would be the first to help Mr. Friedman protect you. That I will
do always, as long as I am on this committee.
Now let us keep the thing germane. Let us keep it down to the
inquiry as brought out by counsel here. If you cannot do that, you
are not going to sit here and make a speech for me. I do not have time
for that. I listen to plenty of them, you know.
Mr. North. I am sure you do, Senator, and respectfully — I wish
to continue with the question.
Mr. Morris. The question was, What was the next employment after
your emplo 3 unent with the Chester, Pa., newspaper?
Mr. North. I worked for several organs about that time — I think
for, first, the Labor Defender, which was an organ of the International
Labor Defense. And it was in the course of that, in 1931, that I
received word from Alabama that nine innocent Negro boys had been
taken off a freight train
Senator Welker. That was the Scottsboro case ?
Mr. North. Yes. [Continuing:] And charged with rape. And
that came late at night, and I sent out a release giving the facts on
this and protesting this to the press as a whole, so that all during the
course of the Scottsboro case I wrote a great deal about it. As a
matter of fact, I went down into the South and I helped to uncover
the facts which resulted in the freedom, finally, after many years of
imprisonment, of these innocent Negro boys.
Senator Welker. Now, after that employment, what did you do,
Mr. North?
Mr. North. After that employment I began to write articles for the
Daily Worker and Labor Unity, the organ of the Trade Union Unity
League.
Senator Welker. Was that all of your employment? I think that
is what counsel was after.
Mr. Morris. What is your present employment, Mr. North ?
Senator Welker. Now, let me get it.
Mr. Morris. I am sorry, Senator ; excuse me.
Mr. North. In the main, that is, yes.
Mr. Friedman. Until when ?
Mr. North. Until 1934 or 1935. And then I wrote articles for the
weekly New Masses, and in the course of that I covered many of the
great strikes in the country which led to the formation of the Congress
of Industrial Organizations.
Senator Welker. You were too young to cover Sacco- Vanzetti, were
you not ?
Mr. North. Yes. I didn’t write about that. And then I read the
news about Spain and the fact that Franco, aided by Hitler and Mus-
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1163
solini, had risen up to overthrow the legally constituted Government
of Spain, Loyalist Spain, which was a republic based upon our Re-
public, and 1 felt then that 1 would like to cover that war.
Senator Welker. And you went there as a correspondent and did
cover the war?
Mr. North. And I am very proud of the fact that I was there and
saw the great effort made to prevent Franco and the Fascists from
taking over Spain, and I saw the
Senator Welker. Now, that is a conclusion of yours. I will let it
stand. But I do not see any objection for a newspaperman covering
a war, whether it is a bunch of Indians fighting out in Idaho or a war
over in Spain. I think that is part of your duty, is it not?
Mr. North. Yes.
And I think that that was a war that was of a special nature in that
I felt that if the truth of it were told sufficiently in this country and
throughout the world, the danger of World War II could have been
averted.
Senator Welker. Did you cover Hitler’s and Stalin’s war against
each other?
Mr. North. I don’t know what you are referring to.
Senator Welker. I mean, when Hitler turned on his ally, Russia,
after their peace pact.
Mr. North. I am speaking of Spain.
Senator Welker. Well, I am speaking of the other. Did you cover
that war?
Mr. North. No. I am talking
Mr. Friedman. The Senator asked you whether you covered World
War II.
Senator Welker. Yes ; in World War II, the days where Hitler
Mr. North. If you are referring to World War II
Senator Welker.) Yes; where Hitler turned on his one-time ally,
Stalin, and Russia.
Mr. North. I covered World War II and was in Germany on V-E
Day.
Senator Welker. You were in jail, I take it, at that time; were
you not ?
Mr. North. No.
Senator Welker. You were in a concentration camp?
Mr. North. No. There were a group of correspondents and others
who were invited to go to see what happened in the concentration
camps of Germany, because many people just didn’t believe these hor-
rors, and at that time General Eisenhower, President Eisenhower,
invited quite a few people to go there, some 50 or GO. I was in the
concentration camp at Dachau and saw what happens to people where
the labor movement is crushed, where racism was the order of the day,
where on the basis of the racist ideology of Hitler, some 6 million Jews
were cremated, millions more of trade unionists, liberals, people like
yourself, too, Senator, and I wrote
Senator Welker. Now, that covers a big waterfront, “people like
yourself.” I do not know what you mean by that, whether that is
praise or an inside pitch.
Mr. North. Well, it means that the toll of destruction of fascism
was so great that it hit conservatives as well as it did Communists,
1164 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Social Democrats, liberals. It probably hit people like Judge Morris
here.
Well, I felt then, when I was in that concentration camp, that every-
thing I could do to prevent that kind of a life or death from being
foisted upon our country, I would dedicate my life to, and that is what
I have done.
Senator Welker. Very well, I think that is responsive.
Any further questions?
Mr. Morris. Mr. North, when you were in Spain, did you have any
contact with the Soviet intelligence people who were in Spain at the
time ?
Mr. North. Pardon me, Judge. None of your questions are on the
substantial issue of the war there.
Mr. Morris. No. We are interested in Soviet activity in the United
States. That is the subject of the hearing, Mr. North.
Mr. North. I will claim the privilege of the fifth amendment.
Mr. Morris. Did you know a man named Gen. Emilio Kleber?
Mr. North. The same answer.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Mandeb will you read the excerpt from Mr. Dal-
lin’s book on Major General Kleber?
Mr. Mandel. Reading from Soviet Espionage, by David J. Dallin,
pages 396-397
Mr. Morris. When was that book written, Mr. Mandel?
Mr. Mandel. It was published
Mr. Morris. 1955?
Mr. Mandel. 1955. It reads as follows :
The leading resident of the early 1930’s was Mark Zilbert, one of the few out-
standing chiefs of Soviet military intelligence in the United States, who achieved
worldwide fame during the Spanish Civil War when, assuming the name of one
of Napoleon’s generals, .Tean-Baptiste Kleber, he commanded a Loyalist army at
the Spanish front. In April 1937, when the great purge was underway, Zilbert
was recalled to Moscow, arrested, and executed along with a number of other Red
Army commanders.
Despite his ability and intelligence, Zilbert was not successful as a Soviet
esponiage chief iu the United States.
Then it gives in a footnote Kleber’s other names: alias Moische
Stern, Mr. Herb, Ivostasky, and Gen. Emilio Kleber.
Senator Welker. What does that have to do with this witness?
Mr. Morris. I asked him if he met him in Spain and I am going to
ask him did he ever meet him in the United States.
Mr. North. Judge Morris, I consider myself a pretty good news-
paperman and I respect the profession of newspapermen. But I
think you give me far too much credit of covering an awful lot of
ground here. I have given you an indication of what I have done.
Mr. Morris. We have tried to be specific.
Senator Welker. The question was, did you meet this gentleman, as
I understand it, Mr. North?
Mr. Morris. In the United States ?
Senator Welker. Either in the United States or in Spain, as I un-
derstand the question.
Mr. Morris. I asked on Spain, and he claimed privilege.
Now the second question is : Did he meet him in the United States ?
Mr. North. I claim the privilege of the fifth amendment.
Mr. Morris. Air. North, did you ever bring to the New Masses — and
you know what the New Masses was — it was a weekly newspaper
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1165
Senator Welker. Yes. He told us a moment ago that he wrote for
it. I assumed he knew what it was.
Mr. Morris. A dossier regarding General Ivrivitsky, which dossier
provided a series of articles in the New Masses attacking General
Ivrivitsky *s articles in the Saturday Evening Post?
Mr. North. The same reply.
Mr. Morris. That is, you claim privilege?
Mr. North. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Manclel, will you read just for the record the ex-
cerpt from Miss Bentley’s book that I referred to in a question earlier?
Mr. Manuel. This is an excerpt from Out of Bondage, by Elizabeth
Bentley, pages 209 and 210 :
It was in the middle of November and I decided to do my Christmas shopping
early so that I wouldn’t find myself caught in the last-minute rush. This was a
formidable job. Not only did I have my personal purchases, plus gifts for the
employees of both World Tourist and United States Service & Shipping Corp.,
but I had to purchase presents for all our agents, Raisin’s as well as mine. For
some strange reason it was a tradition in the NKVD that at Christmas
Mr. Morris. Will you identify the NKVD for the record, Mr,
Mandel ?
Mr. Mandel. That is the Soviet military intelligence.
[Continuing:]
that at Christmas everyone who worked for them, no matter in what capacity,
received a gift. None of our agents, of course, were paid salaries, nor were they
given any money except cash to cover travel expenses when they came up to New
York to bring reports. As a matter of fact, it was they who were paying the
party, because they were assessed their Communist dues, plus any special
amount solicited to help the international movement.
Therefore, as a token of appreciation, we made it a point to give each of them
a nice present at Christmas.
Then she mentions a number of people who received gifts, and
among them she says :
The Silvermasters invariably received vodka and caviar, plus expensive gifts
for each of them. Kazekavich was given a steamer basket of fruit and jams
from the Hicks store and Joe North a basket containing several bottles of rye.
Mr. Friedman. May I make an observation, Senator?
Mr. Byron Scott, a very prominent lawyer in Washington, repre-
senting William Taylor, brought an action for libel against the Wash-
ington Post a couple of years ago, and lie examined Elizabeth Bentley
by deposition in that case, and he tells me that she testified there that
this book is fiction.
Mr. Morris. Let us test it in this case, Mr. Friedman.
Is it true that she did bring you a bottle of rye as discussed in that
book?
Mr. Friedman. I don’t know that that is a test.
Mr. Morris. It is certainly a test in this case.
Senator Welker. I do not know whether it is fact or fiction. Now,
you brought it in, Mr. Friedman.
Mr. North. Bourbon is my favorite drink.
Senator Welker. What?
Mr. North. Bourbon is my favorite drink.
Mr. Morris. The witness says he drinks bourbon.
Senator Welker. Now, whether it is your favorite drink or not, did
you get some rye at the time and place interrogated about?
1166 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. Did Miss Bentley buy you a basket containing several
bottles of rye ?
Mr. North. ‘When ?
Mr. Morris. That is in the early 1940’s.
Mr. North. Are you asking that question seriously, Judge ?
Mr. Morris. Very seriously, Mr. North.
Mr. North. You. would remember somebody who bought you a
bottle of rye in 1939 ?
Mr. Morris. This is in the 1940's, but I certainly would, yes.
Mr. North. You are a better man than I am.
I claim the privilege.
Mr. Morris. When you went to Spain, did you travel on your own
passport, Mr. North ?
Mr. North. I claim the privilege.
Mr. Morris. Did you
Mr. North. Pardon me, Judge. You know that I did.
Mr. Morris. Well, I mean
Mr. North. I mean, it is in the record.
Senator Welker. Now, just a moment here. You do not want to
get yourself in trouble, do you ?
Mr. North. No, I don't.
Senator Welker. Then do not volunteer something that will force
me to make you go ahead and answer questions that I am sure you
do not want to. Now, you claim the privilege of the fifth amendment,
and then you come back and volunteer that, “Judge, you know that I
did go on my own passport.”
Mr. Morris. Senator, I do not know. I do not know whether he
traveled on his own passport.
Senator Welker. Well, whether you know it or not, he has opened
it, and I do not want Mr. North to get involved in anything here. If
you claim your privilege one time, you claim it all the time, or if not,
1 am going to go all over the waterfront on the thing. That is as
fair as I can be to you.
Mr. North. Thank you, Senator.
Mr. Morris. Did you travel at all times under your own passport
while you were in Spain ?
]\ Ir. N orth . I cl ai m the pr i vi lege .
Mr. Morris. Did you ever lend your passport to anyone for any
purpose ?
Mr. North. I claim the privilege.
Mr. Morris. Mr. North, are you now a Communist?
Mr. North. Is this session dealing with ideas, the ideas of people?
Mr. Morris. No. I asked you if you were a member of the Commu-
nist organization. I am not interested in your ideas, Mr. North for
my question.
Mr. North. Judge, I have my doubts about that.
Mr. Morris. I want to know whether you are a member of the Com-
munist organization that operates here in the United States.
Mr. North. I claim the privilege.
Mr. Morris. I have no more questions, Mr. Chairman.
Senator Welker. I have no questions.
Thank you, Mr. North, and thank you, Mr. Friedman.
Mr. Fried wan. Thank you, Senator.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1167
Senator Welker. Do you want to make any application with re-
spect to your statement.
Mr. North. May 1 respectfully, Senator, read the statement, be-
cause I think it throws a great deal of light on my declarations here,
and 1 think it is worthy of presenting after all these libels have been
presented against me? Why don’t I have the right to my say?
Senator Welker. Well, 1 suppose yon have your right. You tell
me that you are a newspaperman. I am rather surprised, Mr. North,
that you would come here and abuse people, one member of the com-
mittee, the whole committee, as you have in this case.
Mr. North. Would you take a look at this, Senator, about Eastland’s
call there for the white councils to overthrow the
Senator Welker. I am not interested
Mr. North. To overthrow the Supreme Court decision?
Senator Welker. Now, will you please wait until I finish?
Mr. North. I am sorry, sir.
Senator Welker. The application to have this statement read into
the record is hereby rejected upon the ground and for the reason, as
you well know, that you purposely tried to intimidate every person
on this committee.
Mr. North. I tried to intimidate?
Senator Welker. Yes; you certainly did.
ilr. North. I respectfully disagree with you, Senator. I tried no
intimidation.
Senator Welker. You did not in your oral testimony. But I am
not going to take the responsibility of charging the taxpayers for this,
and I will reject it.
I will talk to your counselor later about this thing. Mr. Friedman
and I are very good friends. I believe you will admit that.
ilr. Friedman. Yes.
Senator Welker. He might convince me it is germane and rele-
vant. But now I am going to withhold that ruling on that until T
have a chance to talk to Mr. Friedman.
Mr. Friedman. Very well, sir.
You are ruling as to whether it will be added to the record?
Senator Welker. That is right. I will get a chance to talk to you
in a minute.
Mr. F riedman. Very well. And the witness is excused, Senator?
Senator Welker. The witness is excused.
You are excused from your subpena, Mr. North. Thank you for
coming down.
ilr. North. Thank 3 T ou, sir.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I have a witness that I would like to
ask a few questions only, in connection with the case of Robert and
Winifred Blanchard.
His name is George Mills.
If I may, I would like him to testify now.
Senator Welker. Mr. Mills, raise your right hand.
Do you solemnly swear the testimony you give before the subcom-
mittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so
help you God ?
ilr. Mills. I do, Senator.
1168 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
TESTIMONY OF GEORGE MILLS, ACCOMPANIED BY VICTOR
RABINOWITZ, HIS ATTORNEY
Senator Welker. Where is your residence, Mr. Mills?
Mr. Mills. May I have some of this water?
Senator Welker. Certainly; sure. As a matter of fact, you told
me awhile ago in executive hearing that you were not feeling well.
Do you feel all right to go on with this?
Mr. Mills. I think so.
Senator Welker. Now, if you do not, be sure and tell us.
Mr. Mills. I do; I do, sir.
Senator Welker. No one wants you to
Mr. Mills. I do, sir.
Sixty-nine West Boulevard, East Rockaway, N. Y.
Senator Welker. What is your occupation ?
Mr. Mills. At present I am unemployed. I am a free-lance writer.
Senator Welker. Very well, counsel.
Mr. Morris. Sir. Mills, have you been a radio operator ?
Sir. Mills. Sir?
Senator Welker. Have you ever been a radio operator?
Sir. SIills. No.
Sir. SIorris. Sir. Chairman, the witness is called here this morning*
because of the following sequence of events :
While Robert and Winifred Blanchard were witnesses before the
committee, the committee presented evidence and information to the
effect that on November 11 — —
Senator Welker. They submitted evidence? The committee did?
Sir. SIorris. That is right, sir. The committee submitted for the
record that on November 11, 1950, the Bureau of Vital Statistics had
forwarded to John Francis Brennan, care of Blanchard, 71 West
Boulevard, East Rockaway, a copy of John Francis Brennan’s birth
certificate. Now, John Francis Brennan had been dead since 1938.
And subsequent to November 11, 1950, it was discovered that Robert
Thompson, who was a leader of the Communist Party and has since
been indicted and convicted, apparently passed, from some day in 1950
until his arrest in 1953, as John Francis Brennan.
Now, since that time, sir, we have obtained the following documents.
These were all taken from the person of Robert Thompson at the time
of his arrest by the FBI, and all of these facts have been testified to
by FBI agents in public court.
Now, I have here, Senator, a fishing permit made out to J. F. Bren-
nan, who has been identified in the public record; a labor book, John
F. Brennan — these will be fully described by the documents them-
selves, Senator; a driver’s license in the name of John F. Brennan;
an official receipt of the International Association of Bridge, Struc-
tural & Ornamental Ironworkers made out to John F. Brennan; an
Associated Hospital Service card made out to John F. Brennan; a
social-security card made out to John F. Brennan ; an operator’s license
made out to John F. Brennan.
And this is some kind of receipt, Senator. I am afraid I cannot
describe it at this time. It is made out to John F. Brennan, a receipt
for $1.
Perhaps you can identify it, Senator.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1169
Senator Welker. It says on the back, “Learners’ permit, Illinois.”
Mr. Morris. Maybe it is a learner’s permit, Senator.
Senator Welker. That is what it says, “learner’s permit.”
Mr. Morris. Then 1 have one more withholding statement made out
to John F. Brennan.
Senator Welker. Very well.
(The documents referred to were marked “Exhibits Nos. 253 to
253-11” and are reproduced on subsequent pages :)
Exhibit No. 253
[Brennan fishing permit]
1170
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Exhibit No. 253-A
[Brennan labor book]
I. A, B. S. & O. I. W.
Identification Sheet
Date , {9
My petm&nttnx address h.
>
mwm Sbm, pfeas*
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SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1171
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1172 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
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1174 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
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Exhibit No. 253-C
[Brennan union receipt]
OFFICIAL RECEIPT H 324443
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SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1175
Exhibit No. 253-D
[Brennan hospital card]
ASSOCIATED HOSPITAL SERVICE
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Exhibit No. 253-E
[Brennan social-security card]
092-0#-6833
1176 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Exhibit No. 253-F
[Brennan driver’s permit]
Exhibit No. 253-G
[Brennan learner’s permit]
1 47 56 6 X2-518-91? I ID SA
[Brennan withholding statement]
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1177
1178 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. Now Senator, at the time we asked the Blanchards if
they on November 11, 1950 — that is, the date of this transmittal —
resided at 71 West Boulevard in East Rockaway, Long Island, they
refused to answer, claiming privilege. Since then, we have received
from the post office authorities, and I have here, a letter from the
United States Post Office, East Rockaway, N. Y., dated April 18, 1956,
from Paul E. Carrigan, postmaster, in which he says :
The following is requested information regarding postal addresses of Robert
Blanchard, formerly of 71 West Boulevard, East Rockaway, N. Y.
July 27, 1950: Filed order to forward mail to 37-41 7Sth Street, Jackson
'Heights, N. Y.
June 22, 1951 : Rented post office box 221, East Rockaway, N. Y.
September 10, 1951 : Canceled post office box 221, East Rockaway, N. Y., and
the same date filed order to deliver mail to 71 West Boulevard.
So, if the birth certificate forwarded to John Francis Brennan,
care of Blanchard, was sent to 71 West Boulevard, East Rockaway,
N. Y., on November 11, 1950, according to the statement of the post
office, it would have been forwarded to him at 37-41 78th Street,
Jackson Heights, N. Y.
I also have, Senator, the report from the telephone company which
indicated that a telephone was listed for Mr. Blanchard at 71 West
Boulevard, East Rockaway, Long Island, at that time.
May that also go into the record, Senator? May both of these go
into the record ?
Senator Welker. All right.
(The documents referred to were marked “Exhibits Nos. 254 and
255,” and read as follows:)
Exhibit No. 254
United States Post Office,
East Rockaway , A 7 . Y., April 18, 1956 .
Mr. Robert Morris,
Counsel , Senate Internal Security Subcommittee,
Washington, D. C.
The following is requested information regarding postal addresses of Robert
Blanchard, formerly of 71 West Boulevard, East Rockaway, N. Y.
July 27, 1950 : Filed order to forward mail to 37-41 7Sth Street, Jackson
Heights, N. Y.
June 22, 1951 : Rented post office box 221, East Rockaway, N. Y.
September 10, 1951 : Canceled post office box 221, East Rockaway, N. Y.,
and the same date filed order to deliver mail to 71 West Boulevard.
This is the only available information on hand and is true and correct in
accordance with the records of this office.
[seal] Paul E. Carrigan, Postmaster .
Exhibit No. 255
From Mr. Flemming in New York:
Lynbrook 9-3S14M.
Checked the Nassau County alphabetical directory, 1952 to 1953, corrected to
June 14, 1951, which shows a listing for Robert Blanchard at 71 West Boulevard,
East Rockaway, Long Island.
1950-51 directory also has it listed under Robert Blanchard, 71 West Boule-
vard, East Rockaway, under same number.
1953-54 alphabetical directory for Nassau County had a change of number to
Lynbrook 9^1074.
In between 1951 and 1952, this number was changed but don’t have any con-
nect time on it.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1179
1954-55, Robert Blanchard is out.
Lynbrook 9-4074 bad been listed to Robert Blanchard up until March 20, 1953,
where there was a change of main listing from Robert Blanchard to a party
by the name of George Kelis, and he is at the same address, 71 West Boulevard,
East Rockaway, and still maintains service there.
Senator Welker. For your continuity, what does that have to do
with Mr. Mills ?
Mr. Morris. Now, you lived next door to Mr. Blanchard, did you
not ?
Senator Welker. Now, just a moment, counselor. This is the first
time you have appeared before our committee. We are glad to have
you here, and this certainly is not said in a way to embarrass you,
because I know you are a line lawyer and a fine gentleman.
Counsel appear before all congressional committees as their guests.
They are not permitted to advise their clients as we used to do in jaw-
suits, to volunteer. They can only help their client when the client
seeks help from them. And if you will remember that, I would ap-
preciate it.
Mr. Babinowitz. As long as I may advise my client on any occasion
when he is in doubt, he is authorized to consult me?
Senator Welker. He is authorized to ask you, and I shall exercise
great liberality on that.
Mr. Babinowitz. Thank you, sir.
Mr. Norris. Did you reside next to the Blanchards, Mr. Mills?
Mr. Mills. I plead the fifth amendment to that question, sir.
Mr. Morris. You have given your address as GO West Boulevard,
and the address we are talking about is 71 West Boulevard, and I
ask if you will not reconsider and testify whether or not you actu-
ally lived next door to them.
Mr. Mills. Sir, I must invoke the fifth amendment.
Senator Welker. And counselor, with your help, so that the record
is clear: The fifth amendment upon the ground and for the reason
that any answer that I might give might tend to
Mr. Mills. Might tend to
Senator Welker. Might tend to force me to bear witness against
myself. And that is the best objection that I can write. I am sure
counselor will accept it.
Mr. Babinowitz. Thank you, Senator; I will accept that.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, in view of the witness's response, and
since he is brought here for this particular purpose, I suggest that we
coniine, at least at this session of the committee, the session to just ilia t
one question, because this is what he was brought here for, for that
particular purpose.
He was brought here by way of establishing that the Blanchards
lived at 71 West Boulevard, the house directly next to him, at the par-
ticular time that this birth certificate of the dead John Francis Bren-
nan was sent to the Blanchards at that address, which birth certifi-
cate turned up in the possession of Bobert Thompson when he was
arrested by the FBI 3 years later.
That is clear, is it not, Senator?
Senator Welker. Yes, it is clear. But for the life of me, I cannot
understand why this witness was brought down here for that. You
could find that out in New York by calling him on the ’phone. If
he wanted to tell you then — I mean, I am trying to think of expense,
and so forth.
1180 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Mills, maybe you will tell me this. And certainly do not do
anything you do not want to do. Did you ever know the Blanchards?
Mr. Mills. Again, sir, I respectfully request the fifth amendment
to protect me in that.
Senator Welker. Are you afraid, Mr. Mills, that we are trying to
get you in the penitentiary or trick you in someway?
Mr. Mills. No, sir. I
Senator Welker. That is the last thing that the committee would
want to do. I want to assure you of that. There is no idea of that.
Counselor described fully why he wanted you here. Do you care to
describe for me, Mr. Mills, just the locale in which you live, or is there
some reason why you do not want to tell us that.
Now, counselor, he wants your advice.
Mr. Mills. May I
Senator Welker. Yes, sir.
(The witness consults with his attorney.)
Mr. Mills. Senator, I live in a — I don’t know how to describe the
neighborhood — it is a small community. I don’t know how else to
describe it.
Senator Welker. Are they row houses?
Mr. Mills. They are small bungalows, mostly that have been con-
verted for year-round living. They were originally summer bunga-
lows, I believe.
Senator Welker. Are you a man of family, Mr. Mills?
Mr. Mills. Yes, sir; I am.
Senator Welker. What does your family consist of?
Mr. Mills. I have a boy 8 years old.
Senator Welker. A boy 8.
Mr. Mills. And my wife, of course.
Senator Welker. And is this in a highly urban area? Is it well
built up around there, or is it more or less
Mr. Mills. It is a suburban area.
Senator Welker. Suburban?
Mr. Mills. Yes, sir.
Senator Welker. Then I suppose you, like most human beings,
know your neighbors over a period of time. I do not want to ask you
that to lead you on. If you want to take the fifth on Blanchard, you
would certainly be entitled to do that.
Nil*. Mills. I would like to do that, sir.
Mr. Rabinowitz. Senator, may I
Senator Welker. Certainly, counselor. It is not permitted, but
with you, it is.
Mr. Rabinowitz. Thank you.
May I suggest that you just a few moments ago suggested that I
think is the fact here. If there are other people in the community
who want to identify the Blanchards as having lived there, or not hav-
ing lived there, I am sure the committee staff can find that out easily
enough. It is perfectly obvious, from what has happened, that this
witness does not want to do it, and is going to rely on his privilege
with respect to it for reasons
Mr. Morris. It is not a question of he does not want to, counselor.
It is that if he feels that he does, he may be incriminating himself.
Mr. Rabinowitz. That is right. And as long as that is the case, and
since the purpose is to ascertain the residence of the Blanchards, it
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1181
just seems to me that it can more easily be done in some other way.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, we would like to know, for instance,
whether or not, as the evidence now indicates, or our information indi-
cates, the Blanchards visited Mr. Mills here recently.
Senator Welker. One of them is dead, is he not ?
Mr. Morris. Not the Blanchards.
Senator Welker. Didn’t I understand that
Mr. Morris. No. Jolm Francis Brennan, the brother of Mrs.
Blanchard.
Senator Welker. Oh, yes ; that is right.
Mr. Morris. Did the Blanchards visit you recently ?
Mr. Mills. Again, sir, I invoke the fifth amendment.
Mr. Morris. Did you ever attend any meeting with Robert and Wini-
fred Blanchard ?
Mr. Mills. The fifth amendment again, please.
Mr. Morris. Senator, in view of that, I suggest that we not ask any
more questions of this witness.
Senator Welker. In view of the statement made by the witness and
by counselor, I am prompted to say this. It causes me to stretch my
imagination a great deal to find out how you could be incriminated
by finding out who your next-door neighbor is. But that is something
that is a personal privilege of yours, Mr. Mills, and no one else’s.
As your counselor stated, we will use every attempt to find out who
your neighbors are. I will be glad to tell you who mine are, if you
ask me.
Mr. Morris. Senator, I might point out that the testimony is neces-
sary for the purpose of these hearings because, in demonstrating a
case like the Robert Blanchard and the Winifred Blanchard cases,
the committee would like to have the record show all pertinent facts
possible. And if this is one of the cases where you are going to analyze
to show Communist activity in the United States and its relation to
the Soviet international organization, we have to know as many facts
as possible, Senator.
Now, we have here today
Senator Welker. Counselor, the only place where we differ is on this
proposition. I think as a matter of law you have established where
they live. If not, you could bring the records of the Post Office De-
partment up here very quickly. I do not know. I never met Mr. Mills
before the executive hearing this morning. As far as I am concerned,
I wish I could have talked to him about this a little earlier.
Mr. Morris. Senator, I might
Senator Welker. I hope you are not prompted by any fear, Mr.
Mills, or your counselor, any fear we are out just to hurt somebody.
That is certainly not the attitude of this committee, nor will it ever be.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I would like the record to show that I
made a particular appeal to Mr. Mills and asked him to be sure he
knew the consequences of what he was doing in connection with this
particular hearing this morning. I told him we would like to know
as much as he knew about the Blanchards, and told him we were going
to ask him about it, to my knowledge.
Senator Welker. Did you ask him the question, counselor, had he
ever met the Blanchards, and whether they visited back and forth ?
Mr. Morris. I did ask him, Senator, if he visited the Blanchards.
Senator Welker. Did you ever meet the Blanchards ?
1182 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Mills. Again, sir, I must plead the fifth amendment.
Senator Welker. Have you ever met any of your neighbors in that
neighborhood ?
Mr. Mills (no response) .
Senator Welker. Who lives at 67, No. 67, Mr. Mills ?
Mr. Mills. Again, sir, I must plead the fifth amendment.
Senator Welker. Do you know who operates the grocery store
there ?
I am just trying to find out, if T can, the reason why you have
adopted tins manner. I have an idea that you really do not need the
fifth amendment, that maybe you are frightened by something. Maybe
I am wrong. I will withdraw my question. You know the neighbor-
hood grocery man, counsel ?
Mr. Morris. Tell me this, Mr. Mills. Have you attended meet-
ings — have meetings been held in your home at which Mr. Blanchard
was present, at which, as some of the neighbors have told the com-
mittee, all the shades in your home have been drawn?
Mr. Mills. May I consult counsel again?
Senator Welker. Surely.
(The witness consults with his attorney.)
Mr. Mills. I plead the fifth amendment.
Mr, Morris. Mr. Chairman, now with respect to anything further,
I think that I would like this part of the testimony related to the
Blanchard association of this particular witness, I mean, particularly
with respect to the last point I brought out, and may he stay under
subpena and be called back at some other time?
Senator Welker. May I reserve a ruling. May I talk to you,
counselor, just one second.
(Discussion off the record.)
Senator Welker. Mr. Mills, are you now a member of the Com-
munist Party?
Mr. Mills. No, Senator, I am not.
Senator Welker. Have you ever been a member of the Communist
Party ?
Mr. Mills. I must invoke, again, the fifth amendment to that ques-
tion.
Senator Welker. Would you desire to make a cutoff time as to
when you would invoke the privilege ?
Mr. Mills. May I consult counsel again?
Senator Welker. Certainly.
(The witness consults with his attorney.)
Mr. Mills. At least 5 years.
Senator Welker. At least 5 years ?
Mr. Mills. That is right.
Senator Welker. And prior to 5 years ago, you desire to invoke
the privilege guaranteed you by the Constitution under the fifth
amendment?
Mr. Mills. Yes.
Senator Welker. Very well, Mr. Mills.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, may I refine that a little bit? Novem-
ber 11, 1950, was the date that this transition was made.
Were you a Communist on November 11, 1950?
Senator Welker. I think he has answered it.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1183
You can answer it again for him. As I recall, you took the fifth
amendment for everything prior to 5 years back.
Mr. Mills. That is right.
Senator Welker. Do you desire to talk to your counsel ?
Mr. Rarinowitz. No. I understood that that had been the answer.
I haven’t any objection myself.
Mr. Mills. I think I must repeat, Senator, that the 5-year period
is the most complete answer I can give you now.
Senator Welker. If you will be around a little bit after the hear-
ing is over, I would like to talk to both of you.
I want to say to you again, Mr. Mills, that I appreciate your ap-
pearance before the committee. You are now released from your sub-
pena, and I hope that your health improves.
Very well, sir.
Mr. Morris. Bernard Koten.
Senator Welker. Do you solemnly swear the testimony you will
give before the subcommittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Mr. Ivoten. I do.
TESTIMONY OF BERNARD L. KOTEN, ACCOMPANIED BY JOSEPH
FORER, HIS ATTORNEY
Senator Welker. Will you state your name, please?
Mr. Ivoten. Bernard L. Koten.
Senator Welker. Where do you reside?
Mr. Ivoten. 548 West lG4th Street, New York City.
Senator Welker. What is your occupation?
Mr. Koten. I am a research worker.
Senator Welker. What does that mean? Research for what?
Mr. Ivoten. Research librarian.
Senator Welker. A librarian, very well.
Mr. Ivoten. A research librarian.
Senator Welker. Proceed, counsel.
Mr. Morris. For whom do you work, Mr. Koten?
Mr. Ivoten. The Library for Intercultural Studies.
Mr. Morris. The Library for Intercultural Studies, is that the
successor organization to the American-Russian Institute?
Mr. Koten. No; except that we got the collection of the American-
Russian Institute.
Mr. Morris. You got the collection of their books, their library: is
that right?
Mr. Koten. That is right.
Mr. Morris. And that was formerly transferred
^ Mr. Ivoten. Transferred by a court to the Library for Intercultural
Studies.
Mr. Morris. I see. Now, did the employees of the American-Rus-
sian Institute remain the same as the Library for Intercultural
Studies?
Mr. Ivoten. I am the only employee.
Mr. Morris. Transferee?
Mr. Ivoten. Well, not transferee; reemployee. I was reemployed
by the library.
1184 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. I see. Now, when were you the research director of
the American-Russian Institute?
Mr. Koten. I was research director from 1046 to 1950, when the
institute was liquidated.
Mr. Morris. And then you have been with the present committee
since
Mr. Koten. Since 1052.
Mr. Morris. Since 1052?
Mr. Koten. Yes.
Mr. Morris. There was a hiatus in there of 2 years?
Mr. Koten. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Now, where were you born, Mr. Koten?
Mr. Koten. New York City.
Mr. Morris. TYhat has been your education ?
Mr. Koten. Public school, high school, college. I have an M. A.,
and I am working on my doctorate now.
Mr. Morris. And what year did you graduate from college?
Mr. Koten. Well, there are a couple of colleges.
Senator Welker. Go ahead. Tell us your college background.
Mr. Koten. I was at Johns Hopkins until 1032, when we went
to the Soviet Union. My father had been invited there to organize
veterinary work, and I entered college there. I was graduated in
1036. And when I came back, I entered Teachers College at Colum-
bia, and I took a combined M. S.-M. A., which I got in, I think it was,
1040, finally. And then I began on my doctorate in 1040, and I am
still working on it.
Senator Welker. You were a student at Moscow University?
Mr. Koten. No; the Moscow State Pedagogical Linguistics Insti-
tute.
Mr. Morris. And you stayed in Moscow from 1932 to 1036 ?
Mr. Koten. No; well, from 1034 to 1036. In 1036, we took a trip
home, and then went back and stayed until 1937.
Mr. Morris. I see. Now, you were able to travel through all 16
Soviet Republics, were you not ?
Mr. Koten. I don’t know. I didn’t travel through them all.
Senator Welker. You did not?
Mr. Koten. No.
Senator Welker. How many of the Soviet Republics did you visit?
Mr. Koten. I went through three of them ; the Ukraine, Azerbai-
jan, and the RSFSR, and I was in transit through Byelorussia.
Mr. Morris. What did you do prior to 1046? What was your em-
ployment, Mr. Koten ?
Mr. Koten. I was in the Army from 1043 to 1946.
Mr. Morrts. I see.
What kind of service did you have in the Army ?
Mr. Koten. Do you want the whole history?
Mr. Morris. No. Just roughly, tell us what it was.
Mr. Koten. I was in the infantry, first as a foot soldier, then with
the wire section, and then I was NCO in charge of the intelligence
platoon for our company.
Mr. Morris. Now, what did you do prior to 1043 when you went
into the Army?
Mr. Koten. I was with the American-Russian Institute from 1941
to 1043 as a research worker, not as a research director.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1185
Mr. Morris. I see. And when did that employment commence?
Mr. Koten. 1041.
Air. Morris. And what did you do prior to 1041 ?
Air. Koten. I was on an occupational adjustment survey study for
Rockefeller in New York and Connecticut.
Air. AIorris. What was the nature of that? You had a grant from
the Rockefeller Foundation ?
Air. Koten. I didn't have a grant. The adjustment study had a
grant, and I worked for the study.
Air. AIorris. What was your job in research there ?
Air. Koten. I had to interview high school leavees to determine
whether or not they had had any help in occupational adjustment.
Air. AIorris. What did you do prior to 1940 ?
All*. Koten. Before that I was assigned by the board of education
as an adult education supervisor for the WPA.
Air. AIorris. Did you work for the New York Board of Education?
Air. Koten. I was assigned bv the board of education, working for
the WPA.
Air. AIorris. I see. And how far back does that employment go ?
Air. Koten. I was responsible to the board of education but mj r pay
came from the AYPA.
Air. AIorris. How far did that employment go ?
Air. Koten. From 1938 to the end of 1939.
Air. AIorris. And what did you do from 1936 to 1938 ?
Air. Koten. AA r ell, I was in the Soviet Union until 1937.
Air. AIorris. 1937?
Air. Koten. I was teaching at the high school where I had studied,
and I took some graduate work.
Air. AIorris. AYhat school was that?
Air. Koten. The AIoscow State Pedagogical Linguistic Institute.
Air. AIorris. F rom 1937 to 1938 ?
Air Koten. AVe were there until 1937. I came back in 1937, and
went to school in 1938. I had some odd jobs, and I worked for a few
weeks in the summer, before I began school, in a bank.
Air. AIorris. Now, were you a member of the Communist Party
when you were in AIoscow from the period of 1932 to 1936 ?
Air. Koten. I refuse to answer on the basis of my privilege under
the fifth amendment not to be a witness against mj T self .
Senator AVelker. A r ery well.
Air. AIorris. Now, were you a member of the Communist Party
when you had that assignment from the board of education in New
York City ?
Air. Koten. I refuse to answer for the same reason.
Air. AIorris. AVere you a member of the Communist Party when you
did work under the grant from the Rockefeller Foundation ?
Air. Koten. I must refuse to answer for the same reason.
Air. AIorris. AA"ere .you a member of the Communist Party during
your employment with the American-Russian Institute prior to your
service in the Army ?
Air. Koten. I must refuse to answer for the same reason.
Air. AIorris. Now, were you a Communist Party member when you
were in the Army ?
Air. Koten. I refuse to answer for the same reason.
1186 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. Were you a Communist Party member when you were
the research director of the American-Russian Institute ?
Mr. Ivoten. I refuse to answer for the same reason.
Mr. Morris. Are you a Communist now ?
Mr. Ivoten. I refuse to answer for the same reason.
Mr. Morris. Now, Mr. Chairman, this witness has been asked to tes-
tify here in connection with the committee’s interest in the American-
Russian Institute. Now, in connection with a case that has been un-
der consideration by the subcommittee — that is, the case of Judith
Coplon — we noticed from the court record that one of the papers
carried by Judith Coplon and transmitted to Gubischev, the Soviet
official to whom she was transmitting documents at the time of her
arrest, that one of these was an FBI report which bore this present
notation :
Bernard Koten, research director of American-Russian Institute, is friend
and contact of William Hermann Eckart Johnson, and his wife, -Annette F.
Johnson, who are employed at present on the secret Russian desk of the War
Department, Washington, D. C., and who are suspected of giving out info to
the NKVD.
Now, I would like to point out, Senator, that this is a report that is
in the public record. It was put into the record at the time of the
Coplon trial.
I wonder, Mr. Ivoten, if you will tell us if you ever knew William
Hermann Eckart Johnson.
Mr. Ivoten. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Who was Mr. William Hermann Eckart Johnson?
Mr. Ivoten. When you say “who,” I don’t understand it.
Mr. Morris. Who was he ?
Mr. Ivoten. They are friends of mine.
Mr. Morris. Friends of yours ? All right.
Did you visit them on any occasions ?
Mr. Ivoten. We visit back and forth quite often. We have done it
for years.
Mr. Morris. I see.
Mr. Ivoten. I didn’t during the time I was in the Army, obviously.
Mr. Morris. Now, did they ever discuss with you any of the business
that was going on at the secret Russian desk of the War Department.
Mr. Ivoten. Never, to my recollection.
Mr. Morris. Did Mr. Johnson ever discuss that with you ?
ill*. Ivoten. Never to 1113" recollection.
Mr. Morris. Were you a member of the Communist Party when you
were entering into discussions with them ?
Mr. Koten. I must refuse to answer for the same reason I gave
before.
Mr. Morris. Do you know whether or not they had any knowledge
of whether or not you were a member of the Communist Party?
(The witness consults with his attorney.)
Mr. Ivoten. I have no way of knowing what knowledge they had.
Senator Welker. That is a pretty good answer.
Mr. Koten. That is a truthful answer.
Senator Welker. You cannot get around that one; I will tell you
that.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I have no more questions of this wit-
ness at this time.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1187
Senator Welker. I have no more.
Mr. Forer. Excuse me a second. That thing you read-
Mr. Morris. I would like to put that in the record, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Forer. Wait a minute. May I get that last sentence there?
There was some insinuation there that Mr. Koten was getting or
passing
Senator Welker. No. I think it was the Johnsons, was it not, coun-
sel?
Mr. Morris. It is fragmentary. Senator. The reason that I re-
ferred to this and that we are putting it into the public record at this
time is because it is a matter of public record.
Mr. Forer. I just wanted the record
Senator Welker. There is no inference
Mr. Koten. But I
Mr. Forer. But you did not even ask him. I want the record to be
perfectly plain that you have not asked Mr. Koten whether he engaged
in any such thing as that.
Mr. Morris. It does not say anything. All it says is that Bernard
Koten, research director of the American Russian Institute, is a
friend and a contact of William Herman Eckart Johnson and his
wife.
Mr. Koten. What does “contact” mean, sir?
Mr. Forer. Why are you calling him down here? Why are you
putting in the record Mr. Koten’s testimony ?
Now, we have no objection to its going into the record. But why
don’t you ask Mr. Koten whether he had anything to do with what
that says the Johnsons had to do?
Mr. Morris. Were you a friend and contact of the J ohnsons ?
Mr. Koten. I said, “friend,” sir.
Senator Welker. I think it is very material. You say it does not
have any reason, counselor. I think it is very material.
(The memo was marked “Exhibit No. 25(5” and, having been read
in full by Mr. Morris, was placed in the committee files.)
Mr. Forer. No. You do not understand. I have not made myself
clear.
Senator Welker. He wanted to find out whether he was a friend of
people suspected of being espionage agents. It goes to the weight and
not the credibility of the testimony.
Mr. Forer. No. We want the record to show that Mr. Koten is not,
and nobody can accuse him of being, an espionage agent, or having any
share in espionage.
Mr. Morris. No one has raised that point, Mr. Forer.
Mr. Forer. I think it has been raised.
Senator Welker. Only by you.
Mr. Morris. Senator, I would like to point out that we have stuck
strictly to the evidence and the information that the committee has,
and we have not asked one other question.
Mr. Forer. It is insinuated.
Mr. Morris. We have received evidence in the past, Senator, that
the American-Russian Institute was a recruiting agency for Soviet in-
telligence, and we do know that this man was the research director of
the American-Russian Institute. But I would like the record to show
that, to my knowledge, I have no indication, and one of the things we
are trying to find out, I suppose, is whether or not this individual who
1188 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
is testifying here today, knew of the role of the American-Russian
Institute.
Mr. F orer. If you are trying to find out whether Mr. Ivoten had any-
thing to do with Russian intelligence, it seems to me you ought to ask
him.
Mr. Morris. This is the only evidence before the committee.
Mr. Forer. I think all it is is insinuations.
Mr. Ivoten. The word “contact” hangs there and it sort of sticks in
my craw.
Senator Welker. You go right ahead.
Mr. Morris. Senator, I asked him if he had transmitted any evidence
to him, and that is the context of this.
Senator Welker. I want to say to you, counsel, and this witness and
his counsel, if there is any question, and if they want a question asked
of them, you go right ahead and ask the question.
Mr. Morris. Senator, the point that I
Senator Welker. As I recalled, you made no inference whatsoever.
Mr. Morris. And I asked whether any evidence had been trans-
mitted from the secret Russian desk of the War Department to the
witness here today.
Senator Welker. And he answerer “No,” as I recall it.
Mr. Ivoten. That is right.
Mr. Forer. All right.
Mr. Morris. Now, Senator, I would like to make it a practice here
with respect to the committee activity to ask questions only in con-
formance with the information and the evidence that is before the
committee. And I think, Senator, it is a very important thing that
this committee do only that, to avoid
Mr. Forer. I was not being critical. I just wanted to make sure that
the press did not get any unwarranted insinuations.
Mr. Morris. No.
Mr. Forer. O. Iv.
Have you finished ?
Mr. Morris. I have finished.
Senator Welker. That is all. You are released from the subpena.
Thank you very much.
Mr. Morris. Senator, I would like the record to show that Mr. Fried-
man, before he left, withdrew his request that the statement be put in
the record. He agreed that there was immaterial matter in it, and
felt that should not be in the record.
Senator Welker. Very well. Thank you.
The meeting is adjourned.
(Whereupon, at 1 : 54 p. m., the subcommittee recessed to reconvene
at 10 : 30 a. m., Thursday, May 3, 1956.)
(The following news release, dated April 7, 1956, was ordered
printed in the record at a meeting of the subcommittee on June 26,
1956:)
News Release, April 7 , 1956 , From the Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee
Senator James O. Eastland (Democrat, Mississippi) today ordered an open
session of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, of which he is chairman,
for Wednesday, April 11, to hear Robert Blanchard, a television artist, his wife,
Winifred, and possibly another witness.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1189
The Blanchards were excused from the subcommittee's recent hearings in
New Orleans because they were unable to reach the city in time.
At the conclusion of the New Orleans hearings yesterday, the participating
Senators, Chairman Eastland, William E. Jenner (Republican, Indiana), and
Arthur V. Watkins (Republican, Utah) joined in the following statement:
“Our evidence in New Orleans indicates very clearly that Communist leaders in
Moscow, Peiping, and Bombay, and other foreign cities, through the instrumental-
ity of their writings and party directives, transmitted under Soviet discipline,
are reaching down into the southern part of the United States for agents willing
to do their mischievous work. We have come into possession of Communist
Party orders that enjoin American Communists to pursue specific assignments
that are calculated to spread Soviet power here and abroad.
“Our sessions indicate that, hidden from the public eye, and known only,
we presume, to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, there has been in New
Orleans an active Communist underground movement, small but coordinated,
that has sought to infiltrate labor unions, the churches, farmer organizations,
parent-teacher associations, the channels of public opinion, and other streams
of influence in our Government.
“Our sessions reveal the conspiratorial nature of the Communist organiza-
tion, the resort to aliases, the use of code names, evasion of legal processes, the
fabrication of birth records, of social security records, and other practices that
are designed to conceal from legal authorities and from the American peoples
the purposes of the Communists.”
During the course of the subcommittee’s hearings, after 14 witnesses had
been heard, counsel for several of the witnesses, Abraham Kleinfeldt, of New
Orleans, asked the chairman for an oportunity to deny, under oath, that he,
himself, had ever been a Communist. The chairman gave him that privilege
and affirmatively stated that the subcommittee had no evidence to the contrary.
The chairman then asked the other lawyers, Ben Smith, of New Orleans, and
Philip Wittenberg, of New York, if they wished the same courtesy extended to
them. Smith availed himself of the opportunity and denied that he had ever
been a Communist. Wittenberg, however, became contumacious apd was ordered
from the courtroom.
INDEX
Note. — The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee attaches no significance to
the mere fact of the appearance of the name of an individual or an organization
in this index.
A
Abt, Jessica Smith. (See Smith, Jessica.) Page
Abt, John 1130, 1141, 1142
Affidavit of Registration (CP) 1150
Alabama 1102
American 1143
American Friends Service Committee 1139, 1140, 1143
American-Russian Institute 1 183-11 SS
American-Soviet 1129
Army 1184-118G
Associated Hospital Service 1108
Azerbaijan 1184
B
Bentley, Elizabeth
Blanchard, Robert
Blanchard, Winifred
Bombay
Brennan, John Francis
Brennan driver’s permit
Brennan fishing permit
Brennan hospital card
Brennan labor book
Brennan learner’s permit
Brennan operator’s permit
Brennan social-security card
Brennan union receipt
Brennan withholding statement.
Brooklyn Eagle
Burdett, Winston
Bureau of Vital Statistics
Byelorussia
1142,1157,1105
1108. 1178- 1182, 1188, 1189
1108. 1178- 1181, 118S, 1189
1189
1108, 1179, 1181
1170
1109
1175
1170-1173
1170
1174
1175
1174
1177
1155
1155, 1150, 1159
1108
1184
C
California 1147
Carrigan, Paul E 1 ITS
Catalina Avenue, 980 South (Los Angeles) 1149-1150
Central Park West, 444 (New York City) 1129, 1142
Chester, Pa 1158,1100,1102
Chester Times, The (Chester, Pa.) 115S, 1100
Child’s 1157
China 1131
City College (New York) 1147
Columbia (New York) 1147
Columbia, Teachers College 1184
Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy 1150
Communist (s) 1132, 1140, 1150, 1157, 1103, 1100, 1180
Communist activity 1181
Communist dues 1105
Communist leaders 1189
i
II
INDEX
Page
Communist Party 1130,
1140-1143, 1149, 1150, 1155, 1160, 1168, 1182, 1185, 1186, 1189
Congress of Industrial Organizations 1162
Congress of tlie United States 1153
Connecticut 1184
Constitution 1130, 1161, 1182
Coplon, Judith 1186
Coplon Trial, The 1186
Cornell University — — — 1142
D
Dachau H63
Daily Worker 1155, 1160, 1162
Dallin, David J 1164
Doho-Sha H50
Dunn, Robert W - 1140,1141
E
Eastern European countries 1131
Eastland, Hon. James O - 1154, 1161, 1162, 1167, 1188
East Rockaway, N. Y 1168, 1178
Einhorn, Nat 1155
Eisenhower, General 1163
Eisenhower, President 1129
Exhibit No. 250. Soviet Russia Today, May 1936 (contents page) 1133, 1134
Exhibit No. 250-A. List of Books by Jessica Smith 1136, 1137, 1138
Exhibit No. 251. Who’s Who, page 2559 1139, 1140
Exhibit No. 252. National Guardian, February 28, 1949, “MacArthnr’s
Hoax : The Spies Did Conspire — For Peace” 1145, 1146
Exhibit No. 252-A. National Guardian, January 31, 1949, “The Meaning of
the Vote in Japan” 1146, 1147
Exhibit No. 253. Brennan fishing permit 1169
Exhibit No. 2 53- A. Brennan labor book 1170-1173
Exhibit No. 253-B. Brennan operator's permit 1174
Exhibit No. 253-C. Brennan union receipt 1174
Exhibit No. 253-1). Brennan hospital card 1175
Exhibit No. 253-E. Brennan social security card 1175
Exhibit No. 253 -F. Brennan driver’s permit 1176
Exhibit No. 253 G. Brennan learner's permit 1176
Exhibit No. 253-H. Brennan withholding statement 1177
Exhibit No. 254. Letter from Postmaster, East Rockaway, N. Y 1178
Exhibit No. 255. Report from telephone company 1178
Exhibit No. 256. FBI report 1137
F
Fascism (st) 1131, 1159, 1161, 1163
FBI 1168, 1179, 1186, 1189
Fifth amendment 1130, 1135, 1136,
1140-1143, 1149, 1150, 1156, 1159, 1160, 1164-1166, 1179-1183, 1185
Finland 1155, 1156
First amendment 1130, 1135, 1161
Forer, Joseph :
Attorney for Jessica Smith (Abt) 1129
Attorney for Shuji Fujii 1144
Attorney for Bernard L. Koten 1181
Franco 1162, 1163
Friedman, Milton, attorney for Joseph North 1153-1167
Friends Seminary (New York City) 1130
Fujii, Shuji, testimony of 1144—1151
319 East 10th Street (New York City) 1144
Born, December 22, 1910 (Los Angeles, Calif.) 1147
Attorney: Joseph Forer 1144
Education : Japan, City College, New York, Columbia, New YY>rk Uni-
versity, the New York Community College 1147
Free-lance translator, interpreter, draftsman 1144
INDEX HI
Fuji!, Shnji, testimony of — Continued
Typographical work : Ilokubei Shimpo 1144
Worked for OWI (editorial) 1148
Worked for OSS 1148
Worked for Dolio-Sha (Los Angeles, Calif.) from 1937 1150
Consultant: Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy 1150
Member Japanese-American Committee for Democracy 1150
G
Geneva ( Switzerland) 1120
Germany 1103
Golos, Jacob, also known as Jacob Raisin 1156, 1157, 1150
Greenwich Village 1155, 1150
Gubisckev 1180
H
Helen 1142
Hicks Fruit Store 1157, 1105
Hiss, Alger 1141
Hiss, Donald 1141
Hitler 1102, 1103
Ilokubei Sliimpo (New York City) 1144, 1150
Honolulu 1148
Hoover American Relief Administration 1139
House Un-American Activities Committee 1157
I
Idaho 1103
International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron-
workers 1108
International Labor Defense 1102
J
Jackson Heights, N. Y 1178
Japan 1147, 1148
Japanese-American 1144
Japanese-American Committee for Democracy 1150
Japanese publications 1151
Jenner, Hon. William E 1189
Johns Hopkins University 1184
Johnson, Annette F 11 SO
Johnson, William Hermann Eckart 1180, 1187
K
Kazekavich 1105
Kita, Mr. Isaku 1144
Kleber, Gen. Emilio 1104
Kleber, Jean-Baptiste 1104
Klein feldt, Abraham 1189
Kotasky, Herb 1164
Koten, Bernard L., testimony of 11S3-1188
548 West 104th Street, New York City 1183
Born : New York City 1184
Attorney : Joseph Forer 1183
Education : Public school, high school, Johns Hopkins, Teachers College
at Columbia, Moscow State Pedagogical Linguistics Institute 1184
Army : 1943-16 1184
Research librarian 1183
Library for Intercultural Studies (since 1952) 1183
American-Russian Institute, research worker (1941-43) 1184
American-Russian Institute, research director (1946-50) 1184
Occupational adjustment survey study for Rockefeller 1185
Adult education supervisor for the WPA (1938-39) 1185
Kramer, Charles 1142
Krivitsky, General 1105
INDEX
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 9999 05445 4267
Labor Defender, The
Labor Unity
Library for Intercultural Studies.
Library of Congress
List of books by Jessica Smith
Little, Lt. Col. Herbert S
Long Island
Los Angeles, Calif
Loyalist Army
Loyalist Spain
Page
1162
1162
1183
1135, 1136
1136-1138
1149
1178-
1147, 1149, 1150
1164
116a
M
Madison, N. J 1130
Mandel, Benjamin 1129, 1153
Manhattan 1157
Meaning of the Vote in Japan 1145, 1146
Mills, George, testimony of 1168-1183
69 West Boulevard, East Rockaway, N. Y 1168
Attorney : Victor Rabinowitz 1168
Free-lance writer 1 168
Miyagi, Mr 1151
Morris, Robert 1129, 1153
Moscow 1164, 1184, 1185, 1189
Moscow State Pedagogical Linguistics Institute 1184, 1185
Moscow University 1184
Mussolini 1162, 1163
N
Napoleon 1164
National Guardian 1145
New Masses 1157, 1162, 1164, 1165
New Orleans, La 1189
News release, Apr. 7, 1956 1188-1189
New World Review 1131, 1132, 1135, 1143
New York Board of Education 1184
New York Community College 1147
New York, N. Y 1129, 1130, 1144, 1155, 1156, 1165, 11S3, 1184, 1185
New York State 1184
New York Times 1129, 1150
New York University 1147
NKYD 1157, 1165, 1186
North, Joseph, testimony of 1153-1167
Attorney: Milton Friedman 1153
Born in Ukraine 1158
Education : High school ; University of Pennsylvania, graduated in
1925 1158
Employed at Chester Times, Chester, Pa 1158
Employed at Labor Defender 1162
Wrote for Daily Worker, Labor Unity, New Masses 1162
Covered World War II in Germany 1163
O
Office of Strategic Services 1148, 1150
Morale operations 1149
Office of War Information 1148
One Hundred Sixty-Fourth Street, 548 West (New York City) 1183
Out of Bondage, by Elizabeth Bentley 1165
Over the North Pole, a transcript by Jessica Smith 1136
Ozaki, Mr 1151
P
Pacific war fronts . 1148
Peiping 1189
Pennsylvania, University of 1158
People’s World 1147
INDEX
V
Perlo, Victor
Post Office Department.
Pressman, Lee
Page
1142
1181
1142
Quaker
Q
R
Kabinowitz, Victor, attorney for George Mills.
Raisin, Jacob (see also Jacob Golos)
Red Army
Remington, William
Richard Sorge Case, The
Rockefeller Foundation
RSFSR
Rusher, William A
Russia
Russian intelligence
Russian language
1130,1140
1168-1183
1165
1164
1156, 1157, 1159
1145,1151
1184, 1185
1184
1129, 1153
1163
1158
1139
S
SACB
Sacco-Vanzetti
Saito, Jimmy
Saturday Evening Post
Sell r a fit's
Scott, Byron
Scottsboro case
Seventy-eighth Street, 37-41, Jackson Heights, N. Y
Si lverm asters, The
Skvirsky, Boris
Smith, Ben
Smith, Jessica, testimony of
444 Central Park West, New York City
Born in Madison, N. J
Attorney: Joseph Forer
Married name : Jessica Smith Abt
Married John Abt in 1937
___ 1160
1162
1150
1165
___ 1157
___ 1165
1162
___ 1178
1165
___ 1134
___ 1189
1129-1143
1129
1130
1129
1129
1130
Education: Friends Seminary, New York City; Swarthmore College,
graduated 1915 1130
Became editor of New World Review in 1936 1131
Worked at Soviet Embassy 1134
Social Democrats 1104
Sorgo, Richard 1145, 1151
Soviet Embassy 1134, 1135
Soviet Espionage 1164
Soviet espionage 1153, 1159
Soviet Information Bureau 1134, 1143
Soviet intelligence 1164, 1187
Soviet international organization 1181
Soviet military intelligence 1156, 1164, 1165
Soviet military intelligence, agents of 1142
Soviet press 1134, 1135
Soviet propaganda 1130
Soviet republics 1184
Soviet Russia Today 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1143
Soviet Union 1131, 1134, 1139, 1140, 1143, 1184, 1185
Soviet Union Review 1134
Spain 1162, 1164, 1166
Spain, Government of 1163
Spanish Civil War 1164
Spies Did Conspire — For Peace, The 1145, 1146
Stalin 1163
Stern, Moische 1164
VI
INDEX
Supreme Court
Supreme Court decision
Swarthmore College
T
Taylor, William
Tenth Street, 319 East (New York City)
Thirteenth Street corner (New York City)
Thompson, Robert
Trade Union Unity League — '
Page
1160
1162,1167
1130
1165
1144
1156
1168,1179
1162
U
Ukraine 1158,1184
Union Square (New York City) 1155
United States 1130, 1131, 1144,
1145, 1147, 1149, 1156, 1158, 1164, 1166, 1181, 1889
United States Post Office 1178
United States Service & Shipping Corp 1165
U. S. S. R. and World Peace (by Vyshinskii) 1136
V
W
War Department, Russian Desk of 1186, 1188
Ware Cell of the Communist Party (Washington) 1141, 1142
Ware, Harold 1130,1141
Washington 1134, 1141, 1165, 1186
Washington Post, The 1165
Watkins, Hon. Arthur V 1189
Welker, Hon. Herman 1129, 1153
West Boulevard, 69 (East Rockaway, N. Y.) 1168, 1179
West Boulevard, 71 (East Rockaway, N. Y.) 1168,1178,1179
Who’s Who 1139
Wittenberg, Philip 1189
Wood, Mr 1157
World Tourist 1165
World War II 1163
Zilbert, Mark
Z
o
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE
ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY
ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-FOURTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
ON
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE
UNITED STATES
MAY 9 AND 10, 1956
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
OF THE
PART 23
72723
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1956
Boston Public Library
Superintendent of Documents
DEC 1 7 1956
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi. Chairman
ESTES KEFAUVER, Tennessee
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina
THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri
JOHN L. MCCLELLAN, Arkansas
PRICE DANIEL, Texas
JOSEPH C. O’MAHONEY, Wyoming
MATTHEW M. NEELY, West Virginia
ALEXANDER WILEY, Wisconsin
WILLIAM LANGER, North Dakota
WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
EVERETT MCKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois
HERMAN WELKER, Idaho
JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security
Act and Other Internal Security Laws
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina
JOHN L. MCCLELLAN, Arkansas
THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri
PRICE DANIEL, Texas
WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
HERMAN WELKER, Idaho
JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland-
Robert Morris., Chief Counsel
William A. Rusher, Administrative Counsel
Benjamin Mandel, Director of Research
II
CONTENTS
Page
Witnesses :
Foner, Philip S 1195
Nicholas, Ashley J 1207
hi
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
WEDNESDAY, MAY 9, 1956
United States Senate,
Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration
of the Internal Security and Other Internal
Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 11: 10 a. m., in room
155, Senate Office Building, Senator Arthur V. Watkins presiding.
Present : Senator Watkins.
Also present: Robert Morris, chief counsel; William A. Rusher,
administrative counsel; Benjamin Mandel, research director.
Senator Watkins. The committee will be in session.
Mr. Morris, will you call your witness ?
Mr. Morris. Mr. Foner, will you come forward, please ?
Mr. Foner is the witness. Please make yourself comfortable.
Senator Watkins. Will you stand and be sworn ?
Do you solemnly swear that the testimony given on this matter in
this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Foner. I do.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, before beginning with the questions
this morning, I would like to say there is only going to be one wit-
ness appearing in the open session today. There had been four wit-
nesses subpenaed for today’s session.
Three weeks ago, in connection with our hearings, we had subpenaed
a witness who was a publisher and had an academic background. He
came forward and answered questions rather extensively, and iden-
tified for the record 30 or 40 persons who had been Communists.
What we have been trying to do is trace the present location of these
30 or 40 people and what they are doing now. In the course of that,
we had a witness in executive session who is an associate professor at
a State university. When we presented him with the evidence, he
invoked his privilege under the fifth amendment rather than answer the
questions. At the same time, he said he is not now a Communist.
Very often that is a problem that comes up before the committee.
We have evidence of a person’s participation in a Communist organi-
zation, and as far as his present activity is concerned, he has only
his own say-so, and he will not give the circumstances surrounding
his departure from the party so the committee can form an independ-
ent judgment.
We would like the record to show he is an ex-Communist without
giving further proof of that position. However, we have allowed
him to return back to the university to discuss the thing with some
1191
1192 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
people who might be able to give him some advice. In other words,
before making his testimony public, we have allowed him to return
so that he will be able to think it over.
Now, a second witness appeared in the executive session this morn-
ing, as you know — I would like the record to show this witness was
a person whose name appeared in public record of this committee
as an American who had engaged in espionage.
Senator Watkins. You ought to make that word “espionage” a
little more specific.
Mr. Morris. Industrial espionage for the Soviet Union.
When we asked him about it, he disclosed he had been in contact
with Soviet agents for a period from 1933 to 1950. One of the agents
involved was Gaik Ovakimian, who has appeared in our record as
one of the Communist security police in the United States.
This witness testified extensively about his activities with Gaik
Ovakimian. At the same time, he had an association of the same
nature with a Soviet official who operated under the cover of the Soviet
Red Cross. He gave us extensive details about his own dealings with
that man, and that involved, in addition to espionage, a certain amount
of violence.
The man has shown a great reluctance to testify, as you know, Sen-
ator, and again we have deliberated and given the man an opportunity
to think the thing over for another week before putting his name in
the public record.
Senator Watkins. As I understand, we advised him that the mat-
ter was not finished, and that he would be called back later.
Mr. Morris. Meanwhile, we have his executive session testimony of
3 hours’ duration, Senator.
Senator Watkins. That is right.
Mr. Morris. I have some more things here, Senator, that I would
like to have go into the record at this time. These are things that we
now have that should have been in the record in the course of past
hearings.
While Harry Gold was testifying, reference was made to a man
named Yakovlev. We have legislative reference that a man named
A. A. Yakovlev was assistant vice counsul in New York prior to
June 1G, 1950. May that go into the record ?
Senator Watkins. It may be made a part of the record.
(The reference referred to appears as a footnote at p. 1028 of part 20
of the series of hearings on Scope of Soviet Activity in the United
States.)
Mr. Morris. We have testimony from Mr. Yuri Rastvorov that G.
Karpov, who is described as chairman of the council for the affairs of
the Russian Orthodox Church, is in fact a general in Soviet military
intelligence. We have here an article which appeared in the Worker
of April 3, 1949, by G. Karpov, chairman of the council for the affairs
of the Russian Orthodox Church.
I would like that to go into the record, sir.
Senator Watkins. It may be made a part of the record.
(The article referred to appears at p. 785 of part 14 of the series
of hearings on Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States.)
Mr. Morris. A witness before this committee, Franklin Folsom,
in connection with the Tass hearings, refused to say, unlike all the
other witnesses who appeared in the Tass hearings, whether in fact
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1193
lie had worked for Tass News Agency. He refused to say on the
grounds that his answers might incriminate him.
D I would like to oiler for the record the September 3, 1947, registra-
tion filed by Tass, pursuant to section 2 of the Foreign Agents Regis-
tration Act of 1938, in which it is listed that Franklin Folsom, 142
East 27th Street, New York City, was in fact an employee of Tass
at that particular time.
May that go into the record, Mr. Chairman ?
Senator Watkins. This is a photostatic copy of the original docu-
ment ?
Mr. Morris. That is right. That is a photostat of the original
registration certificate, which shows in fact that Folsom was em-
ployed by Tass at that time, at the time he refused to say that he
was, pleading fifth-amendment privilege.
Senator Watkins. It will be made a part of the record.
Mr. Morris. I have here two photostats that may be of interest to
the committee, because they contain additional facts, similar registra-
tion for March 31 and September 30, 1948, also containing the name
of Franklin Folsom. To some extent, they are duplicates, but since
it is a different registration, there is a little more information on it,
putting more information in the files.
Senator Watkins. These are photostatic copies of the official record ?
Mr. Morris. That is right.
Senator Watkins. They may be made a part of the record.
(The photostats referred to appear at pages 451-460 of part 9 of the
printed hearings on Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States.)
Mr. Morris. When Esther Lowell Shields, of the Tass News Agency,
appeared before the committee, we asked her if she had in fact written
for Intercor, which is a publication of the Comintern. Miss Lowell —
Mrs. Shields — denied that she had ever written for Intercor. We
have here a notation made by Mr. Mandel, the Research Director,
which indicates that an article under the name of Esther Lowell, the
name, she used, did in fact appear.
Mr. Mandel. The article under the name of Esther Lowell was a
book review of Agnes Smedley’s book Chinese Destinies, and was pub-
lished in International Press Correspondents’ official organ of Com-
munist International, volume 14, No. 19, dated March 31, 1934, page
508, under the title “A Vivid Picture of Changing China.”
Mr. Morris. That would not necessarily contradict Mrs. Shields’
testimony because she would not necessarily consider a book review
an article. At the same time, the name Esther Lowell may have been
used by the Intercor people without her knowledge.
I have an article here by Paul Healey on Tass which I would like
to have go into the record, Senator, because it has been referred to
several times in the course of our Tass hearings.
Senator Watkins. Is this a magazine which has been published?
Mr. Morris. Yes, the Saturday Evening Post, Senator.
Senator Watkins. It may be made a part of the record.
(The article referred to appears at pages 463-467 of part of the
printed hearings on Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States.)
Mr. Mandel. The date on that article is January 20, 1951.
Mr. Morris. Just a few more things here. We have a publication
of the United States Information Agency.
That is right, isn’t it ?
1194 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Mandel. United States Information Service.
Mr. Morris. United States Information Service, which has a refer-
ence — Mr. Mandel will identify it.
Mr. Mandel. It is a magazine called Problems of Communism, No.
2, volume 5, March, April, 1956, published by the United States Infor-
mation Service.
On page 7 is this reference to Tass :
Only one of the Soviet newspaper organizations can compete with Pravda in
scope, though not in rank. This is Tass, the monopoly news agency. In addi-
tion to its news service, Tass operates a photo service, a mat and plastic cut
service, Presklishe, a radio service, a feature syndicate press bureau, and a con-
fidential news service distributed under seal to metropolitan editors and high
officials of State and party.
That is footnoted as being from Bentoirs Notes of An Interview
With Palgunov. Also from Palgunov’s Fundamentals of News in
the newspapers, Moscow University Publishing House, Moscow Uni-
versity, 1955.
Mr. Morris. I ask that those exhibits be printed in the record with
some portion of the Tass testimony, and the one relating to Harry
Gold be printed in the testimony in connection with the Gold hearing.
Senator Watkins. It is so ordered.
Mr. Morris. I have two more news accounts which indicate that
India expelled a Tass correspondent. The news story is in the W ash-
ington Daily News of April II, 1952, and the New York Times of
April 15, 1954, and the Ottawa Citizen of the same day, which indi-
cated that Canada expelled Mr. Ivan Tsvetkov from Canada. I also
have an editorial from the New York World Telegram of July 12,
1954, bearing on Tass.
Senator Watkins. You w 7 ant those in the record?
Mr. Morris. Yes.
Senator Watkins. It will be done.
(The above material will be found at pp. 468-470 of part 9 of the
printed hearings on Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States.)
Mr. Mandel. This one is from the records of Gen. Charles
Willoughby, and is headed “GHQ, FEC, Military Intelligence Sec-
tion, General Staff, appendixes to a partial documentation of the
Sorge espionage case, Miscellaneous Records, Special Branch,
Shanghai Municipal Police.”
Consecutive exhibit No. 32, part II, section B, page 115, headed
“Tass.”
Tass established a branch in Shanghai in April 1932, when V. Rover opened
an office at 19 Museum Road. The location of the agency was moved in 1933
when ,1. Chernofi replaced Rover and again, in June 1934, when it was moved
to the fifth floor, 20 Canton Road, its location as of July 29, 1936. The manager
at that time was Andrew Ivanovitch Sotoff, who replaced Chernoff in February
1935. The permanent foreign staff members were : R. L. Wikmen and his wife,
and L. Lidov, Soviet citizens. Several foreigners were associated with the
outside organization, and among those who had been seen visiting the offices
w r ere Agnes Smedley, Frank Glass, Granitch (Voice of China), Randal Gould,
J. B. Powell, and V. Abolnik, Pekin Tass agent. Mrs. Sotoff was manager of
the American Book & Supply Co., S41 Bubbling Well Road, and it was reported
that Hayton Fleet, a British subject, would take over the outside Tass organi-
zation in the near future. Tass was run on the same lines as other news
agencies ; however, all messages transmitted to Moscow were censored by the
U. S. S. R. consulate prior to dispatch. The only local press that frequently
published Tass messages was the China Daily Herald.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1195
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I would like the record to show that
no conclusion lias been drawn from the article just read by Mr.
Man del, that the information was read into the record in connection
with our Tass hearings, and no inference is necessarily made.
Senator Watkins. The record will so show.
TESTIMONY OE PHILIP S. EONER, MOUNTAIN TRAIL,
CROTON-ON-HUDSON, N. Y.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Foner, will you give your full name and address?
Mr. Foner. Philip S. Foner, Mountain Trail, Croton-on-Hudson,
N. Y.
Mr. Morris. What is your occupation ?
Mr. Foner. I am a writer and publisher.
Mr. Morris. What are your publishing firms?
Mr. Foner. The Citadel Press and, in the book business, Remainder
Book Co.
Mr. Morris. What is the Citadel Press?
Mr. Foner. A publishing firm.
Mr. Morris. What does it publish ?
Mr. Foner. Books.
Mr. Morris. How big a firm is it ?
Mr. Foner. I don't know what that means.
Mr. Morris. How many employees do you have?
Mr. Foner. About 12.
Mr. Morris. About how many books do you publish a year, on the
average ?
Mr. Foner. It varies from year to year.
Mr. Morris. Give us an approximation.
Mr. Foner. Fifteen or eighteen.
Mr. Morris. It is located at 222 Fourth Avenue ?
Mr. Foner. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Is it a corporation or a partnership ?
Mr. Foner. It is a partnership.
Mr. Morris. Who are the partners?
Mr. Foner. Myself and my associate.
Mr. Morris. What is your associate’s name ?
Mr. Foner. Morris Sorkin.
Mr. Morris. Are yon equal partners?
Mr. Foner. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Fifty-percent interest.
Now, in connection with that particular firm, the Citadel Press, have
you distributed books and pamphlets, which some authorities have
considered to be obscene and pornographic ?
Mr. Foner. In connection with the Citadel Press, no.
Mr. Morris. Have any authorities ever taken exception to the pub-
lications of the Citadel Press ?
Mr. Foner. I don't know what that question means.
Mr. Morris. Have there been any formal proceedings against
Citadel Press?
Mr. Foner. Not against Citadel Press.
Senator Watkins. Are } r ou holding anything in reserve as being
in connection with anything else ?
72723— 56— pt. 23 2
1196 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. You mean by that that one of your other enterprises
did have proceedings ?
Mr. Foner. The Remainder Book Co. may have been the organi-
zation referred to by the counsel.
Senator Watkins. That is probably what he had in mind when he
asked you that question.
Mr. Morris. I wanted to go through Citadel Press first, because
we have a list of their publications.
Senator Watkins. Go ahead.
Mr. Morris. I don’t think there is any need of our reading these
things into the record. I think I will show it to you and to the wit-
ness, and we have certain things marked which generally indicate the
nature of some of the publications herein.
Have you looked at that list, Mr. Foner ?
Mr. Foner. Yes.
Mr. Morris. It is an accurate list, is it not ?
Mr. Foner. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Quite a few of the articles deal with sex and problems
of sex deviation ?
Mr. Foner. Quite a few of the publications are psychiatric discus-
sions of sex.
Mr. Morris. That is all right. We are not drawing any conclu-
sions. Rather than our reading them into the record, I think if you
will accept that description
Mr. Foner. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Are there also articles on that list published by people
you know to be Communists ?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer that question on the basis of the
fifth-amendment privilege.
Air. Morris. May I see that list, please ?
Mr. Chairman, I have here a title on the list, “Poetry and Prose of
Heinrich Heine,” edited by Frederic Ewen. He has been before this
committee, and when asked about the book, he refused to answer under
the privileges of the fifth amendment.
There is another one here, edited by Morris U. Schappes, a person of
the same qualification. I would like it to go into the record in that
juxtaposition.
Senator Watkins. It may be made a part of the record.
(The book list referred to was marked “Exhibit No. 257” and is as
follows :)
Exhibit No. 257
The Citadel Press, 222 Fourth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y.
American Church of the Protestant Heritage. Edited by Vergilius Ferin $5. 00
Autobiography of Maxim Gorky. Translated by Isidor Schneider 3. 75
Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Verlaine. Edited by Joseph M. Bernstein 3.00
Betting Horses to Win. Les Conklin 3. 50
Casanova’s Homecoming. Arthur Schnitzler 1. 98
The City Fights Back. Hal Burton 5. 00
Collected Writings of Ambrose Bierce. Introduction by Clifton Fadiman_ 4. 00
Diana. Diana Frederics 1. 98
Documentary History of the Negro People in the U. S. Edited by Herbert
Aptheker 7. 50
Documentary History of the Jews in the United States. Edited by Morris
U. Schappes 6. 00
(The) Drugstore Morris Perman 3.00
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1197
Encyclopedia of Aberrations. Edited by Edward Podolsky, D.D $10.00
Flying Saucers on the Attack. Harold T. Wilkins 3. 50
(The) Great Tradition in English Literature: From Shakespeare to Shaw.
Annette Rubinstein 7.50
A Guide to Home Decorating. Carl C. HI ohm 2. 95
(The) Hidden Heritage. John Howard Lawson 3.50
(The) Homosexuals: As Seen by Themselves and Thirty Authorities. A.
How To Achieve Sex Happiness in Marriage. Henry and Freda Thornton. 2. 00
Hypnosis : Theory, Practice and Application. Raphael H. Rhodes 3. 00
Interpretation of Shakespeare. Hardin Craig 5. 00
Jack London : American Rebel. Edited by Philip S. Foner 3. 50
Magic for All. Bob D’inn 2. 00
Man and Beast in Africa. Francois Sommer 4. 00
Marital Infidelity. Frank S. Caprio, M.D 3. 50
(The) Maugham Enigma. Edited by Klaus Jonas 4.00
Meet the Folks. Sam Levenson 2.00
Modern Humor for the Effective Speaking. Edward F. Allen 2. 50
Mother. Maxim Gorky 2.50
My Complete Story of the Flute. Leonardo De Lorenzo 6. 00
Negro Caravan. Edited by Brown, Davis and Lee 3. 50
Negro Family in the United States. E. Franklin Frazier 5. 00
(The) Negro Novelist, 1940-50. Carl Milton Hughes 4.00
(The) Neurotic: His Inner and Outer Worlds. Joseph B. Furst, M.D 3.50
New Approaches to Dream Interpretation. Nandor Fodor 5. 00
Of Course You Can Draw. Herbert L. K ruck man 2. 50
(The) Old Bunch. Meyer Levin 2.49
(The) Origins and Nature of Marriage. Lewis Montaigne 3.00
Payday at the Races. Les Conklin 3. 50
Poetry and Prose of Heinrich Heine. Edited by Frederic Ewen 0.00
(The) Power of Sex. Frank S. Caprio, M.D 3.00
(The) Power To Love. Edwin W. Hirsch, M.D 5.00
Raising the World’s Standard of Living. Robert T. Mack, Jr 4. 00
Romanian Cook Book. An i soar a Stan 3.00
Satanism and Witchcraft. Jules Michelet 2. 00
Selected Writings of Lafcadio Hearn. Edited by Henry Goodman 4. 00
(The) Sexually Adequate Female. Frank S. Caprio, M. D 3. 00
(The) Sexually Adequate Male. Frank S. Caprio, M. D 3.00
Shrimp Cookery. Helen Worth 2. 50
Sinful Cities of the Western World. Hendrik de Leeuw 1. 98
Social Work and Social Living. Bertha C. Reynolds 2. 50
Sterile Sun. Caroline Slade 1.98
Therapy Through Hypnosis. Edited by Raphael H. Rhodes 3. 75
Torture Garden. Octave Mirbeau 3. 00
Treasury of Kahlil Gibran. Edited by Martin L. Wolf 3. 95
What’s Your Problem? Alfred Blazer, M.D 3.50
(The) Wm. Steig Album. William Steig 3.95
Your Mind and Appearance. Adolph A. Apton, M.D 3. 00
Mr. Morris. T\1io finances the Citadel Press?
Mr. Foner. I’m not sure what you mean.
Mr. Morris. Is it self-supporting?
the Citadel Press?
Mr. Foner. I have written books published by the Citadel Press.
Mr. Morris. How many books of your own have been published
the Citadel Press?
Mr. Foner. There are three books on that list.
Mr. Morris. All together, how many books have you written, i
Foner?
Mr. Foner. About 17.
Mr. Morris. The first was written in what year?
1198 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Foner. The first was written — published, you mean? It was
written over a longer period of time.
Mr. Morris. When was the first book published?
Mr. Foner. In the year 1940.
Mr. Morris. So in the 16 years intervening, you have published 17
books.
Mr. Foner. That is right.
Mr. Morris. What is your other enterprise?
Mr. Foner. The Remainder Book Co.
Mr. Morris. What is the Remainder Book Co.?
Mr. Foner. It buys overstock of other publishers and distributes
books for other publishers who do not have a long sales list.
Mr. Morris. Are you a partner with Mr. Sorkin in that enterprise,
too?
Mr. Foner. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Is the partnership the same, 50-50?
Mr. Foner. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Will you tell us generally how many employees that
firm has ?
Mr. Foner. The same number.
Mr. Morris. Not the same employees, are they?
Mr. Foner. Oh, yes.
Mr. Morris. So the two companies are occupying the same prem-
ises?
Mr. Foner. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Now, in connection with that particular enterprise, was
there an indictment against a person known as Samuel Roth?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer that under the privileges of the
fifth amendment.
Mr. Morris. Now, to your knowledge, was there filed in United
States District Court in the Southern District of New York an indict-
ment against Samuel Roth which contained the general charges, which
appeared on page 26 :
The grand jury further charges:
1. That from in or about March 1951, and continuously thereafter up to and
including the date of the filing of this indictment, in the southern district of
New York and elsewhere, Samuel Roth, the defendant herein, unlawfully, will-
fully, and knowingly did combine, conspire, confederate, and agree with Chief
Miller G. I. Distributors, Inc., Morris Sorkin, Philip F. Foner, Remainder Book
Co., Abraham Lieberman, Book Sales, Inc., and diverse other persons to the grand
jury unknown, to commit offenses against the United States in violation of title
18, United States Code, section 1461.
2. It was part of said conspiracy that said defendant and coconspirators will
publish, print, distribute, deposit, and cause to be deposited for mailing and
delivery obscene, lewd, lascivious, and filthy books, pamphlets, pictures, papers,
letters, writings, prints, packets, packages, articles, and other publications and
things of an indecent character.
Mr. Foner, did you distribute the books so described in the grand
jury indictment?
Mr. Foner. Same answer as before.
Mr. Morris. That is, you refuse to say?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer that.
Mr. Morris. Do you know as a matter of fact what was the outcome
of this criminal action against Samuel Roth?
Mr. Foner. Same answer.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1199
Mr. Morris. Do you know from reading in the newspapers what
happened to ‘Mr. Doth?
Mr. Fox v I decline to answer that.
Mr. Morris. Do you personally know Mr. Roth?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer.
Air. Morris. Was Morris Sorkin mentioned in that indictment?
Senator Watkins. You are refusing to answer these questions,
claiming the privilege of the fifth amendment?
Air. Foner. Yes.
Air. Morris. Is the Morris Sorkin mentioned here your partner?
Air. Foner. I decline to answer.
Air. AIorris. Is the Remainder Book Co. the grand jury indictment
mentions the enterprise in which you are a partner with Air. Sorkin?
Air. Foner. I decline to answer.
Senator Watkins. Is it the same one you admitted in testimony
you and the other gentleman are the owners of?
Air. Foner. Aly answer is I decline to answer under the privileges of
the fifth amendment.
Senator Watkins. The record ought to show clearly, and I think
it does, that you and the gentleman operated this partnership, and
are coowners, and that that enterprise is under the same name as just
read by Air. Morris in the grand- jury indictment.
Xow, you refuse to answer the question under the grounds that it
might tend to incriminate you?
Air. Foner. Yes.
Senator Watkins. I want you to be sure you understand what you
are doing.
Air. Foner. Yes.
Air. AIorris. Are you acquainted with a publication called the Good
Times?
Air. Foner. I decline to answer that question under the privileges
of the fifth amendment.
Air. AIorris. I am asking you if you, yourself, have had any connec-
tion with that.
Air. Foner. I gave you the answer.
Air. AIorris. And you will not tell us to what extent the Remainder
Book Co. is involved with the publication Good Times?
Air. Foner. Same answer as before.
Air. AIorris. Air. Chairman, may I put this into the record?
Senator Watkins. You want the contents of it printed in the record,
or just as an exhibit ?
Air. AIorris. Alay the staff use discretion in taking out those portions
which are repetitious? I think in the interest of economy, we could
put in only the ones that have a bearing on this hearing.
Senator Watkins. That will be the order. You may select those
portions that have a bearing on the hearing. They may be printed in
the record. The document itself will be filed also as an exhibit in this
matter.
1200 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
(The document referred to was marked “Exhibit No. 258” and ex-
cerpts therefrom read as follows:)
Exhibit No. 258
(Indictment No. 0-148-9, United States District Court, Southern District of
New York; United States of America, against Samuel Roth, defendant, pp. 20
and 27)
COUNT XXVI
The Grand Jury further charges :
1. That from in or about March 1951, and continuously thereafter up to and
including the date of the filing of this indictment, in the Southern District of
New York and elsewhere, Samuel Roth, the defendant herein, unlawfully, wilfully,
and knowingly did combine, conspire, confederate, and agree with Chief Miller,
G. I. Distributors, Inc., Morris Sorkin, Philip S. Foner, Remainder B jok Com-
pany, Abraham Lieberman, Book Sales, Inc., and divers other persons to the
Grand Jury unknown, to commit offenses against the United States in violation
of Title 18, United States Code, Section 1461.
2. It was part of said conspiracy that said defendant and coconspirators would
publish, print, distribute, deposit, and cause to be deposited for mailing and
delivery obscene, lewd, lascivious and filthy books, pamphlets, pictures, papers,
letters, writings, prints, packets, packages, articles, and other publications and
things of an indecent character.
OVERT ACTS
In pursuance of said conspiracy and to effect the objects thereof, in the
Southern District of New York:
1. On or about the 3rd day of April 1953, defendant Samuel Roth and cocon-
spirator Chief Miller affixed their signatures to a document commencing with
the words “Agreement between Chief Miller, acting for G. I. Distributors, Inc.,
and Samuel Roth, acting for Seven Sirens Press, Inc., for the distribution of a
monthly magazine entitled ‘Good Times: A Review of the World of Pleasure.’”
2. On or about the 10th day of June 1955, coconspirator Book Sales, Inc.,
deposited and caused to be deposited for mailing and delivery a package addressed
to : Bell Block News Store, 606 Vine St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
3. On or about the 18th day of April 1955, coconspirator Remainder Book
Company deposited and caused to be deposited for mailing and delivery a pack-
age addressed to : Clinton Bookshop, 138 S. Clinton, Rochester, N. Y.
4. On or about the 9th day of May 1955, coconspirator G. I. Distributors, Inc.,
deposited and caused to be deposited a package addressed to : King’s News, 250
E. Fifth St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
(Title 18, United States Code, section 371.)
Mr. Morris. I have here, now, Mr. Chairman, two more publication
lists of the Citadel Press. 1 wonder if they may go into the record
at this time.
Will you look at them to be sure they are what I said they are?
Mr. Foner. Ye s, that’s right.
Senator Watkins. What did you say?
Mr. Foner. I identified them.
Senator Watkins. They are photostats, I assume, of book lists.
Mr. Foner. As listed in the Book Annual.
Senator Watkins. That is the Citadel Press owned by you and your
partner ?
Air. Foner. Yes.
Senator Watkins. They are admitted.
(The lists referred to above were marked “Exhibits Nos. 259 and
259-A” and appear below:)
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1201
Exhibit No. 259
[Publishers Trade List Annual, 1955, p. 30]
The Citadel Press, 222 Fourth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y.
Mother. Maxim Gorky $2. 50
My Complete Story of t lie Flute. Leonardo De Lorenzo G. 00
Negro Caravan. Edited by Brown, Davis & Lee 3. 50
Negro Family in the United States. E. Franklin Frazier 5.00
(The) Negro Novelist, 1940-50. Carl Milton Hughes 4. 00
(The) Neurotic: Ilis Inner and Outer Worlds. Joseph B. Furst, M. D 3. 50
New Approaches To Dream Interpretation. Nandor Fordo r 5. 00
Of Course You (’an Draw. Herbert L. Kruckman 2.50
One For the Book of Sports. Sam Balter and Cy Bice 2. 50
(The) Old Bunch. Meyer Levin 2.49
(The) Origins and Nature of Marriage. Lewis Montaigne 3.00
Payday at the Paces. Les Conklin 3. 50
Poetry and Prose of Heinrich Heine. Edited by Frederic Ewen G. 00
(The) Power of Being a Positive Stinker. Anna Bussell 1.50
(The) Power of Sex. Frank S. Capri o, M. D 3.00
(The) Power to Love. Edwin W. Ilirsch, M. D 5.00
Preludes to Life : Early Memories. Theodore Heuss 3. 50
Queen of the Paris Night. Mistinguett 3. 50
Raising the World’s Standard of Living. Robert T. Mack, Jr 4. 00
Romanian Cook Book. Anisoara Stan 3. 00
(The) Satanic Mass. H. T. Rhodes 3. 50
Satanism and Witchcraft. Jules Michelet 2.00
(The) Searching Light. Martha Dodd 3.50
Selected Writings of La facadio Hearn. Edited by Henry Goodman 4. 00
(The) Sexually Adequate Female. Frank S. Caprio, M. D 3.00
(The) Sexually Adequate Male. Frank S. Caprio, M. D 3.00
Shrimp Cookery. Helen Worth 2. 50
Social Work and Social Living. Bertha C. Reynolds 2. 50
Sterile Sun. Caroline Slade 1. 98
(The) Tasting Spoon. Loris Troup 3.00
Therapy Through Hypnosis. Raphael H. Rhodes 3. 75
Torture Garden. Octave Mirbeau 3. 00
Treasury of Kahlil Gibran. Edited by Martin L. Wolf 3. 95
Tunisia Today : Crisis in North Africa. Leon Laitman 4. 00
Underwater: A Skindiver’s Manual. Bill Barada 2.00
Variations in Sexual Behavior. Frank S. Caprio, M. D 5. 00
Witchcraft Today. Gerald B. Gardner 4. 00
What Do You Know About Jewish Religion, History, Ethics and Culture?
Rabbi Sidney L. Markowitz 2. 95
What To Say and How To Say It— For All Occasions. David Belson 2. 95
What’s Your Problem? Alfred Blazer, M. D 3.50
William Steig Album. William Steig 3.95
World’s Fastest Cars. Fred Horsley 2. 00
Your Investments — 1956 Edition. Leo Barnes 3. 00
Your Mind and Appearance. Adolph A. Apton, M. D 3. (JO
1202 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Exhibit No. 259-A
[Publishers Trade List Annual, 1954, p. 16]
The Citadel Press, 222 Fourth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y.
An alphabetical listing by title of current books
America’s 60 Families. Ferdinand Lundberg $2. 49
American Church of the Protestant Heritage. Edited by Yergilius Ferm 5. 00
Autobiography of Maxim Gorky. Translated by Isidor Schneider 3.75
Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Verlaine. Edited by Joseph M. Bernstein 3. 00
Casanova’s Homecoining. Arthur Schnitzler 1. 9S
Complete Writings of Thomas Paine. Edited by Philip S. Foner 7. 50
Collected Writings of Ambrose Bierce. Introduction by Clifton Fadiman. 4. 00
Diana. Diana Frederics 1. 98
Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. Edited by
Herbert Aptheker 7. 50
Documentary History of the Jews in the United States. Edited by Morris
U. Schappes 6. 00
Encyclopedia of Aberrations. Edited by Edward Podolsky, M. D 10. 00
Encyclopedia of Psychology. Edited by Philip L. Harriman 5. 00
Guide to Home Decorating, Carl C. Blohm 2. 95
(The) Great Tradition in English Literature: From Shakespeare to Shaw.
Annette Rubinstein 7. 50
(The) Hidden Heritage. John Howard Lawson 3.50
How To Achieve Sex Happiness in Marriage. Henry and Freda Thornton_ 2. 00
Hypnosis : Theory, Practice, and Application. Raphael H. Rhodes 3. 00
Interpretation of Shakespeare. Hardin Craig 5. 00
Jack London : American Rebel. Edited by Philip S. Foner 3. 50
Life and Major Writings of Thomas Paine. Edited by Philip S. Foner 1.9S
Magic for All. Bob Dunn 2. 00
Marital Infidelity. Frank S. Caprio, M. D 3.50
Meet the Folks. Sam Levenson 2. 00
Modern Humor for Effective Speaking. Edward F. Allen 2. 50
Mother. Maxim Gorky 2. 50
My Complete Story of the Flute. Leonardo De Lorenzo 6. 00
Negro Caravan. Edited by Brown, Davis, and Lee 3. 50
Negro Family in the United States. E. Franklin Frazier 5.00
(The) Negro Novelist, 1940-50. Carl Milton Hughes 4.00
New Approaches to Dream Interpretation. Nandor Fodor 5. 00
Of Course You Can Draw. Herbert L. Kruckman 2. 50
(The) Old Bunch. Meyer Levin 2.49
(The) Origins and Nature of Marriage. Lewis Montaigne 3.50
Payday at the Races. Les Conklin 3. 50
Poetry and Prose of Heinrich Heine. Edited by Frederic Ewen G. 00
(The) Power of Sex. Frank S. Caprio, M. D 3.00
(The) Power To Love. Edwin W. Hirsch, M. D 5.00
Raising the World’s Standard of Living. Robert T. Mack, Jr 4. 00
Real F. D. R. Clark Kinnaird 2. 50
Romanian Cook Book. An i soar a Stan 3. 00 •
Satanism and Witchcraft. Jules Michelet 2. 00
Selected Writings of Lafcadio Hearn. Edited by Henry Goodman 4. 00
(The) Sexually Adequate Female. Frank S. Caprio, M. D 3.00
(The) Sexually Adequate Male. Frank S. Caprio, M. D 3.00
Shrimp Cookery. Helen Worth 2. 50
Sinful Cities of the Western World. Hendrik de Leeuw 1. 98
Social Work and Social Living. Bertha C. Reynolds 2. 50
Sterile Sun. Caroline Slade 1. 98
(The) Story of Jesus in the World’s Literature. Edited by Edward
Wagenknecht 1.9S
Temptation. John Pen 1. 98
Therapy Through Hypnosis. Edited by Raphael II. Rhodes 3. 75
Three Musketeers. Tiffany Thayer I. 98
Torture Garden. Octave Mirbeau 3.00
Treasury of Kahlil Gibran. Edited by Martin L. Wolf 3. 95
(The) Wm. Steig Album. William Steig 3.95
What’s Your Problem? Alfred Blazer, M. D 3.50
Your Mind and Appearance. Adolph A. Apton, M. D 3. 00
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1203
Mr. Morris. Will you indicate for the record, Mr. Mandel, what
was the result of the Roth trial ?
Mr. Mandel. I understand that Samuel Roth was convicted and
sentenced to 5 years 5 imprisonment as a result of the trial described.
Mr. Morris. Do you know whether or not that is an accurate state-
ment?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer.
Mr. Morris. Do you know whether it is a fact? Did you read in
the paper of that fact?
Mr. Foner. I did not.
Mr. Morris. You did not read that in the paper?
Mr. Foner. No.
Senator Watkins. Were you present at the trial of Mr. Roth?
Mr. Foner. I was not.
Senator Watkins. Was he an employer of yours?
Mr. Foner. No, he was not.
Senator Watkins. Of you and your Citadel partnership and the
other one ?
Mr. Foner. Neither one.
Mr. Morris. Now, did Mr. Sorkin appear at the trial?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer that question.
Mr. Morris. Did he admit at that time that they distributed some of
the articles that were involved in that particular trial?
Mr. Foner. Same answer, fifth amendment privileges.
Mr. Morris. This witness has been identified before another com-
mittee, a New York legislative committee, Senator Watkins, as a per-
son who was at least in the past a member of the Communist Party.
I would like to ask you, Mr. Foner, are you now a Communist?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer that question on the basis of the
fifth amendment.
Mr. Morris. Were you a Communist at the time the Citadel Press
issued the three book lists we have referred to in the record?
Mr. Foner. Same answer, on the same grounds.
Senator Watkins. Have you ever been a Communist?
Mr. Foner. Same answer.
Mr. Morris. You were born in New York, Mr. Foner?
Mr. Foner. That is correct.
Mr. Morris. You were a teacher at City College?
Mr. Foner. That is right.
Mr. Morris. You were dismissed from the City College after the
Rapp-Coudert hearings?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer on the same basis.
Senator Watkins. That is the same hearing?
Mr. Morris. I have some clippings on that.
What work have you done since your separation from the City
College?
Mr. Foner. I don’t understand the question.
Mr. Morris. What have been some of your activities since your
departure from City College?
Mr. Foner. You just indicated some of them. I am coowner of the
Citadel Press.
Mr. Morris. Have you done any teaching any place else?
72723— 56— pt. 23 3
1204 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Foner. Yes, I have been teaching.
Mr. Morris. You taught at the Jefferson School, did you?
Mr. Foner. Yes, T taught at the Jefferson School.
Mr. Morris. Where else have you taught?
Mr. Foner. That is all.
Mr. Watkins. For the purpose of the record, what is the Jefferson
School ?
Mr. Morris. Mr. Mandel, will you describe Jefferson School?
Mi-. Mandel. It has been cited as an adjunct of the Communist
Party by Attorney General Tom Clark in a letter to the Review Board
issued in 1947.
Mr. Morris. When did you teach at Jefferson School?
Mr. Foner. About 1944 to about 1950 or 1952. I forget which
dates.
Mr. Morris. I would like to put into the record the three news-
paper clippings. One is from the New York Times of Saturday, No-
vember 8, 1941; one dated November 18, 1941; and one August 20,
1941. These clippings describe the circumstances surrounding Mr.
Foner’s separation from the New York school system.
^ Senator Watkins. Isn't it possible to get from the school board or
the organization, the legal organization responsible for making dis-
missals —
Mr. Morris. I think we can get that.
Senator Watkins. I think it would be better to get that than to
have newspaper stories. I don't say newspaper stories aren’t always
correct, but sometimes they don’t get all the facts in the stories.
Mr. Morris. Maybe we‘ll ask Mr. Foner.
Were you separated from the New York school system, City Col-
lege of New York, specifically, because of an adjudication that you
were not telling the truth when you were interrogated by the au-
thorities?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer that question, on the basis of the
fifth amendment.
Mr. Morris. Did you teach at the Abraham Lincoln School in
Chicago ?
Mr. Foner. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Did you also teach at the California Labor School in
San Francisco?
Mr. Foner. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Also at the School for Democracy in New York?
Mr. Foner. Yes.
Mr. Morris. What is the last date you taught at one of those insti-
tutions?
Mr. Foner. 1955.
Mi*. Morris. Which one was that?
Mr. Foner. California Labor School.
Mr. Morris. You taught there in 1955.
When did you last teach at Abraham Lincoln School in Chicago?
It is no longer in existence, I think.
Mr. Foner. Right.
Mr. Morris. When did you last teach there?
Mr. Foner. I forget the date.
Mr. Morris. Do you know a man named Alexander Trachtenberg?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer that.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1205
Mr. Morris. Have you worked in concert with him in any of your
publications?
^Ir. Foner. I decline to answer.
Mr. Morris. Have you had any dealings whatever with Workers
Library Publishers?
Mr. Foner. I decline to answer that on the grounds of the fifth
amendment.
Mr. Morris. New Century Publishers?
Mr. Foner. Same answer.
Mr. Morris. I have no more questions, at this time.
Mr. Mandel has nothing.
Senator Watkins. That is all you want from this witness?
Mr. Morris. I would like, Mr. Chairman, to put into the record
pages 59 and 60 of a publication called Counterattack, volume 10, No.
15, dated April 13, 1956.
Senator Watkins. For what purpose?
Mr. Morris. It is a description of — suppose I give it to you and
you may see if you feel it may or may not supplement the testimony.
Senator Watkins. It may be received, for whatever it is worth.
(The article referred to was marked “Exhibit No. 260” and reads
as follows:)
Exhibit No. 260
[Counterattack, vol. 10, No. 15, April 13, 1956]
Pornography
Communism thrives on corruption. Among the notable proofs of -this have
been the well-documented evidences of the way in which Red China has supplied
the illicit world trade in opium and other narcotics (Counterattack, February
24, 11)50). Special efforts to make addicts of American servicemen were just
part of that story. Exploitation of homosexuality lias also shown communism
at the work of corruption. Theft, murder, terror, depravity, lying — all have
become familiar words in the Communist lexicon of corruption.
Strangely enough, the distribution of pornography, a particularly loathsome
traffic with special perils for young people, has so far not been seen in pro-
Communist service. Its possibilities in that service, however, are obvious.
Rut is there anything to link it to pro-Communist interests? Here, for the first
time, is a substantial answer.
In July 1055, a Federal grand jury in New York handed down an indictment
against Samuel Roth, described as a 60-year-old publisher. The indictment,
listing 25 counts, charged Roth with sending pornographic publications through
the mail. Listed in the indictment but not actually indicted, were the officers
of three distribution agencies with whom Roth was said to have conspired to
send an obscene magazine through the mails. One of the firms listed was the
Remainder Rook Co. of 222 Fourth Avenue, New York City. An owner of the
firm, as listed in the indictment, was Philip S. Foner.
Also in July, a district court grand jury handed down an indictment of the
same sort, charging the mailing of obscene material, against two other New
York publishing houses. As in the Roth indictment, coconspirators were listed
but not indicted. Of those listed in this indictment, only one firm that had
been in the Roth charges turned up again. It was Remainder Book Co. and,
again, Philip S. Foner was put down as an owner.
In 10-10, a witness testifying before a New York State joint legislative com-
mittee identified Philip S. Foner as a member of the Communist Party. Fonei
was then teaching at New York’s City College. The ident 'fiention came from
a fellow teacher who had broken with the party. This teacher had, he testified,
been called to a meeting of party members teaching history at various colleges.
One of the teachers present was Philip Foner. As a result of the disclosures
before the committee, the Rapp-Coudert committee, Foner was dismissed from
his teaching post. Rut he did not stop teaching.
(Philip is one of a notable set of four brothers. Jack Foner also taught at
City College and was identified as a party member and dismissed. Henry
1206 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Foner was barred from teaching in New York City schools for falsely denying
activity in the Young Communist League. Morris (Moe) Foner has been associ-
ated with a number of pro-Communist unions.)
In 1042, Phil Foner was listed as an instructor in a women’s leadership course
which was being sponsored by the women’s committee of the Greater New York
CIO Council and the Communist Party’s School for Democracy — later merged
into the party’s continuingly active Jefferson School of Social Science in New
York City. Foner is known as a founder of the Jefferson School and was a
member of the board of trustees for a number of years.
In 1945, his name began to appear on the list of the faculty of the Jefferson
School. (In the school’s 1955 catalog, however, the name has been dropped,
perhaps in prudent deference to F oner’s involvement in the charges of dis-
tributing pornography.)
When the Jefferson School held its third anniversary dinner in 1947, Philip
Foner was on hand and sitting on the dais. The next year’s anniversary dinner
found Foner a speaker along with such big names as Paul Kobeson, and the
Jefferson’s School’s director, Howard Selsam.
When Foner journeyed away from the Jefferson School, it sometimes was as
a lecturer for international programs which has been cited as a Communist front
and which listed various party members and fellow travelers in its “stable” of
lecturers.
Foner also has taught labor history on behalf of such unions as the United
Automobile Workers, United Rubber Workers, and Amalgamated Clothing Work-
ers, and for the International Fur and Leather Workers, one of the unions
expelled from the CTO on the grounds of having been Communist dominated.
In the catalog of the Communist publishing house, International Publishers,
Foner is listed as the author of a history of the American labor movement, and
as a biographer of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln,
Frederick Douglass (whose speeches and writings he has edited for Inter-
national ) , and F. D. Roosevelt. He is author of two pamphlets, Jews in American
History and Morale Education in the American Army.
When the New York State Communist Party held a conference on education
and literature in 1947, Foner was on hand as a speaker and his labor movement
history was one of the “recent Marxist books” discussed.
Other of Foner’s writing has been done for the Federated Press, cited as a
Communist controlled organization by the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities and by the California Committee on Un-American Activities as one of
the means of establishing Communist influence.
It is as an active editor, however, that the Foner story and the pornography
indictments swing back together. In the indictments, Foner is listed as an
owner of the Remainder Book Co., of 222 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Re-
mainder Co., in turn, is listed as involved in the distribution of obscene matter.
The address of the company is significant. It is the address also of Citadel Press,
publisher of party-line works. The editor of Citadel is Philip S. Foner. He
also is a director. The codirector is Morris Sorkin and Morris Sorkin — to keep
things tidy — is co-owner with Foner of the Remainder Book Co.
Mr. Morris. I have no more questions, Senator.
Senator Watkins. This witness may be excused ?
Mr. Morris. That is right.
The other two witnesses, who should be appearing here this morn-
ing, have had their public testimony deferred for the reason I gave.
Senator Watkins. The witness, then, will be excused.
Mr. Morris. Tomorrow the witness will be Mr. Ashley Nicholas,
of the State Department, who will testify to devices and activities
that the American Communists have engaged in in connection with
American passports. Mr. Nicholas is an employee and has been for
many years of the Passport Division of the State Department.
Senator Watkins. The committee will be in recess subject to call of
the chairman.
(Whereupon, at 11 : 50 p. m., the subcommittee adjourned.)
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
THURSDAY, MAY 10, 1956
United States Senate, Subcommittee
T o Investigate tiie Administration of the
Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security
Laws, of the Committee on the Judiciary,
IF ashing ton, D. C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 10: 30 a. m., in room
424, Senate Office Building, Senator Arthur V. Watkins presiding.
Present: Senators Watkins and McClellan.
Also present : Robert Morris, chief counsel ; William A. Rusher, ad-
ministrative counsel; and Benjamin Mandel, research director.
Senator Watkins. The committee will be in session.
The Senate Internal Security Committee has been holding hearings
on the scope and nature of Soviet activity in the United States. An
important aspect of the Soviet conspiracy is travel, and passports are
the licenses to move.
Today we are looking into practices of Communists with regard to
passports. This has always been an interesting subject, and we have
been advised that there is considerable fraud in the obtaining of pass-
ports for the use of Communists and Communist-front people, and for
that reason we felt this investigation is fully justified.
Mr. Morris, do you have a witness today i
Mr. Morris. Yes, Senator. The witness is Mr. Nicholas.
Mr. Nicholas, will you stand, to be sworn, please?
Senator Watkins. Raise your right hand.
Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you give in the matter
now pending before this committee will be the truth, the whole truth,
and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Mr. Nicholas. I do.
TESTIMONY 0E ASHLEY J. NICHOLAS, ACTING CHIEF, PASSPORT
LEGAL DIVISION, PASSPORT OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Mr. Morris. Mr. Nicholas, will you give your name and address to
the reporter, please?
Mr. Nicholas. Ashley J. Nicholas, 1944 North Cleveland Street,
Arlington, Ya.
Mr. Morris. Is that spelled N-i-c-h-o-l-a-s?
Mr. Nicholas. Right.
Mr. Morris. And what is your business or profession, Mr. Nicholas?
Mr. Nicholas. I am Acting Chief of the Passport Legal Division of
the Passport Office of the Department of State.
Mr. Morris. And for how long have you held that job?
1207
1208 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Nicholas. Since September 1955.
Mr. Morris. I see.
Now, how long have you been working for the Passport Division of
the State Department?
Mr. Nicholas. Since July 11, 1927.
Mr. Morris. And you have been employed continuously since 1927
in the Passport Division of the State Department?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Nicholas, are you prepared to testify this morning
to practices engaged in by the Communists with respect to taking ad-
vantage of and committing frauds with respect to American pass-
ports?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. I wonder if you will give us, as you did in the executive
session testimony, a general breakdown at the outset of the various
types of fraud practiced by Communists and Communist agents with
respect to American passports.
Mr. Nicholas. There are several general types.
Senator Watkins. Speak up a little louder so that the reporter can
hear you.
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Nicholas, I think you pointed out in executive ses-
sion that you had come to some general conclusions about Communists
making use of passports.
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
By September 1939, on the basis of investigations and reports over
many years, we came to the conclusion that there was a widespread con-
spiracy to violate the passport laws of the United States and to thus
promote the interests of the Soviet Union and to work against the
foreign policy of the United States Government.
Mr. Morris. Now, you say you came to that conclusion that there
was this widespread conspiracy. Now, when you say “we,” did you
mean the Passport Division of the State Department?
Mr. Nicholas. The State Department
Mr. Morris. The State Department itself ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. The Passport Office, which was then under
Mrs. Shipley.
Mr. Morris. That is Mrs. Ruth Shipley?
Mr. Nicholas. Mrs. Ruth Shipley — prepared a chart showing the
interrelationship between approximately 50 known passport frauds
which had gone on for a period of years. It showed how one person
had acted as a witness for another, how the same type of documents
had been used in certain cases, and various other connections which
indicated to us that there was a widespread conspiracy headed by the
leaders of the Communist Party in the United States. That is, the
American angle of it was.
Mr. Morris. Now, may I ask a question on that, Mr. Nicholas ? You
say that Mrs. Shipley, who was the head of the Passport Division, had
prepared charts in which she cited 50 instances, 50 cases in which Com-
munists, by using various devices, such as getting other Communist
witnesses to support the passports of still other Communist appli-
cants; that, on the basis of that, there was a conclusion on the part
of the State Department that there v T as this widespread conspiracy
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1209
on the part of the Communists to do the things that you have testified
here today ?
Mr. Nicholas. Those 50 cases were not the only Communist cases
we knew of, but those 50 seemed to fit in the pattern.
Mr. Morris. These 50 cases were used for the purposes of arriving at
the conclusion, to exemplify the conclusion, that you have stated here?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
This is the chart which was prepared at that time.
Senator Watkins. Do you want to put that in the record or have
it as an exhibit?
Mr. Mourns. It would be very helpful, Senator.
Senator Watkins. Will you mark that as an exhibit, then, exhibit 1
in this particular phase of the hearings?
Mr. Morris. That will be marked as the first exhibit in this partic-
ular hearing, Mr. Reporter.
Senator Watkins. That will be received as an exhibit, to be 'filed
with the committee, and not to be copied into the record because of the
nature of the exhibit.
Mr. Morris. Senator, suppose we reduce it in size and be able to fit
it on to two pages in the hearings. I think it will be most illustrative
of the testimony.
Senator Watkins. If that as a practical matter can be done, then
we will order that to be done in that way.
(The chart referred to was marked “Exhibit No. 261” and appears
on the following pages.)
1210 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Exhibit No. 261
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE* UNITED STATES 1211
Exhiuit No. 201 — Continued
4
72723 — 56 — pt. 23-
1212 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Nicholas. Mrs. Shipley took up the matter with Mr, Berle,
who was then Assistant Secretary of State
Mr. Morris. That is Adolf Berle ?
Mr. Nicholas. Adolf Berle, who realized the seriousness of the
situation. Bemember, this was a time when the Soviets were col-
laborating with the Nazis, and we were favoring France and England.
At least, we had a benevolent neutrality toward them.
Senator Watkins. We were almost at war, were we not, at the time (
Mr. Nicholas. Well, we were aiding one side and the Soviets were
working with the other side. And this appeared to be quite a threat
to the internal security of the United States and a threat to the
foreign policy of the United States as the Secretary of State was trying
to administer it.
So Mr. Berle recommended that we proceed with whatever could be
done in the way of prosecutions, and Mrs. Shipley directed me to go
to New York and lay the entire matter before John T. Cahill, who
was then United States attornev for the southern district of New
York.
Mr. Cahill was very much interested and very cooperative. He
personally took a part in the investigation and turned over two of his
ablest assistants.
He had me made a special assistant United States attorney so that
I could participate in the grand jury proceedings, and we started out by
subpen aing the records of the Communist Party regarding travel
and the entire records of the World Tourists, Inc., a travel agency
which we knew had been used in connection with the travel of people
who had fraudulent passports.
The Communist Party came back and answered that they had no
such records, that all of their records had been destroyed following
the threat of Congressman Dies to subpena them.
The World Tourists fought in the court the production of their
books and records. But the judge ordered them to produce their books
and records relating to travel abroad.
And in the records of the World Tourists, or in the books, rather,
we identified the accounts of the Communist Party and its related
organizations.
Earliest of these was the so-called Trade Union Unity League
account. Then there was an account of PrimofT students.
Senator Watkins. What was that?
Mr. Nicholas. PrimofT, P-r-i-m-o-f-f, students. Those were prin-
cipally people who were sent over to the Lenin School to be trained
in propaganda, revolutionary activities, and so forth.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Nicholas, was the Jacob Golos who has figured
in our hearings here — did he come within the scope of that particular
activity upon your part?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. At the time we served the subpena, and for
several years prior to that, he had been general manager of the World
Tourists.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I would like the record to show at this
point that Jacob Golos was shown to have been the head of two mili-
tary intelligence, Soviet military intelligence, espionage rings that
were operating out of Washington, here. That is the same Jacob
Golos that Mr. Nicholas is now testifying about.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1213
Mr. Nicholas. The third account was in the name of George Pri-
moiF. The fourth account was in the name of A. Blake.
Those accounts were identified by Golos and others as having been
the accounts of the Communist Party and affiliated organizations.
Mr. Mourns. Now, see if we can for the record, Mr. Nicholas, ex-
plain what you mean when you talk about these accounts.
Mr. Nicholas. Well, these were ledger accounts in the books of
World Tourists, in which certain transportation was charged against
the Communist Party.
Primoff, I might say, was formerly the financial manager of the
Communist Party, prior to the time of this grand jury
Senator Watkins. You mean the Communist Party of the United
States?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes; George Primoff.
And after he relinquished those duties, they were taken over for
a while by Max Kitzes.
Mr. Morris. Will you spell that for the record, please?
Mr. Nicholas. Iv-i-t-z-e-s, who was also known as A. Benson. He
was known at the Communist Party headquarters under both names.
You could phone the headquarters and ask for either Mr. Benson or
Mr. Kitzes, and you would get him on the switchboard.
Mr. Morris. "Could anyone do that, or only if he was properly
identified ?
Mr. Nicholas. Anyone. I phoned him when I was calling him as
a witness.
At the time of the subpena, Kitzes was not the contact man with the
World Tourists. The account had been switched over to the name of
A. Blake, which was an alias for Welwel Warszower, who was com-
monly known as William Wiener, the financial secretary of the Com-
munist Party.
Senator Watkins. You are still talking about the one in the United
States?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes; the one in the United States.
Kitzes, at the time, was the so-called internal auditor of the Com-
munist Party and was located at the Communist Party headquarters.
According to information we received regarding these items charged
against the account of the Communist Party, the charge was usually
authorized b}^ one of those three people : Primoff, Kitzes, or Weiner.
The last two accounts were carried on during the time that Golos
was manager of it, and we tried to work out a conspiracy charge
involving the time when Golos was managing the World Tourists
and Earl Browder was general secretary of the Communist Party.
Mr. Morris. Now, the Passport Division now tried to build up a
conspiracy charge against Golos, Browder, and some of these other
individuals that you are now testifying about?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. And that was going to be taken before the grand jury
in New York?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. There was considerable evidence submitted,
and in these two accounts, the Primoff account and the Blake ac-
count, there were a number of fraudulent passports used by people
whose travel was charged against the Communist Party account.
One of the earliest charges was the balance due on the prior account
in the name of Brown and Richards. This covered the travel to
1214 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Moscow of Earl Browder, who was using the name of Albert Richards
and Jack Stachel, who was using a passport in the name of Moses
Brown. The balance of this was transferred to the Primoff account,
the first item.
Then also on the account, the Primoff account, was a charge of
Isador Boorstein.
Mr. Morris. Isador — what was that?
Mr. Nicholas. Boorstein, B-o-o-r-s-t-e-i-n. And that passport was
obtained by a man generally known as J. Peters, who has been quite
prominently mentioned.
Also, there was travel in the name of Henry George Jacobs and
Pearl Roth Jacobs. These passports were obtained by Harry Gannes
and his wife. At that time, or at the time of the investigation,
Gannes was the foreign editor of the Daily Worker.
Mr. Morris. In other words, you are now giving us details, Mr.
Nicholas, of the activities of these leaders of the Communist Party
and Communist Party functionaries who are participating deception
with respect to the use of their passports, including the use of false
names for the purposes of travel ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. And these are the instances that you are now citing
for that purpose?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Also on the account were people who had fraudulent passports in
the name of Richard S. Choate, John W. Fox, Leon Marks, Rose
Saffin, and Harold Schlusberg.
On the Blake account, there was travel of Browder and Gannes,
and a man who had a passport in the name of Francis Grach an, and
in the name of Samuel Liptzen, which was used in the travel of Ger-
hardt Eisler, whose activities have been investigated by either this
or the House committee.
Mr. Morris. Tell me, Mr. Nicholas, what was the upshot of this
effort at obtaining a conviction?
Mr. Nicholas. It was difficult; many of these cases were beyond the
statute of limitations.
Mr. Morris. In other words, you ran into the difficulty of the sta-
tute of limitations?
Mr. Nicholas. We had a 3-year statute of limitations then. Since
that time, Congress has given us a 10-year one. If we had had a 10-
year one then, we could have cleaned up. But even as it was, we had
indictments against Browder and Weiner and convicted both of them.
Harry Gannes was indicted
Mr. Morris. That is G-a-n-n-e-s?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. [Continuing.] But he died before he could
be brought to trial.
There was a man named Litvackoff, who had a fraudulent passport
in the name of Nathan Rosenberg, who was indicted and went to
prison.
There aa as also an indictment against Joseph Sultan
Mr. Morris. Sultan ; would you spell that, please?
Mr. Nicholas. S-u-l-t-a-n. [Continuing:] Who \A\as an editor of
the Morning Freiheit, and he is still a fugitive from justice.
There aa t rs a warrant issued for Jack Stachel as a material Avitness,
but he couldn’t be located at the time.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1215
Mr. Morris. Now, do you consider that it was a successful prosecu-
tion with respect to this conspiracy charge ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes; I think so. As far as we know, this type of
fraud by Communists has been largely eliminated.
Mr. Morris. Now, the ingredients of this particular case are the
following; are they not, Mr. Nicholas? May I enumerate them by
way of legislative considerations here ?
You were dealing here with people who were functionaries and lead-
ers of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. So you had no difficulty establishing that they were
Communists?
Mr. Nicholas. No.
Mr. Morris. You had the actual proof of the fraud ; in other words,
you could demonstrate in eacli case that travel was made under a differ-
ent name, for instance, and you could identify the evidence for that?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. You say you were hampered, however, by the fact that
you had a short statute of limitations; you were operating against a
3-year statute of limitations ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Now, were there any other ingredients of that particular
conspiracy charge that you think should be brought to our attention
in connection with our legislative deliberations?
Mr. Nicholas. Well
Mr. Morris. You say that type of case does not occur now?
Mr. Nicholas. So far as we know, it does not.
Senator Watkins. Speak up a little louder.
Mr. Nicholas. I say, as far as we know, it doesn't. Since we sent
the leaders of the party to prison — one I didn’t mention was a man
named Nicholas Dozenberg, who also got a prison sentence at that time.
Since then, that type of fraud by the Communists, as far as we know,
has not included the impersonation of one person by another.
Mr. Morris. Now, in that connection, did you run across the pass-
port case of a man named Harry Kaplan and a man named Leon
Josephson ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I would like to point out that we had
a witness here about 3 or 4 weeks ago whose name was Mrs. Kaplan,
Mrs. Harry Kaplan, and she had worked for the Foreign Intelligence
Broadcast Service and then later with the Central Intelligence group,
and she is now married to a man named Harry Kaplan. Harry Kap-
lan appeared in executive session testimony, Senator, and said that he
was suffering a heart ailment and would like to be excused from testi-
fying in public session. And the committee acceded to his request.
Mr. Nicholas, Senator, is prepared to talk about those two particular
cases today, Leon Josephson and Harry Kaplan.
Mr. Nicholas. Back in the thirties, Josephson
Mr. Morris. That is Leon Josephson?
Mr. Nicholas. Leon Josephson ; a man named George Mink and two
other persons who had fraudulent passports in the names of Adolph
Rabinowitz and Nicholas Sherman, were arrested in Copenhagen,
Denmark, charged with espionage.
1216 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Morris. Let me see. That is Leon Josephson, George Mink,
Adolph Rabinowitz. And who was the fourth man?
Mr. Nicholas. Nicholas Sherman.
Mr. Morris. Nicholas Sherman.
Mr. Nicholas. Now, at the time of Mink’s arrest, he had in his
possession four American passports. He had one in his own
Mr. Morris. Mink had four different passports?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Now, I wonder if you could identify George Mink
with respect to the Communist conspiracy itself.
Mr. Nicholas. Well, George Mink’s name figures quite actively in
our files as connected with various passport frauds and activities
abroad. He was in the Seamen’s Union
Senator Watkins. It is difficult for us to hear you, Mr. Nicholas.
If you Avill just speak up
Mr. Nicholas. I am sorry. [Continuing:] In the International
Marine Workers, I think it was called. And he traveled quite ex-
tensively. He has participated in several known passport frauds.
Mr. Morris. He was an important Communist agent; was he not?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes ; he was.
He had one passport in his own name with his own picture on it.
He had another passport with his picture on it in the name of A1
Gottlieb.
Mr. Morris. A1 Gottlieb. That is the second passport?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. And he had the passport of Harry Kaplan.
Mr. Morris. Harry Kaplan.
Mr. Nicholas. And he also had a passport for a man named
Wexler.
Mr. Morris. Wexler?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. What was the first name?
Air. Nicholas. Abraham Wexler.
Air. Morris. Abraham Wexler.
Senator Watkins. Now, is there evidence, Mr. Nicholas, that at
some time or other he used all of those passports in his travels?
Mr. Nicholas. No. We don't know to what extent he used them.
We don't know why he had the Kaplan and Wexler passports, which
did not have his picture on them, but had the pictures of Kaplan and
Wexler. There is a possibility, of course, that he intended to have
them used by somebody who looked like Kaplan and Wexler. He
couldn’t use them himself in that condition because he didn’t look
like either Wexler or Kaplan.
Senator Watkins. How did you come to find that he had these
passports on him?
Mr. Nicholas. Well, when he was arrested by the Danish police,
they found the passports in his possession.
Mr. Morris. What was the charge against him by the Danish police ?
Mr. Nicholas. Espionage.
Mr. Morris. Espionage. Now, you say the other three were also
arrested : Josephson, Rabinowitz, and Sherman?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Now, incidentally, the application for the passport in the name of
Gottlieb, which had Mink’s picture on it, appeared to be in the hand-
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1217
writing of Josephson — the body of the application, not the signature.
In that connection, I might also mention that the application for a
passport in the name of Samuel Liptzen, which was used by Gerhardt
Eisler, was also in Josephson \s handwriting.
We put out circulars regarding two of the people mentioned whose
names we never identified, if you want to see them.
Mr. Morris. Now, who are these?
Mr. Nicholas. Those were Rabinowitz and Sherman, who were
arrested at the time.
Mr. Morris. These are pictures of these gentlemen ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, may they go into the record at this
time?
Senator Watkins. Do you want them copied in the record or merely
filed as exhibits?
Mr. Morris. I think, Senator, they could fit into the record.
Senator Watkins. If they can be reproduced in the record, they
will be admitted for that purpose. Otherwise, they will be filed as
exhibits. That will be Nos. 2 and ?>. I think those are the next
numbers after the one that we have had up to date.
(Documents referred to were marked “Exhibit No. 202” and “Ex-
hibit No. 262-A'- and are reproduced on following pages.)
1218 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Exhibit No. 262
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Anserican Cvihsh^U' Officers are T^qiicsted \*> a Unkind £<>t a ta^isosl vvhb has jK^;insion sif
paartpAiii Ni>. jssimdoii j aifr IS, 1932 Jn tiw rumie: of <\dotf,ih Rabniawitv;-. A ay iiifoitaat-Rni
> ffignnlbifi iho whereat juaift uL the bearer of the passtH-rt. *|io dame by whMi he is ki town and the ^nature
~i*i the travel {lutamretti v.Ti ieh 1w Is «saag shout?! he iransreit-Ual to the fXprtrtracm. by ciablegratsf-
RipM Hand
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1219
Exhibit No. 2G2-A
i&v
Department of estate
PASSPORT DIVISION
IMPORTANT NOT ICE
American consular niViccr?* me svantcD m mmsi the {/oivm r.u-mi^uvd heknx, , t f un- «
kmnvu. Akhuiu , wli -- 1 Jv.is an Amerseun nas-mori in l he nann «n Airmans SrahTntin.
,v\ lrirfo.hu* been taken tip- He ha- ako ivaumik'nUv uhtnuK'D pr*.-.^p* -rt?*. m-mher imvern-
imrnts. . He ha** nso<i ike Mltiwtnj*’ aiia*o: Ahrakani thM-hnann. .\hr«tf)&u (k{khn;m, Wiil>
kaW ‘Herman Bretschnohicr, Wilhelm Karl 1 knavenm BreU'a:hnehk'r. Thi* jutmui has
stalest ikat it ??s i efy easy u* procure an American pa^p^n :;mi ihnt lie w HI la. aMe t*. »»h~
fam one at any r-m--. Any in formation- omet rnhn* the kj--uk\ ami inovomvjus ni i ! i
persmi >huuW he connnnmeatci! in l he ik/pasTmcni,
vVA: jsIh.hu U years,
i tog'Ut :;5 ft.. 7 in.
Hair: n^rk Grown,
k’vtlst hrown,
r %. .
Mr. Morris. Proceed, Mr. Nicholas, with your narrative.
JVfr. Nicholas. If you are interested in Josephson
Mr. Morris. Yes, by all means.
1220 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Nicholas. There was another episode in which he figured.
There was a man
Senator Watkins. Now, who figured? You say, “in which he
figured.”
Mr. Nicholas. In which Josephson figured.
There was a passport obtained fraudulently in the name of Henry
George Lynch This man went to India and was working with revolu-
tionary groups in India, using an American passport, and the British
put him on a ship destined for England, where they wanted to prose-
cute him, but he was not under guard, and when the ship got to
Marseilles, Leon Josephson, who had gotten word of his plight, went
to Marseilles and was able to get the man off the ship.
Now, we heard afterward
Mr. Morris. In other words, he alerted him?
Mr. Nicholas. He made arrangements — apparently the man was
not under arrest — he came into French waters, and there was no
legal way of holding him on the ship. So Josephson managed to get
him off. I don’t know just how he did it. But this man was later
reliably reported to have been named Serge Mikailov, who was a
Soviet citizen, and who had been described by another foreign gov-
ernment as Stalin’s favorite agent.
A year or so ago, some former Soviet agent saw this man’s picture,
and he said that this man was very active in the Soviet contingent in
Spain during the war, and that he was taken back to Moscow after-
wards and given the highest decoration, and afterwards shot. Now,
whether that is true or not, I don’t know. But that was the
Mr. Morris. Why was he shot, do you know, Mr. Nicholas?
Mr. Nicholas. That was during the time of the purges, and I don’t
know. I don't know whether it is true or not.
Senator Watkins. You are talking about the purges, now, in
Russia ?
Mr. Nicholas. The purges in Russia.
Senator Watkins. Sometimes you are speaking of another country,
and you break right off into somewhere else without giving us the
transition, so that we don’t know just where we are at the moment.
Mr. Nicholas. I am sorry.
Mr. Morris. Now, you mentioned the Spanish Civil War there. Was
there any abuse of American passports during that period?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes, to quite an extent. For instance, we were not
giving passports to people to go to Spain to serve in the army.
Mr. Morris. That was a matter of policy ?
Mr. Nicholas. Policy, determined by "the President and the Secre-
tary of State. And we were stamping passports, for a long period:
“This passport is not valid for travel to Spain.’’ And between 2,000
and 3,000 Americans obtained passports by saying they were going
to some other country for some other purpose, and then went to Spain
and entered the International Brigade. The}q of course, made false
statements regarding their destination and the purpose of their travel,
and they also used their passports in violation of restrictions contained
therein.
When they got to Spain, they were required to turn over their
passports to the headquarters of the International Brigade, which
was in Albacete, Spain.
Mr. Morris. In what, in Spain ?
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1221
Sir. N icholas. Albacete, A-l-b-a-c-e-t-e.
Mr. Morris. That was the first tiling required of them by way of
discipline, that they turn over their American passports to head-
quarters?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. Of course, that gave the authorities control
over them. They couldn't leave whenever they wanted to.
Mr. Morris. It was a means of exercising discipline over them?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Then we learned from General Krivitsky, whom Mrs. Shipley and I
interviewed, that the bulk of these passports were taken to Moscow for
alteration and possible use by Soviet agents.
Mr. Morris. May I understand that? Gen. Walter Krivitsky,
who had then defected from the Soviet organization, told you and
Mrs. Shipley some of the things that really went on behind the
scenes?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes; that is right.
Mr. Morris. And among other things, he told you that those pass-
ports had been taken and turned over to whom ?
Mr. Nicholas. To the Soviet authorities in Moscow.
Mr. Morris. In Moscow. Now, what was the number of these pass-
ports; do you know?
Mr. Nicholas. Well, we don’t know exactly. They included, of
course, all of the dead and several hundred of the people who were
living and to whom we had to furnish other documentation to return
to the United States.
Mr. Morris. In other words, those Americans who had served there,
who died, their passports were retained in Moscow, together with the
passports of those whose passports were simply taken away from them?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. And that provided a reservoir with which to carry on
their illegal activities from that time forward?
Mr. Nicholas. That is right. And to prevent the abuse of these
passports, we sent out circulars to our officers listing all of those
which we knew were lost in this manner, and we also put on a very
expensive program of replacing all passports of that type, which had
red covers on them, with green-covered passports. We replaced every
outstanding passport in the world with a new passport at Government
expense, primarily due to these passports which were taken from
Spain to Moscow.
There were a few
Mr. Morris. Now, did these passports turn up from time to time?
Mr. Nicholas. No. I think our measures were so effective that they
didn’t try to use them, because at the time we sent out the warning
about replacement, we told all consuls to examine carefully all pass-
ports that were submitted, before they gave replacements. As far
as we know, they were not abused.
Mr. Morris. Now, are there any other instances during that pe-
riod — this is the prewar period, Mr. Nicholas — that highlight the
efforts made by Communists to abuse the passport privilege?
Mr. Nicholas. Well, there were impersonation cases. There Avere
probably at least 100.
Mr. Morris. Impersonation cases?
Mr. Nicholas. When someone obtained a passport, using the birth
certificate or naturalization certificate of another person, took an
1222 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
entirely fictitious identity, like when Earl Browder got a passport
in the name of George Morris, using his own date and place of birth,
but a different name.
Senator Watkins. Was that one of the charges filed against him
when he was convicted?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. He was indicted on a charge of using a pass-
port m his own name which he had obtained upon the basis of an
application in which he falsely stated that he never had a previous
passport. It was a rather technical charge, but it was sustained by
the Supreme Court.
Mr. Morris. Otherwise, probably it never would have brought about
a conviction ?
Mr. Nicholas. The statute of limitations had run on all the other
violations.
Mr. Morris. Thank you, Senator Watkins.
Senator McClellan, "the witness is Ashley Nicholas, of the Passport
Division of the State Department, the Acting Chief of the Legal Divi-
sion of Passport Office. He has been citing, in general and with
concrete instances, practices engaged in by the Soviet international
organization and the Communist Party of America, wherein the
privilege of travel by American passports has been abused. lie cited
instances of how Communists have been abusing this passport privi-
lege.
Senator McClellan (presiding). All right.
Mr. Morris. Have you finished with the prewar period, Mr.
Nicholas?
Mr. Nicholas. I thought you were interested in the types and
methods of obtaining passports.
Mr. Morris. Yes, we are.
Mr. Nicholas. And I have broken down into several categories the
methods used in obtaining passports.
Mr. Moi ris. Please tell us about that.
Mr. Nicholas. Now, first I had listed the use of naturalization cer-
tificates of Americans by aliens in getting passports. Now, these
people would apply for a passport in the name of the American citizen
and submit his naturalization certificate. Sometimes they wex*e the
naturalization certificates of dead people and sometimes they were
the naturalization certificates of some other Communists that had been
borrowed for the purpose.
I think I already mentioned that J. Peters had obtained a passport
in the name of Isador Boorstein, and that Gerhardt Eisler obtained
a passport in the name of Samuel Liptzen. The imposter arrested in
Denmark with a passport by the name of Nicholas Sherman, also used
a naturalization certificate, but with a slightly different angle, which
figured in a few cases. The naturalization certificate was in one name,
but they wanted the passport in the name of Nicholas Sherman. So
they got through a fictitious court order of change of name, changing
the name from Juratovich
Mr. Morris. Will you spell that for us ?
Mr. Nicholas. J-u-r-a-t-o-v-i-c-h to Sherman. So, using the nat-
uralization certificate in the name of Juratovich, and the court order
for a change of name, he was able to get the passport in the name he
desired, the name of Nicholas Sherman.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1223
Then also there was a Mrs. Arthur Ewert, who obtained a passport
in this manner. She had the naturalization certificate ot a natui alized
citizen, and she was the wife of Arthur Ewert, who was formerly a
Communist member of the German Reichstag, and who was the Com-
munist representative in Brazil, lie was arrested down there in
connection with revolutionary activities in Brazil and went to prison
for a long time. .
Ewert himself had a fraudulent American passport in the name of
Arthur Berger, which he obtained by using a birth certificate in the
name of Berger. But Mrs. Ewert
Mr. Morris. In other words, the birth certificate in that case also
was false? . . ,
Mr. Nicholas. It was a good birth certificate, but somebody else s.
Mr. Morris. Somebody else's?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Senator, we had here recently an instance of such a
case. We had a man who was a commercial television artist in New
Orleans. It is a matter of record, Senator. I do not know whether
you are quite acquainted with it.
We subpenaed this man after we had heard he had been a Com-
munist, and we discovered that the dead brother of his wife, John
Francis Brennan — John Francis Brennan had served in Spain, had
come back to the United States, and had committed suicide in 1938 —
but in the year 1950, the birth certificate of the dead man was sent
to the Blanchards at the address where they were living, and we es-
tablished that they were living at the address at that time, Mrs.
Blanchard being the sister of John Francis Brennan.
The next evidence, or the next appearance of this birth certificate
occurred when Robert Thompson, who was the head of the Com-
munist Party, but who was a fugitive for 3 years, having been sought
by the FBI and by authorities, was arrested in California. Now,
when he was arrested in California, he was traveling on the papers
of John Francis Brennan, the man who had been dead since 1938. He
had not only the birth certificate, but he had all the identification
papers of this particular dead man.
Senator McClellan. What steps are being taken now to verify the
application for passport? I do not understand how they get by with
it.
Mr. Nicholas. Well, we operate wholesale in the issue of pass-
ports. We get several thousand applications a day now. Persons
are required to make application under oath before a clerk of the
court or a passport agent and to bring with them identifying wit-
nesses as well as documents.
There is no time or facilities or money for an investigation of every-
body. If we had to investigate everybody before we issued pass-
ports, we would require an enormous staff.
I think the principal deterrent to fraud is the criminal statute,
making it a felony to make a false application for a passport, and
the fact that Congress in recent years has given us a 10-year statute
of limitations. Before that, we had the ordinary 3-year statute of
limitations, and often the fraud was not discovered until after the
statute had run.
But I think that the Communists, since 1940, have been rather afraid
to try much along these lines.
1224 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Senator McClellan. When you have reason for suspicion of at-
tempt to fraud or deceit, do you have authority now to hold up the
passport and make such investigation as is necessary to satisfy you?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes, we do.
Senator McClellan. You have that now?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes, sir. If we have reason to believe that the case
is not bona fide, we do hold it up. We investigate it.
Senator McClellan. All right.
Mr. Nicholas. Another one of these uses of someone else’s natural-
ization certificate was one in the name of Isidore Spilberg, used by
Alexander Bittelman, a prominent writer for the Communist Party.
Then we had the use of the naturalization certificate of one Ameri-
can by another one. For instance, Albert Feierabend, who was a
Soviet agent who operated all over the world and who had $28,000 in
American currency in his possession when we arrested him in New
York, had made applications for passports in the names of both Jacob
Kreitz and Ivzavier Szpokas. It might be of interest to the committee
for me to read — I don’t have the text here — but I will say that Feiera-
bend was arrested by the customs officers in the early thirties, and he
had attached, sewn in his clothes, a badge requesting all of the Com-
munists to render him assistance in carrying out the mission to which
he had been assigned.
Mr. Morris. You mean it was sewn right into his clothes?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. It was on a silk badge, and it was signed by
Max Bedacht on behalf of the Communist Party.
This man traveled all over the world, and possibly w r as a paymaster,
since he was carrying all this cash when he was arrested.
Earl Browder, at one time, shortly after World War I, used the
naturalization certificate of Nicholas Dozenberg.
Mr. Morris. These, now are more instances of prewar fraud prac-
ticed by the Communists?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. Then I have here a category of use of Ameri-
can birth certificates by alien Communists. A British Communist
named Tom Bell used the birth certificate of Milton Hathaway. Mil-
ton Hathaway, incidentally, was the brother of Clarence Hathaway,
formerly connected with the Daily Worker.
Harry Berger’s birth certificate, which has been mentioned before,
was used by Arthur Ewert, who was a prominent representative of
the Communist International, and who worked not only in Brazil,
but, before that, in China, using a fraudulent passport.
The next category was the use of birth certificates of one American
by another.
Mr. Morris. The use of birth certificates?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes, the use by a real American Communist, not
an alien, of the birth certificate of some other person, a good birth
certificate. Often these were birth certificates of children who died
in infancy. This eliminated the possibility that the real person may
have applied for a passport, and that when an impostor applied for a
passport in that name, we would catch it up.
But it was a favorite trick to get the birth certificate of some child
who had died in infancy and use that to obtain the passport.
Senator McClellan. May I ask the question, in connection with
a passport, do you require additional evidence or certification as to
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1225
character or anything from responsible citizens to accompany the
application?
Mr. Nicholas. No, sir, we don’t.
Senator McClellan. Would a requirement like that by statute
be of any benefit?
Mr. Nicholas. I don’t think so, because I think that the people
like these Communists can get any kind of documents that we re-
quire. 1 mean, they can make them up.
Senator McClellan. You mean, they are so resourceful that they
could counterfeit or manufacture any required item?
Mr. Nicholas. Some foreign governments, before they will give
a visa, will require a certificate from the chief of police from the
person’s neighborhood that he has no criminal record. Well, a per-
son using a fictitious name can get such a certificate because there
is no record in that name. Or if he is using the record of some child
who died in infancy, he could get a certificate to that effect.
Mr. Morris. Obviously the child would not have a criminal record.
Mr. Nicholas. No.
Senator McClellan. Now, they apply to the clerk of the court, do
they not?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Senator McClellan. Couldn’t we place a responsibility of the clerk
of the court to satisfy himself by requiring some kind of certificate
or affidavit from responsible people who might be known to him, or
something in that way, that would cause them more difficulty in
securing a passport?
Mr. Nicholas. We have sent out instructions of that nature to the
clerks of court, checking on the identity of the people as much as
possible, and Mrs. Shipley worked on that for a long while several
years ago. But the difficulty — there is no difficulty in small places
where the clerk of court usually knows the applicant can, say, bring
in somebody who knows him. But in the large cities, New York,
Philadelphia, and Chicago, where the clerks do not know the people,
where we have passport agencies and where our people do not know
people, that is the source of danger. In the small areas, people are
generally known.
Senator McClellan. Couldn’t you require the certifying witnesses,
those who support the application, to be local residents and taxpayers?
Mr. Nicholas. Well
Senator McClellan. It would seem to me that there is some way to
tighten this thing up.
Mr. Nicholas. They are supposed to be residents of the district —
the man is supposed to be a resident of the district where he applies.
But when you get into the larger cities, the clerks of court don’t
have the personal knowledge of the people who reside in that area
that the ones in the smaller areas or communities do.
Senator McClellan. That is true. You would not have the per-
sonal knowledge of the individual. But you could require them to be
taxpayers and produce tax receipts and tax certificates or something
and then check that against the record. The clerk could do that.
I am just trying to help you think of some way to tighten it up.
Mr. Nicholas. Well, anything that can help tighten it up, I am in
favor of. But our work is run in the spring on a mass-production
basis, almost. We get passport applications in by the thousands.
1226 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Senator McClellan. I understand it is. But that is for the bene-
fit of the fellow who wants to travel. When it is mass production to
the disadvantage and injury of the United States, we ought to cut
down that mass production in some way.
Mr. Nicholas. I agree with you, sir.
Senator McClellan. All right.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Nicholas, suppose a i^erson should come to you and
apply for a passport. Do you have access to any information on this
man’s background from any security agencies ?
Mr. Nicholas. We have accumulated over a period of many years
a large amount of information which is indexed and cross-indexed into
one central index file. We have an index, an alphabetical index, that
goes back to 1906. Now, there is a lot of criticism of our having such
a large index. Some of the efficiency experts think that we should get
rid of it.
Mr. Morris. Now, these are the files where you have accumulated a
lot of information about people who are Communists and who are
close to the Communists ?
Mr. Nicholas. Communists engaged in questionable activities of all
kinds. We have information from other Government agencies. We
have it from foreign governments. We have it from American diplo-
matic and consular officers abroad over a period of many years. We
have all of that cross-indexed and in one central alphabetical index.
Every application for a passport that comes in must be cleared
against that index, and if there is any derogatory information on that
person, we pull out the derogatory information and consider it and
make whatever investigations are necessary.
Senator McClellan. What about the FBI ? Do you check with thq
FBI to see whether they have any record of him ?
Mr. Nicholas. We can’t check with them on every case ; no, sir.
Senator McClellan. Why couldn’t that be done ?
Mr. Nicholas. Well, it is a physical problem, which I am sure we
don’t have the money and people to do, and I don’t imagine the FBI
has. And it also presents the element of delay.
Every step you go through in handling a passport application takes
so much time. If a person has an unusual name and his own record
is clear, it is not too difficult to get a clearance of that unusual name
through any Government files, but when you get into the common
names and ask for a clearance on a common name, it means often that
a Government agency will have to pull out hundreds of files which
they have indexed under that name to see if those files relate to
this particular individual. You get into the Smiths and the Joneses
and the Browns and the Johnsons, and you are really getting into
a problem.
Senator McClellan. What about fingerprints ?
Mr. Nicholas. Fingerprints are a possibility of catching known
criminals. That used to be about the only possibility.
Senator McClellan. Does it not afford an opportunity for proper
identification?
Mr. Nicholas. The fingerprint files of the Government now, I think,
are very extensive, since everybody who served in the military forces
is fingerprinted, people in civilian defense, and people working in de-
fense plants.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1227
Senator McClellan. People who have been arrested for crime all
over the country ; is that not correct ?
Mr. Nicholas. It would be a deterrent, I am sure, but it would also
be an enormous amount of work. And the passport appropriations
have never been large enough to do anything of that nature.
Senator McClellan. Do we require fingerprinting of applicants
for passports ?
Mr. Nicholas. No. sir.
Senator McClellan. That is not required ?
Mr. Nicholas. No, sir. It never has been required.
Senator McClellan. How much additional expense would it take ?
Mr. Nicholas. I don’t know.
Senator McClellan. It would be very little additional expense to
require the applicant to submit to fingerprinting at the time he ap-
plies. Just provide for it on the application. It would take no more
paper.
Mr. Nicholas. The question of getting the fingerprints would not
require too much additional work. But if all the fingerprints were re-
quired to be classified and searched against the existing fingerprint
records of the Government, which would be the main purpose in ob-
taining the fingerprints, it would be an awful lot of work.
Senator McClellan. It would take 3 or 4 or 5 more employees over
in the FBI. That would be about all ; would it not?
Mr. Nicholas. Oh, many more than that.
Senator McClellan. A few more than that ?
Mr. Nicholas. Many more than that.
Senator McClellan. All right.
Mr. Nicholas. I don’t know how many.
Senator McClellan. We have a problem here. We are studying
something. And as we go along, I would like to get your ideas of
the remedy.
Mr. Nicholas. First, there are lots of things which would be reme-
dies if we had the time and money and people to do them. But I
think that you have a certain calculated risk that you are taking in
every case, and I think the principal deterrent to fraud is the criminal
statute, plus the 10-year statute of limitations.
Senator McClellan. What if a fellow wants to get away from here;
he feels that he is a hot number and has got to escape? After he gets
away he probably will never return. What good is your 10-year
statute of limitations then?
Mr. Nicholas. Well, I don’t know.
Senator McClellan. It would not serve to deter that fellow?
Mr. Nicholas. No: it would not.
Mr. Mourns. Mr. Nicholas, in connection with this hypothetical case,
that I mentioned before, of a man coming in and applying for a pass-
port, and you check with the reservoir of information that you have,
and there is a mass of derogatory information available, information
which you assess and decide on the basis of all reasonable standards
you can invoke that the man is either a Communist or is close to a
Communist, have you now the discretion to deny the man a passport?
Mr. Nicholas. That is something that is up in the courts.
Mr. Morris. What is the problem on that issue, Mr. Nicholas?
Mr. Nicholas. Until a year ago, or a little more than a year ago,
no one seriously questioned the authority of the Secretary of State to
1228 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
refused a passport to anyone that he thought should be refused. There
have been court decisions, opinions of the Attorney General, opinions
of the solicitors in the State Department over a period of many yeai*s.
Mr. Morris. All upholding the discretion of the Secretary of State
to deny a passport in the interests of the security of the country.
Mr. Nicholas. Yes, or for any other thing; if he thought it would
interfere with the foreign relations of the United States for persons
to be operating in a certain country, or bring discredit
Mr. Morris. What happened a year ago?
Mr. Nicholas. Well, about a year ago we had these court cases in
which the courts have said that the Secretary did not have absolute
discretion, that the courts have a right to review the decisions of the
Secretary of State, and some of them have indicated that they thought
that the Secretary of State could not refuse a passport upon the basis
of information which he could not disclose to the applicant and allow
him a chance to rebut.
We have in our riles much information from sources which we could
not disclose. Some of it comes from foreign governments and some of
it comes from other Government agencies who get it from confidential
informants that they do not want to put on the spot at this time, people
who are actively furnishing information from day to day.
Now, there is one theory which the Communists are advancing, that
we cannot refuse a passport to anyone upon the basis of this confi-
dential information unless we disclose the information and the in-
formant and allow the informant to be cross-examined by the attorney
for the suspected Communist.
Mr. Morris. That is almost invoking criminal standai'ds, is it not?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes ; it is.
Mr. Morris. And you feel that that would hamper very much the
State Department's efforts to keep Communists from traveling abroad
at will ?
Mr. Nicholas. Very much.
Mr. Morris. And are there many such cases as that? Do you have
that problem seriously ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes; that problem is coming up all the time, and
there are several cases pending in the court now, including the Paul
Robeson case, and Leonard Boudin, the attorney who has been push-
ing this view.
Mr. Morris. Is it possible, Mr. Nicholas, that if you were required
to disclose the indentity of the people supplying the information,
that your supply of information would be cut off ?
Mr. Nicholas. It would, immediately.
Mr. Morris. And you would not have that information ?
Mr. Nicholas. That is right. We could not now, assuming we had
information that a person was an active agent for the Soviet Union,
and we have this from a confidential source and it cannot be disclosed — -
under this theory, if we could not disclose that information, we would
have to give that Soviet agent a passport, even though we knew he
was actively working as such.
Mr. Morris. You mean, even though you could in your own way
corroborate the authenticity and the accuracy of the report
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Still, if these criminal standards were invoked and
the applicant would have to have the right to face the source of the
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1229
information against him, then under those circumstances you would
have to give the Soviet agent the right to travel abroad on the Ameri-
can passport?
Mr. Nicholas. That is right.
Senator McClellan. Is the discretionary authority of the Secretary
of State now reposed in him by statute? Is it a statute that is being
challenged in these cases ?
Sir. Nicholas. It is a combination of statute and Executive order.
The statute says that the Secretary of State may issue passports under
such regulations as the President may prescribe. The President has
prescribed regulations under which the Secretary in his discretion
can refuse a passport or cancel a passport of any person. That is in
the Executive order. The one we are operating under now was issued
by President Roosevelt in 1038.
Mr. Morris. Is that the order that is being challenged ?
Mr. Nicholas. That is the discretionary order. The regulations
forbidding the issuance of passports to Communists were promulgated
by the Secretary of State, Mr. Acheson, under authority of another
section of the Executive order that says that the Secretary of State may
prescribe any additional regulations which he may desire, not incon-
sistent with the Executive order. And by virtue of that revision of
the Executive order, Secret ary Acheson promulgated his regulations
under which we have been operating, forbidding the issue of passports
to Communists and persons who follow the Communist Party line.
Mr. Morris. Do you have any other questions on that subject, Sena-
tor.
Senator McClellan. I will just ask you, Do you think any further
legislation is needed to make sure that that discretion is authorized in
the Secretary of State?
Mr. Nicholas. Well, I do not know how these court decisions are
going to terminate. If the present trend continues and it- is not re-
versed, I would say that legislation is essential if we are to continue to
refuse passports to Communists.
Senator McClellan. I am just wondering, even after legislation, if
we enacted the legislation specifically and unequivocally placing that
discretion in the Secertary, with emphasis on the fact that if he had
reason to believe or evidence that they were Communists or fellow
travelers, if he was convinced that their departure from the United
States would be detrimental to this country, that he could refuse to
grant a passport — 1 wonder, are you apprehensive, even with such leg-
islation, that the court might hold that it violated a constitutional
right of the citizen or of the applicant?
Mr. Nicholas. That could be, under the present trend of decisions.
Senator McClellan. I agree with you under the present trend of
decisions we might expect almost anything from the Supreme Court.
I make that statement publicly. I am very apprehensive about it.
Mr. Morris. Now, Mr. Nicholas, will you tell us of some of the post-
war types of fraud being perpetrated by Communists and their asso-
ciates?
Mr. Nicholas. The postwar ones I will break into three classes.
They do not involve any question of one person impersonating another.
But we have had a number of
Mr. Morris. This is generally speaking; is that right?
1230 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. We have had a large number of cases in which
people who were going to Communist meetings abroad had misrepre-
sented, in their passport applications, where they were going and why
they were going. For instance, if they were going to attend a Com-
munist youth festival in Prague, Czechoslovakia, they might say they
were going as tourists to France.
Mr. Morris. Now, that is a very difficult thing to detect, is it not,.
Mr. Nicholas, because it may well be that a man traveling abroad,
after he got somewhere, would in effect change his mind ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes; that is.
Mr. Morris. So to establish that he had a fraudulent intention at
the point of origin is a very difficult thing to establish.
Mr. Nicholas. It is practically impossible.
Senator McClellan. Could you require that upon their return to
the United States, they file a report under oath as to where they have
been and make that a condition upon which the passport might be
issued ; their failure to agree to do that would render them ineligible
for a passport?
Mr. Nicholas. That could be done. How effective it would be, I
don't know.
Mr. Morris. You mean, the people might not give an accurate state-
ment ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Senator McClellan. Yes. But you could make that a part of the
fraud and subject them to criminal prosecution.
Mr. Nicholas. That is a possibility that I had not thought of.
Senator McClellan. Well, I had not, either, until just now. But
if one comes in good faith for a passport and complies with the law
and agrees under oath, as a condition upon which the passport may be
issued to him, that, upon his return to this country, he will give a
factual report with respect to his travels abroad, an accurate report,
now, if that could be made a condition, and the failure to do it would
constitute fraud for which he might be prosecuted after he returned,
it seems to me that would help tighten it up. Now, that is just a
thought. It would need further study.
Mr. Nicholas. I think that is something we should study. It has
possibilities, but it might be difficult to enforce for the reason I was
telling you in the next class of cases.
Mr. Morris. Would you speak up just a bit, Mr. Nicholas?
Mr. Nicholas. I would say
Mr. Morris. Mr. Nicholas, before you get into the next class, may
I ask a question on the point that Senator McClellan just made?
You mentioned in executive session, did you not, that you have
perceived a practice on the part of some of these Communists and
people who are close to the Communists that when they visit a country
where they are prohibited from going, or at least where they are not
allowed to go by the terms of their passport, that rather than have
their visa stamped in their passport to the effect that they had visited
the country, they are issued a visa that is issued separately?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. I wonder if you would develop that, because I think
that is appropriate in response to the Senator’s question.
Mr. Nicholas. That was the second class I was going to mention.
Mr. Morris. Excuse me, Mr. Nicholas.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1231
Mr. Nicholas. That is, a person — for a long time, we did not issue
passports valid for the Soviet Union and satellite countries. If a
person wanted to go there, he got a passport saying he wanted to go to
England or France. His passport would be stamped, “Not valid for
the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia,” etc. But when he would get to
Europe, he would go to a Soviet consul or a Czech consul and apply
for his visa.
Now, a visa is ordinarily stamped on the passport itself, on one
of the blank visa pages. But to circumvent the American Govern-
ment regulations and policies, they would stamp this visa on a sepa-
rate sheet of paper which the man would carry with his passport when
he went to Poland or the Soviet Union, and when he got to the border,
they would stamp the border-crossing stamps on this piece of paper;
they would not put it on his passport. And when he came back, the
same way. Then after he left this zone controlled by the Soviets, he
would simply take this paper out of his passport, throw it away, or
hide it some place, and when we looked at his passport, we have no
evidence as to where he has been.
Mr. Morris. And that you say is a current practice ?
Mr. Nicholas. Well, it was more extensive at the time we had the
restrictions on travel. Now, we have lifted the restrictions on travel
except to the countries where we have no diplomatic representation.
Mr. Morris. Occupied China, or Soviet China, would be such an in-
stance?
Mr. Nicholas. That is right. Of course, there was a violation of
restrictions by a number of Americans who went to the so-called
Peiping Peace Conference, who went there at the time on passports
which were not valid for travel to China.
Mr. Morris. They went there, nonetheless ?
Mr. Nicholas. They went there and took part in anti-American
propaganda and spread reports of germ warfare and things like that
against our troops in Korea.
Mr. Morris. Senator, those particular witnesses that Mr. Nicholas
is talking about have been, for the most part, witnesses before this
subcommittee.
And you say in these cases, the general practice has been to issue a
passport that dees not allow them to travel to occupied China ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. But they went nonetheless ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Now, what penalties can be invoked against people
for violating the terms of their passports in that way ?
Mr. Nicholas. The criminal statutes cover making false statements
in their applications, and they also cover the use of passports in
violation of restrictions contained therein.
Now, to prove that a person intended to go to China when they went
some place else is almost impossible. And the use in the criminal
statutes is tied up with the use of the passport, and not with the
travel. For instance, if we could prove that these people went to
China, that they were in China, that is not the violation of the pass-
port laws. The violation of the passport laws would be the use of
the passport.
Senator McClellan. And they do not actually use the passport;
they make other arrangements ?
1232 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. They carry the passport along. And so even
if you could get witnesses — and, of course, you are not going to get
any cooperation from the governments concerned — even if you could
get witnesses, you have no evidence on the passport, except once in a
while somebody will accidentally, some border official will accidentally
stamp a passport.
Now, one of the people that went over to Peiping went through
the various Communist countries on the way over, and one of the
countries accidentally put a stamp, a border-crossing stamp, on one
of the passports, and they tried to obliterate it, but in working in
the laboratory, trying to bring that out, there is a bare possibility,
and there is nothing more than a bare possibility, that we might be
able to do something under the criminal statute for using the passport
in that country.
Mr. Morris. Because the magic of the thing is on the words “use
of the passport” ?
Mr. Nicholas. “Use of the passport.” We are trying them for use
of the passport.
Mr. Morris. And you find, Mr. Nicholas, that more and more, the
standards that you have to invoke in carrying out your work are
criminal standards rather than the general standard of acting on
the reasonable mass of the evidence before you ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. In fraud, it has always been criminal, but
the refusal of passports has been discretionary. But now the stand-
ards are being raised, as you say, comparable to those in criminal
cases.
Mr. Morris. You are going to tell us some more cases; are you not,
Mr. Nicholas?
Mr. Nicholas. I started to refer to the use of a birth certificate, and
I have a few examples there. A man named Harry Kweit
Mr. Morris. Harry White ?
Mr. Nicholas. Kweit, K-w-e-i-t (continuing) — attempted to ob-
tain a passport in the name of Edward Riggs, using the birth cer-
tificate of Riggs, and he was arrested when lie went to the passport
agent to pick up his passport, and went to prison for it.
George Mink used the birth certificate of A1 Gottlieb in obtaining
a passport in that name. As I mentioned before, Jack Stachel had a
passport in the name of Moses Brown, and he used the birth certificate
in the name of Moses Brown in connection with his application.
William Browder, brother of Earl Browder, made a passport ap-
plication in the name of George Ross, using the birth certificate of the
real George Ross, and got a passport in that name.
Mr. Morris. Who was the real George Ross ; do you know ?
Mr. Nicholas. We never identified the real George Ross, but it
certainly was not William Browder. And Earl Browder used the
birth certificate in the name of Albert Henry Richards and obtained
a passport in that name.
Then we had a series of cases in which people obtained passports
on the basis of delayed birth certificates at Scranton, Pa., and that
was a group in which Mink figured. One of them was in the name
of Henry George Lynd that I mentioned with relation to Josephson.
Another one was a passport in the name of Leon Marks, obtained by
Martin Young. And Mink also had a Scranton birth certificate in
his own name which he used in obtaining a passport in his own name.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1233
Then we had two flagrant cases in which real birth records were
altered, and a birth certificate issued on the basis of the altered records,
and passports issued on the basis of the birth certificate. One of these
was William Wiener, the financial secretary of the Communist Party.
That was done by writing in the record books at Atlantic City — they
were bound volumes arranged chronologically — a false statement of
the births. There was a vacant space at the bottom of one of the
pages, and they wrote in “Robert William Wiener,” and had a birth „
certificate issued on that record. And that was submitted with the
passport application in that name. The real name of the man was
Welwel Warszower.
Mr. Morris. Will you spell that for the record, please?
Mr. Nicholas. W-e-l-w-e-1 W-a-r-s-z-o-w-e-r, who was an alien born
abroad, and who had previously obtained a reentry permit in his own
name.
Another one was a man who traveled with Wiener, a man known in
the Communist Party as Joseph Sultan, S-u-l-t-a-n, who was one of
the editors of the Morning Freiheit. He got a birth certificate in the
name of Arthur J. Soltin, S-o-l-t-i-n, issued at Chicago.
When we investigated the case at Chicago, the investigator reported
that somebody else’s certificate had been crudely altered to show the
name “Arthur J. Soltin,” and that an erasure had been made in the
ledger book and “Arthur J. Soltin” had been written in there, and
that they were obvious alterations. That was the report the investi-
gator turned in. It was during the time that we had the grand-jury
investigation in New York.
So we sent a grand-jury subpena from New York to Chicago to the
custodian of the records to produce the report and the book. The
custodian brought in the book, and the entire entry had been erased
from the book. The paper was almost rubbed through where they
had taken it off, and the report of the birth had entirely disappeared
there.
Then besides the certificates, we have the use of false affidavits. Of
course, as you know, many people cannot get birth certificates, partic-
ularly the older people, because their births were not recorded. So we
do accept birth affidavits.
Mr. Morris. In lieu of birth certificates?
Mr. N icholas. In lieu of birth certificates.
Now, among the Communist frauds of this kind we have Katherine
Harrison, using an affidavit of birth signed Jack Harrison, which was
supposed to be in the handwriting of John W. Johnstone, and an affi-
davit of birth submitted by Alexander Bittelman in connection with
an application he made in the name of Nathan William Ivweit; an
affidavit of birth signed William Montgomery, which was submitted
with a passport application ’in the name of Jean Montgomery. The
applicant in that case, Jean Montgomery, was Margaret Browder, the
sister of Earl Browder, and the affidavit was written by William
Browder, her brother, and signed “William Montgomery.”
Mr. Morris. In other words, you cite that as an instance that even on
the affidavits that are offered in lieu of birth certificates, the Com-
munists have practiced fraud ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. And Eugene Dennis obtained a passport in
the name of Paul Walsh in which he submitted an affidavit by an al-
1234 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
legecl sister, Margaret Dunne. We have various other illustrations of
it, but I think that will give you the idea.
Then we have one trick that was tried once without success. I don’t
know whether it will ever work successful^ or not. A man named
Robert Long
Mr. Morris. Long, L-o-n-g?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. He went into the passport agency in New
. York a number of years ago and applied for a passport and submitted
his birth certificate, but said he didn’t have his pictures with him; so
he would bring them back later. So later on he came in and handed in
some pictures, but they were the pictures of Robert Morris, the Com-
munist leader.
Mr. Morris. Eobert who ?
Mr. Nicholas. Morris. [Laughter.]
I mean not Morris, but Eobert Minor.
Mr. Morris. Minor?
Mr. Nicholas. Robert Minor, who was one of the leading Commu-
nists in the country, and Minor's wife. I am sorry, Mr. Morris.
Mr. Morris. That is all right.
Mr. Nicholas. That did not work.
Now, among the other tricks of the trade, I will say that the people
who were working with the Soviet intelligence had mimeographed
forms which they used to fill out and get all the information available
regarding the person that they were supposed to be. When Albert
Feierabend was arrested back in the early thirties, he had a supply of
these forms in his possession, and when Rabinowitz and Sherman were
arrested over in Denmark, they had forms filled out with the infor-
mation regarding the people they were impersonating. And Mrs.
Ewert, arrested in Brazil, had one of the forms that was filled out.
In addition, they usually carried business letters, I mean, speaking
of credentials and things. These people who were actively operating
as Communist agents abroad, not just as tourists, they had to have
some ostensible business ; so they had letters issued by American firms
saying they were going abroad for certain purposes. So they were
well supplied with what appeared to be bona fide credentials.
Now, the man, Dozenberg, when he was operating as a Soviet agent
abroad in Rumania, had a film firm which was supposed to be making
movies. And he was telling us about his experience in setting up that.
Mr. Morris. He was telling you about it ?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. After we had him arrested, he told us a good
many details about how he operated in the past. And this film firm —
he contacted the American commercial attache at the legation, and
they looked around and they bought an existing Rumanian firm and
started off very respectable appearing, and he made contacts with all
of the Rumanian officials and was very friendly with everybody, and
he got word from the Russians that they had heard that Rumanians
were fortifying the port of Constanza on the Black Sea, and they
wanted a report on that. So he had made such good contacts that he
was able to get a motor launch from the Rumanian authorities and
go up and down the port of Constanza with his movie camera and
take pictures of all the piers and installations. Of course, he gave
the Rumanians a copy of the film and he also sent a copy of it to the
Russians. And when he operated in China, he had an agency for the
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 1235
Bell & Howell cameras. lie used that. That was also his cover when
he operated in Manila. He had excellent connections in Manila with
our own people, in the Philippines, and when we got hold of his movie
films, we found the pictures that had been taken when he went out
with our Army on its maneuvers.
So they do have ways of getting ostensible business connections
which appear bona fide and, I think, Senator, that the applicants
would probably produce them when they applied.
Mr. Mourns. Mr. Nicholas, in summation, would you say that you
feel that the Passport Division needs additional legislation to tighten
the regulations — needs to have the power and the discretion to allow
them to make the necessary decisions to carry out the function of
their office?
Mr. Nicholas. Of course, I could not attempt to speak for the
Department, because I think the official position of the Department
is being given in connection with proposed legislation which has been
initiated in the House. But there is a danger, an apparent danger,
that we will not be able to refuse passports to people that we consider
dangerous.
All*. Morris. Do you think, Mr. Nicholas, that, for the purpose of
this particular limited session here this morning, you have given the
committee an account of the evidence that we have gone over in execu-
tive session?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes. I have given you
Mr. Morris. I know your experience is long, Mr. Nicholas, and you
could give us many other instances as you have this morning. But
I was wondering if for the purposes of this session this morning, the
limited purposes of this session this morning, you have covered every-
thing that we intended to cover and staked out in the area of our
executive session?
Mr. Nicholas. Yes.
Senator McClellan. Are there any further questions?
Mr. Morris. No.
Senator McClellan. Thank you very much, Mr. Nicholas.
Are there any further witnesses at this time?
Mr. Morris. No. That is all, Senator.
Senator McClellan. Do you have another hearing scheduled for
tomorrow ?
Mr. Morris. Yes, Senator. Tomorrow morning the Internal Sub-
committee is holding hearings on 2 bills, 1 introduced by Senator
Bridges and the other introduced by Senator McCarthy, amending
the Smith Act to allow individual States
Senator McClellan. They will be public hearings?
Mr. Morris. They will be public hearings, at 10 : 30 tomorrow morn-
ing, in room 424.
Senator McClellan. The committee stands in recess until 10:30
in the morning.
(Whereupon at 12 o’clock noon, the subcommittee recessed to re-
convene at 10: 30 a. m., Friday, May 11, 1956.)
INDEX
Note. — The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee attaches no significance
to the mere fact of the appearance of the names of an individual or an
organization in this index.
Albacete, Spain 1221
Amalgamated Clothing Workers 1206
B
Bedacht, Max 1224
Bell, Tom (used birth certificate of Milton Hathaway) 1224
Berger, Arthur (name used by Arthur Ewert) 1223
Berger, Harry (birth certificate used by Arthur Ewert) 1224
Berle, Adolf 1212
Bittelman, Alexander (used naturalization certificate of Isidore Spil-
berg) 1224, 1233
Blake, A. (alias for Wei w el Warczower) 1213
Boorstein, Isador (naturalization certificate used by J. Peters) 1214, 1222
Book Sales, Inc 1198, 1200
Boudin, Leonard 1228
Brennan, John Francis 1223
Browder, Earl :
Used birth certificate of Albert Richards 1213, 1214, 1232
Alias Geo. Morris 1222
Used naturalization certificate of Nicholas Dozenberg 1224
Browder, Margaret (alias Jean Montgomery) 3233
Browder, William :
Used birth certificate of George Ross 1232
Signed passport of sister as William Montgomery 1233
Brown, Moses (birth certificate used by Jack Stachel) 1214, 1232
C
Cahill, John T 1212
Chernoff, J 1194
China Daily Herald 1194
Choate, Richard S. (alias of — ) 1214
CIO 1206
Citadel Press, 222 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y 1195, 1196, 1197, 1200, 1206
Clippings re Foner’s separation from New York school system, New York
Times, November S, 1941, November IS, 1941, and August 20, 1941 1204
Comintern 1193
Communists 1191, 1196, 1207, 120S, 1209,
1215, 1216, 1221, 1226, 122S, 1229, 1234
Communist Party 1203, 1204, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1222, 1224
D
Daily Worker 1192, 1206, 1214, 1224
Dennis, Eugene (passport in name of Paul Walsh) 1233
Dozenberg, Nicholas 1215, 1224, 1234
Dunne, Margaret (name used on affidavit of passport by Eugene Dennis)- 1234
E
Eisler, Gerhardt (used naturalization certificate of Samuel Liptzen) 1214,
1217, 1222
Ewen, Frederic 1196
i
II
INDEX
Page
Ewert, Arthur (passport in name of Arthur Berger) 1223, 1224
Ewert, Mrs. Arthur 1223, 1224
Exhibit No. 257. Book list of the Citadel Press 1196-1197
Exhibit No. 258. Indictment against Samuel Itotli 1200
Exhibit No. 259. Book list of Citadel Press • 1201
Exhibit No. 259-A. Book list of Citadel Press 1202
Exhibit No. 260. Excerpt from Counterattack, April 13, 1956 1205
Exhibit No. 261. Chart showing passport frauds 1210-1211
Exhibit No. 2G2-A. Pictures of N. Sherman 1219
Exhibit No. 262. Pictures of A. Iiabinowitz 1218
F
FBI 1223, 1226,
Feierabend, Albert (used naturalization certificate of Jacob Kreitz and
Kzavier Szpokas) 1224, 1234
Fifth amendment : 1196, 1198, 1199, 1203, 1205
Fleet, Hay ton 1194
Folsom, Franklin 1192, 1193
Foner, Philip S. (testimony of) 1195-1206
Mountain Trail, Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y 1195
Writer and publisher 1195
Partner in Citadel Press and Remainder Book Co 1195
Morris Sorkin, associate 1195
Fifth if now or have been Communist 1203
Born in New York 1203
Teacher at City College 1203
Teacher at Jefferson School 1204
Teacher at Abraham Lincoln School in Chicago 1204
Teacher at California Labor School in San Francisco 1204
Teacher at School for Democracy in New York 1204
Fox, John W. (alias of — ) * 1214
G
Cannes, Harry (alias Henry George Jacobs) 1214
Cannes, Mrs. Harry (alias Pearl Both Jacobs) 1214
G. I. Distributors, Inc 1198, 1200
Glass, Frank 1194
Gold, Harry 1192
Golos, Jacob (manager of World Tourists) 1212,1213
Good Times, publication of Remainder Book Co 1199, 1200
Gottlieb, A1 (birth certificate used by George Mink) 1216, 1232
Gould, Randal 1194
Grachan, Francis 1214
Gran itch (Voice of China) 1194
II
Harrison, Jack (name used on affidavit of birth certificate of Katherine
Harrison) 1-33
Harrison, Katherine 1233
Hathaway, Milton (birth certificate used by Tom Bell) 1224
Healey, Paul 1193
Heine, Heinrich 1196
I
I liter cor, publication of Comintern 1193
International Fur and Leather Workers 1206
J
Jacobs, Henry George (alias of Harry Cannes) 1214
Jacobs, Pearl Roth (alias of Mrs. Harry Cannes) 1214
Jefferson School of Social Science in New York City 1204, 1206
Josephson, Leon 1215, 1216, 1220
Juratovich (on naturalization certificate used by Sherman) 1222
INDEX
III
K
Page
Kaplan, Harry 3215, 121(5
Kitzes, Max (alias A. llenson) 3213
Kreitz, Jacob (naturalization certificate used by A. Feierabend) 3 224
Krivitsky, General 1221
Kweit, Harry (used birth certificate of Edward Riggs) 1232
Kweit, Nathan William (named used by A. Bittelman on passport) 1233
L
Lhiov, rrr::: :: :::: : i m
Lieber man, Abraham 1198, 1200
Liptzen, Samuel (naturalization certificate used by Gerhardt Eisler) 1214,
1217, 1222
Litvackoff (alias Nathan Rosenberg) 1214
Long, Robert (used pictures of Robert Minor on passport) 1234
Lynd, Henry George (alias of Serge Mikailov) 1220
M
McClellan, Senator 1207
Mandel, Benjamin 1191, 1207
Marks, Leon (alias of — ) 1214, 1232
Marseilles, France— 1220
Mikailov, Serge (alias Henry George Lynd) 1220
Miller, Chief 1198, 1200
Mink, George (used birth certificate of A1 Gottlieb and passport of Abra-
ham Wexler and H. Kaplan) 1215, 1216, 1232
Minor, Robert (pictures used on passport of Robert Long) 1234
Montgomery, Jean (alias of Margaret Browder ; passport signed by William
Browder as William Montgomery) 1233
Montgomery, William (alias of William Browder) 1233
Morris, George (alias of Earl Browder) 1222
Morris, Robert 1191, 1207
Moscow 1194, 1220, 1221
N
New Century Publishers 1205
New York Times (April 15, 1954, Tass) 1194
New York Wrold Telegram (July 12, 1954, Tass) 1194
Nicholas, Ashley J. (testimony of) 1207-1235
Acting Chief, Passport Legal Division, Passport Office, Department
of State 1207
1944 North Cleveland Street, Arlington, Ya 1207
O
Ottawa Citizen (April 15, 1954, Tass) 1194
Ovakimian, Gaik 1192
P
Palgunov 1194
Passport Division of State Department 1208, 1213, 1222, 1235
Peters, J. (used naturalization certificate of Isador Boorstein) 1214, 1222
Powell, J. B 1194
Primoff, George 1213
Primoff students account of World Tourist, Inc 1212, 1214
Problems of communism, magazine 1194
R
Rabinowitz, Adolph (alias of—) 1215, 1210, 1217, 1234
Rastvorov, Yuri 1192
Remainder Book Co 1195, 1196, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1205, 1206
Richards, Albert (birth certificate used by Earl Browder) 1213, 1214, 1232
Riggs, Edward (birth certificate used by Harry Kweit) 1232
Page
Robeson, Paul 1206, 1228
Rosenberg, Nathan (alias of Litvackoff) 1214
Ross, George (birth certificate used by William Browder) 1232
Roth, Samuel 1198, 1199, 1203, 1205
Rover, V 1194
Rusher, William A 1191, 1207
S
Saffin, Rose 1214
Scliappes, Morris U 1196
Schlusberg, Harold (alias of — ) 1214
Selsam, Howard 1206
Senate Internal Security Committee 1207
Seven Sirens Press, Inc 1200
Shanghai, China 1194
Sherman, Nicholas (alias of — ) 1215,1216,1217,1222,1234
Shields, Esther Lowell 1193
Shipley, Mrs. Ruth, Passport Director, State Department 120S, 1212, 1221, 1225
S medley, Agnes 1193, 1194
Soltin, Arthur J. (birth certificate used by J. Sultan) 1233
Sorkin, Morris, associate of Foner 1195,1198,1199,1200,1203,1206
Sotoff, Andrew Ivanovitch 1194
Soviet Union 1192. 120S, 1228, 1231
Spain 1220, 1223
Spilberg, Isidore (name used by A. Bittelmau) 1224
Stachel, Jack (used birth certificate of Moses Brown) 1214. 1232
Sultan, Joseph (used birth certificate in name of Arthur J. Soltin) 1233
Szpokas, Kzavier (alias of A. Feierabend) 1224
T
Tass News Agency 1192, 1193, 1194
Thompson, Robert 1223
Trachtenberg, Alexander 1204
Trade Union Unity League account of World Tourists, Inc 1212
Tzvetkov, Ivan 1 194
U
United Automobile Workers 1206
United Rubber Workers 1206
United States 1192, 1198, 1200, 1208, 1212, 1213, 1221, 1226, 1228
United States Information Agency 1193,1194
W
Walsh, Paul (name on passport used by Eugene Dennis) 1233
Warszower, Welwel (alias of A. Blake; also known as William Wiener) __ 1213,
1233
Washington Daily News (April 14, 1952, Tass) 1194
Watkins, Senator 1191, 1207
Wexler, Abraham (passport used by George Mink) 3216
Wiener, William (alias of A. Blake) 1213,1233
Wikmen. It. L 311)4
Willoughby, Geo. Charles 1194
Workers Library Publishers 3205
World Tourists, Inc 1212,1213
Y
Yakovlev, A. A 1192
Young, Martin (passport in name of Leon Marks) 1232
o
/
/ (J' /V^ ^ -y/'l^r
F SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
HEARINGS
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE
ADMINISTRATION OF THE - INTERNAL SECURITY
ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-FIFTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
ON
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE
UNITED STATES
FEBRUARY 20, 1957
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
u. BEFORE THE
OF THE
APPENDIX I
PART 23-A
UNITED STATES
72723
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1957
Boston Public Library
Superintendent of Documents
OCT 9 - 1957
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
ESTES KEFAUVER, Tennessee
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina
THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas
JOSEPH C. O’MAHONEY, Wyoming
MATTHEW M. NEELY, West Virginia
SAM J. ERVIN, Jr., North Carolina
ALEXANDER WILEY, Wisconsin
WILLIAM LANGER, North Dakota
WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
EVERETT MCKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois
JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
ROMAN L. HRUSKA, Nebraska
Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security
Act and Other Internal Security Laws
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas
SAM J. ERVIN, Jr., North Carolina
MATTHEW M. NEELY, West Virginia
WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
ROMAN L. HRUSKA, Nebraska
Robert Morris, Chief Counsel
J. G. Sodrwine, Associate Counsel
William A. Rusher, Associate Counsel
Benjamin Mandel, Director of Research
II
CONTENTS
Audit report, Communist Party, U. S. A., National office, September Page
30, 1939 A1
Audit report, Communist Party, U. S. A., National office, December 31,
1938 - A3
Brief, Department of State, Passport Division:
Basis for conspiracy charge A 5
Prim off account cases A 6
Blake account cases A 7
Other related cases A 8
Persons using two or more documents A9
A. Blake account (alphabetical listing) A9
George Primoff account A22
Prim off students — T. U. U. L. delegates A27
U. S. Veterans of the International Brigade A33
SUPPLEMENTAL LIST
Passport applications — Facts regarding each A 80
Persons — Facts regarding each A 104
Proof of conspriacy A 133
in
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1957
United States Senate,
Subcommittee To Investigate the Adminis-
tration of the Internal Security Act
and Other Internal Security Laws,
of the Committee on the Judiciary,
W ashington, D . 0 .
The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 : 30 a. m. in room
457, Senate Office Building, Senator William E. Jenner presiding.
Present: Senators Jenner and Watkins.
Also present: Robert Morris, chief counsel, and William A.
Rusher, associate counsel.
Senator Jenner. The meeting will come to order.
Mr. Morris. The witness this morning is Mr. Rachlin. Will you
come forward, Mr. Rachlin ?
(Following the testimony of Mr. Rachlin, which appears in a sub-
sequent volume of the printed hearings on Scope of Soviet Activity
in the United States, the following proceedings were had:)
Mr. Rusher. With your approval, we would like to place in the
E ublic record of the subcommittee certain documents submitted to us
y Mr. (Ashley J.) Nicholas, who testified before the subcommittee
on May 10, 1956; being a study, made under Mr. Nicholas’ direction,
of certain records of the Communist Party of the United States, and
of a travel agency which arranged transportation for certain indi-
viduals, the cost of which transportation was billed to the Communist
Party.
Senator Watkins (now presiding) . They will be placed in the pub-
lic record.
(The documents, with certain deletions for security purposes, read
as follows:)
REPORT, COMMUNIST PARTY, U. S. A., NATIONAL OFFICE,
SEPTEMBER 30, 1939
New York, N. Y., October 27, 1939.
Certificate
We have audited the books and records of the Communist Party, U. S. A., for
the 9 months of January 1, 1939, to September 30, 1939. We certify, that the at-
tached financial statements, in our opinion, correctly reflect the financial con-
dition of the organization as at September 30, 1939, and its transactions for the
period.
Morris A. Greenbaum,
Certified Public Accountant.
a2 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Exhibit A . — Communist Party , XJ. 8. A. f national office balance sheet
ASSETS
Cash on hand $502. 50
Cash in bank 1, 681. 75
Loans receivable — Schedule 1 106, 689. 47
Furniture and fixtures 9, 259. 95
Total assets $118, 133. 67
LIABILITIES
Loans payable — Schedule 2 $17, 895. 60
School fund 2, 305. 43
International solidarity $44, 102. 75
30, 579. 17
7, 523. 58
Accruals 3, 625. 00
Total liabilities 31,349.61
SURPLUS
Jan. 1, balance $72, 347. 78
Excess of income over expenditures, exhibit B 14, 436. 28
86, 784. 06
Exhibit B. — Statement of mcome and expenditures for the .9 months of Jan . 1
to Sept . 30, 1039
INCOME
Dues — Schedule 3 $75, 835. 47
Initiations 1, 846. 70
Supplies 2, 085. 00
Buttons 294. 37
Browder records 51. 85
Party builder 6S. 91
National committee statement 174. 09
10th convention assessment 47. 82
Donations :
Organizations 14, 879. 00
Individuals 72, 622. 65
Total income $167,905.86
expenses
Wages $36, 396. 00
Telephone 2, 196. 87
Telegraph 1, 848. 72
Postage express 2, 874. 46
Traveling 9, 309. 69
Field organizers expenses 6, 26S. 15
Organization supplies 126. 05
Stationery 1, 693. 53
Buttons 4S1. 85
Browder records 137. 42
Party Builder 1, 027. 09
National committee statement 33. 16
Literature 1, 992. 10
Education department 1, 477. 79
News service and publicity 3, 148. 25
Legislative department 5, 486. 42
National committee meetings 2, 257. 62
Organization conference 90. 60
20th anniversary 5, 934. 66
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
a3
Exhibit B . — Statement of income and expenditures for the 9 months of Jan, 1
to Sept. 30, 1939 — Continued
expenses — continued
Industrial department $5, 188. 15
Rent 3, 600. 00
Secretaries expenses 2, 2G0. 00
IWO 602. 65
Miscellaneous expenses 744. 69
Auditing 225. 00
Social security taxes 745.79
Unemployment insurance taxes 881. 66
City rent tax 5. 00
Subsidies :
Districts schedule 4 30, 142. 75
Organization schedule 5 22, 353. 68
Individuals 3, 939. 78
Total expenses $153, 469. 58
Excess of income over expenditures 14,436.28
REPORT, AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1938, COMMUNIST PARTY, U. S. A.,
NATIONAL OFFICE
Certificate
January 16, 1939.
I have audited the books and records of the Communist Party, U. S. A., National
Office, for the calendar year of 1938.
All receipts were properly accounted for, all disbursements were substantiated
by vouchers, or invoices, signed by the recipients and approved by an authorized
officer.
I certify, that the attached financial statements, in my opinion, correctly reflect
the financial condition of the Communist Party, U. S. A., National Office, as of
December 31, 1938, and its financial transactions for the year.
Morris A. Greenbaum,
Certified Public Accountant.
Exhibit A . — Communist Party , U. S. A., balance sheet , as at December 81, 1938
ASSETS
Cash on hand $199. 64
Cash in bank 3, 644. 70
Loans receivable 61, 338. 02
Furniture and fixtures 8, 997. 15
Total assets.
$74, 179. 51
Loans payable.
LIABILITIES
1, 831. 73
SURPLUS
Jan. 1, 1938 $6S, 397. 93
Add gain for year :
Income $191, 772. 27
Disbursements 1S7, 670. 70
4, 101. 57
Less deferred charges written off 151. 72
3, 949. 85
Net gain for year.
Total surplus
72,347. 78
a4 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Exhibit B . — Communist Party , U. S. A., statement of cash receipts and disburse -
mentSj income and expenses for the calendar year of 1938
Paid
Received
Dues
Initiations.
Supplies and buttons
Mass meetings and affairs.
Collections and donations.
10th national convention .
International solidarity (schedule 1)
Industrial work (schedule 2)
Wages
Rent
Telephone
Telegraph
Postage and expressage..
Stationery and supplies
Traveling
National committee meetings
Party building congress.
Educational department and literature.
Party news bulletin
Publicity and press service..-
Repairs
Auditing ...
Social-security taxes ...
Unemployment insurance taxes
Miscellaneous expenses...
Tom Mooney defense fund
Subsidies, districts
Other departments (schedule 3)
$36, 506. 35
15,418. 06
31,633. 88
4,800. 00
3. 039. 48
2, 435. 41
2, 645. 69
2,438. 74
10. 124. 05
5, 027. 37
2, 926. 10
3, 912. 21
458. 66
1,442. 82
752. 51
175. 00
502. 59
1.121.48
557. 51
1,000. 00
39, 108. 74
21.644.05
$65, 763. 61
3, 579. 97
917. 56
45, 575. 43
32, 293. 59
7, 305. 05
36, 337. 06
Total income and expense.
Loans receivable (net decrease) .
Loans payable (net decrease)
Furniture and fixtures
187, 670. 70
8, 598.15
440. 82
191,772. 27
7,377. 88
Total received..
Total paid
Balance Jan. 1, 1938- .
Balance Dec. 31, 1938.
196, 709. 67
3,844. 34
199, 150. 15
“"i,"403."86
Total.
200, 554. 01
200, 554. 01
Schedule 1. — International solidarity
Austria $10. 00
Argentine 16. 00
Brazil 510. 00
Chile 1, 447. 29
China 1, 648. 36
Cuba 6,700.27
Cuba — Youth 140. 00
Columbia 138. 50
Canada 957. 56
Costa Rica 5. 00
French delegates 560. 73
Germany 6, 425. 00
Guatemala 110. 00
Haiti 341. 90
Italy 375. 00
Ireland 1, 199. 99
Japanese 5. 00
Mexico 2, 264. 31
Philippines 4, 032. 18
Puerto Rico 1, 368. 60
Panama 34. 00
Pan American Conference 57. 00
Spain 5, 493. 02
Salvador 5. 00
Venezuela 240. 00
Delegates to other parties 2, 431. 64
Total 36,506.35
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
AO
Schedule 2.— Trade union fund
Automobile
Marine
Minins?
Oil 1
Railroad
Rubber
Steel
Textile
Miscellaneous
$3, 479. 45
992. 00
1, 474. 00
G30. 00
2, 710. 00
352. 50
3, 332. 78
1, 939. S3
507. 50
Total
15, 418. 06
Schedule 3. — Other departments
Peace 3, 000. 00
Agrarian 2, 400. 00
Language 430. 00
Education in South 2,205.00
Southern party conference 1,040.90
Unemployed 1, 980. 00
Youth 7, 008. 99
Negro work 3, 579. 16
Total 21,644.05
Notes prepared in 1939-40 by Mr. Ashley J. Nicholas, formerly Assistant Direc-
tor of the Passport Office, from information in the files of the Passport Division
with regard to individuals connected with passport fraud cases.
The attached 1938 and 1939 financial statements of the Communist Party were
obtained in connection with the 1939-40 passport fraud investigation. The list
of contributions of the Communist Party, U. S. A., to “international solidarity”
indicates the international nature of the Communist movement.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE, PASSPORT DIVISION
Conspiracy
This conspiracy charge is based primarily on the fact that during the period
from 1931 to 193S a number of persons in possession of fraudulent American
passports obtained their transportation through World Tourists, Inc., and such
transportation was charged against the accounts of the Communist Party. The
first of these accounts was in the name George Primoff, while the second was
in the name “A. Blake.”
World Tourists, Inc., was under the management of Jacob Raisin, known as
J. N. Golos. The general secretary of the Communist Party during this entire
period was Earl Russell Browder. The contact man between World Tourists
and the party headquarters was George Primoff.
He was at one time a financial adviser of the Communist Party. Later his
duties were taken over by Max Kitzes, at the present internal auditor for the
Communist Party, who was known both at party headquarters and at World
Tourists under the name A. Benson. The third and last contact man was Welwel
Warszower, who was a vice president of the World Tourists under the name
Robert William Wiener and financial secretary of the Communist Party under
the name William Weiner. For the purposes of World Tourists’ bookkeeping
he was known as A. Blake.
The fraudulent cases shown on the Primoff account are in the names :
Moses Brown
Richard S. Choate
John W. Fox
Henry George Jacobs
Pearl Roth Jacobs
Leon Marks
Albert Richards
Rose Saffin
Harold Schlusberg
a6 scope of soviet activity m THE united states
Tlie fraudulent cases shown on the Blake account are in the names :
Earl R. Browder
Harry Gannes
Francis G. Grachan
Samuel Liptzen
Annie Morrison
Nathan Rosenberg
George Ross
In addition to the foregoing, the following cases are so closely related to
the others as to warrant the conclusion that they also were parts of the same
conspiracy :
William Browder
A1 Gottlieb
Bruno H. A. Hanke
Jean Montgomery
Louis Paretti
Arthur J. Soltin
Robert W. Wiener
PRIMOFF ACCOUNT CASES
The first of these frauds were the cases of Albert H. Richards and Moses
Brown. Earl R. Browder obtained a passport in the name Albert H. Richards,
while Jack Stachel obtained the one in the name of Brown. They went abroad
together, sharing the same cabin, in 1931 and their transportation was charged
against an account in the name “Brown and Richards.” Later the balance due
on this account was charged against the Priinoff account. The identifying
witness on the Richards’ application signed the name Beatrice Oberlander.
The witness on the Moses Brown application signed the name Samuel N. Greene,
while the application originally requested that the passport be sent in care
of Sam N. Green.
Under date of June 21, 1932, the Primoff account contains a record of a
charge for transportation in the names of Rosa Saffin and John W. Fox. Both
of these persons sailed from New York on June 23, 1932, on the steamship
Bremen. The true name of the person who obtained a passport in the name
of John William Fox is not known (also known as Jack Childs).
The identifying witness was Marcel Sherer of Monroe, N. Y. The person
who obtained the passport in the name of Rosa Saffin also obtained a passport
in the name of Annie Morrison. The applicant’s true name is not known. The
identifying witness on the passport application was Sady Bloom, who is now
married to Morris Weiss. The names of Sady Bloom and Morris Weiss are also
shown on the Blake account, although their applications are not believed to be
fraudulent.
Under date of November 4, 1932, there is a charge on the Primoff account
for transportation in the name of Harrold Shlossberg. However, this name ap-
pears to be in error as the receipt shows the name Harold Shlusberg, while
the corresponding passport application is in the name of Harold Schlusberg.
This application was executed by Isaac Rijock, who is known in the Com-
munist Party under the name John Steuben. The identifying witness was
Sadie Rijock, who is believed to be the former wife of the applicant.
Under date of December 27, 1932, there is an entry in the Primoff account for
transportation furnished to Leon Marks. This application is believed to have
been executed by one Leon Platt (or Plotkin), who is now known as Martin
Young. He also used an altered passport in the name Bruno H. A. Hanke. The
identifying witness was Simon Feldman, whose transportation in his own name
was also charged aginst the Blake account. The affidavit of birth was exe-
cuted by one Frances Gordon, an employee of the Communist Party headquar-
ters : it was executed before Max Kitzes, who has identified the photograph as
that of Martin Young, who he has seen around Communist Party headquarters.
On January 11, 1933, World Tourists charged against the Primoff account the
transportation furnished in the name Richard S. Choate. The true name of the
person who obtained a passport in this name is thought to be Bienko. He is
believed to have been killed in Spain. The real Richard S. Choate died in in-
fancy. The identifying witness on the application was Morris Possoff. Before
obtaining the passport in the name Choate, Bienko had tried to obtain one in
the name Louis Paretti.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a7
The next cases were those of Henry George Jacobs and Pearl Roth Jacobs,
which are charged against the Primoff account. The correct names of the per-
sons who obtained the aforementioned passports were Harry Gannes and his
wife, Pearl Roth Gannes. The identifying witness on each application was
originally David Daniels, but this name was crossed out for some unknown
reason and one Henry Belli signed as identifying witness. Both passports were
sent in care of Dr. Jewel Roth who is said to be a sister of Mrs. Gannes. Dr.
Roth also executed an affidavit of birth on behalf of her sister which, however,
does not mention the married name. There was submitted with the applica-
tion in the name Henry G. Jacobs an affidavit executed by Morris L. Olken, who
stated that he was an uncle of the applicant. While the passports were ob-
tained in 1032, the transportation was not charged against the Primoff account
until April 1033.
In November 1033, Earl Browder again went abroad, using the Richards pass-
port, and his transportation was charged against the Primoff account under date
of November 10, 1033.
BLAKE ACCOUNT CASES
The first use of a fraudulent passport indicated on the Blake account was the
travel of Earl R. Browder which was charged against the account on November
16, 1034. Browder had made an application for a passport in his own name on
August 31, 1034, and had falsely stated therein that he had never had a passport
previously. The identifying witness on this application was his brother, William
E. Browder.
On March 4, 1035, there is a charge against the Blake account for the trans-
portation of a woman who had a passport in the name of Annie Morrison. The
passport application in this name was executed on December 18, 1034, by the
woman who had previously obtained a passport in the name Rose Saffin.
The identifying witness was Abraham Lerner of 1420 College Avenue, Bronx,
N. Y. An affidavit of birth which was submitted with the application was exe-
cuted in the name Morris Morrison, who stated that he was the applicant’s father.
This affidavit was purportedly executed before Morris M. Greenbaum, who was
the accountant for World Tourists and for the Communist Party.
On March 4, 1935, there was also a charge for the transportation of a person
who had a passport in the name Francis G. Grachan. The true name of this
applicant was Yanvrich and he was a Chicago Communist. The applicant sub-
mitted an affidavit of birth executed by Josephine G. Grachan, who was the
mother of the real Francis G. Grachan, also a Communist. The identifying wit-
ness was Nicholas Busic, another Chicago Communist.
The immigration authorities have been endeavoring to locate Yanvrich, who is
said to be illegally in this country, since 1936.
On July 2, 1935, there is a charge for the transportation of a man who had a
passport in the name of Samuel Liptzen. The true name of this applicant is
Gerhard Eisler. The passport application, which is dated August 30, 1934, is
in the handwriting of Leon Josephson, who acted as identifying witness, signing
the name Bernard A. Hirshfield. Leon Josephson also obtained transportation
from World Tourists, which is charged against the Blake account. The World
Tourists folder in this case contains memorandums apparently in the hand-
writing of Jacob Raisin and a copy of a letter addressed to Intourists, Inc.,
in which Raisin refers to the bearer, Samuel Liptzen, as a good friend of his.
The bearer of this passport also went abroad in April 1936 and the World Tourists
folder covering this travel also contains memorandums in the handwriting of
Raisin. The name Samuel Liptzen, with a Paris address, was found in a note-
book of Welwel Warszower’s.
Under date of August 26, 1935, there is a charge for the transportation of a
person who was traveling in the name George Ross. This application was
executed July 29, 1935, by William E. Browder. The identifying witness signed
the name Thomas Edwards. The World Tourists folder in this case also con-
tains a memorandum in the handwriting of Raisin.
On March 7, 1936, there is a charge for the transportation of Earl R. Browder.
On April 22, 1936, there is a charge for the transportation of Samuel Liptzen.
On May 2, 1937, there is another charge for transportation for Earl R. Browder.
On August 24, 1937, there is a record of transportation furnished a person
who had a passport in the name Nathan Rosenberg, issued upon an application
executed on May 10, 1937. The true name of this applicant was Isiah Litvackoff.
The identifying witness signed the name “Joseph Hiat” and gave his address
a8 scope of soviet activity in the united states
as 19 East 16th Street, New York City. The passport was mailed in care of
a dentist named Elias Shapiro, who lived at 2S6 Fort Washington Avenue, New
York. Dr. Shapiro also obtained transportation through World Tourists, but
his travel is not charged against a Communist Party account. Living in the same
apartment house as Dr. Shapiro was Sonia Dobbs, an employee of World Tourists,
who provided Litvakoff with his transportation both under the name Rosenberg
and under his own name.
On December 10, 1937, there is still another charge for transportation for Earl
R. Browder.
Under date of July 1, 1938, there is a charge for transportation furnished to
Harry Gannes. It appears that Gannes used on this trip a passport which was
issued to him in 1934 upon an application in which he made false statements
concerning his previous passports.
OTHER RELATED CASES
Leon Platt (?), who obtained the passport in the name “Leon Marks,” used,
when returning to the United States in March 1934, an altered passport in the
name “Bruno Herman August Ilanke.” Although the fraud was discovered at
the time, the impostor was able to leave the ship without inspection and efforts
to locate him were unavailing. The original photograph on this passport had
been removed and the photograph of the impostor placed thereon. The original
application upon which the passport was issued was also fraudulent. The appli-
cation was executed by Constantin Shklar, an alien. Shklar is a Communist
and obtained transportation through World Tourists in his own name in 1933.
The World Tourists file for Shklar contains his photograph, which is a duplicate
of the one appearing on the Hanke application.
The impostor Bienko, who obtained a passport in the name “Richard S.
Choate”, previously attempted to obtain a passport in the name “Louis Paretti.”
The identifying witness on the application, which was executed on December 7,
1932, was George Mink. Affidavits executed in the names “Joseph Paretti,”
“Lodovico Dresco,” and “William Cole” were submitted in connection with the
Paretti application.
George Mink made applications for passports in 1930 and 1934 in which he
stated that he was born at Scranton, Pa. An investigation disclosed that the
record of birth at Scranton was issued upon the basis of an affidavit executed
by Mink himself. While the evidence regarding the place of Mink’s birth is
not conclusive, it appears probable that he was actually born at Philadelphia,
as he gave that as his place of birth when he served in the Navy during the
World War. The World Tourists files contain two folders relating to Mink.
On one of these folders the words “See Golos” are written. Mink and Leon
Josephson were arrested in Denmark together in February 1935, and charged
with espionage. At the time of Mink’s arrest in 1935 there was found in his
apartment in Denmark an American passport bearing Mink’s photograph which
was issued in the name A1 Gottlieb. The application for this passport is in the
handwriting of Leon Josephson.
In January 1937, William E. Browder obtained from World Tourists trans-
portation in his own name. At this time he used a passport which he had
obtained on an application dated January 23, 1937, in which he falsely stated
that he had never had a previous passport. The identifying witness on this
application was J. C. Lowry. It may be pointed out that at the time Browder
made this application his passport in the name George Ross was still valid.
On September 8, 1931, Margaret Browder, a sister of Earl and William
Browder, executed an application for a passport in the name Jean Montgomery.
At that time, according to Max Bedacht, Margaret Browder was working at the
national office of the Communist Party. The identifying witness on this applica-
tion used the name Ethel Shipman. There was submitted with the application
an affidavit of birth in the name of William Montgomery, which was actually
signed by William Browder. The 1931 passport was renewed at Berlin in 1933
and the bearer thereof was registered on March 28, 1934. On September 17, 1935,
Margaret Browder made another application in the name of Jean Montgomery,
submitting her previous passport. The passport obtained on the 1935 application
was renewed at the American consulate general at Paris on September 16, 1937.
According to General Ivrevitsky, Margaret Browder, while using this passport,
was employed by the Soviet Military Intelligence Service under his supervision.
On July IS, 1936, Welwel Warszower executed an application for a passport in
the name of Robert William Wiener. The identifying witness was J. C. Lowry.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a9
who was also witness on the William Browder application. Using the Wiener
passport, Warszower made two trips abroad in 1930 and 1937. Warszower had
previously made a trip abroad in 1932 under his own name, using a reentry
permit. The transportation on this case was obtained through World Tourists.
When Warszower went abroad in 1937 he was accompanied by one Joseph
Sultan, who was traveling on a passport which he had fraudulently obtained in
the name Arthur J. Soltin. Both passengers obtained their transportation from
World Tourists and the Morning Freilieit. Sultan had previously gone abroad
in 1932, using a reentry permit in his own name, and had obtained his transporta-
tion through World Tourists.
PERSONS USING TWO OR MORE DOCUMENTS
From the foregoing it will be seen that the persons mentioned below
either used, or attempted to use, documents in two or more names :
Earl B. Browder — Albert H. Richards and own name
William E. Browder — George Ross and own name
Harry Gannes — Henry G. Jacobs and own name
Jane Doe — Rosa Saffin and Annie Morrison
Isiah Litvaekoff — Nathan Rosenberg and own name
Wei w el Warszower — Robert William Wiener and own name
Joseph Sultan — Arthur J. Soltin and own name
Leon Platt — Leon Marks and Bruno II. A. Hanke
A. Blake Account
Ackerman, Bernard
2315 Olinville Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness (1931), passport
application of Isaiah Litvackoff.
Allis, John Joseph
July 30, 1935, J. Joseph Allis, $124.70. Passport No. 218S81, June 22, 1935.
Claims birth at Philadelphia, Pa., on November 30, 1910 ; address at 1515 South
23d Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Destination : Moscow. Personal description :
height, 5 feet 6 Yz inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, brown ; distinguishing marks :
tattoo on both arms.
Alspaugli, Elen
$133. Passport No. 230488, August 17, 1935. Claims birth at Oakereek, Colo,
on June 20, 1913; address at 701 Wabash Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. Destina-
tion: Moscow. Personal description: height, 5 feet 0 inches; hair, red; eyes,
hazel.
Anderson, Laicrcnce
August 21, 1935, Lawrence Anderson, $132. Age : 27 ; born in Canada and citi-
zen of that country. Arrived in the United States August 12, 1935. Occupa-
tion : Builder. Married. Destination : Moscow.
Baron, Theodore
25 South Street, New York City. Identifying witness, (1932), passport appli-
cation of Louis Pasternak.
Bassrn. Adolf
August 21, 1935, Adolph Bassen, $195. Passport: No. 231598, July 25, 1935.
Claims birth in Russia on September 16, 1907 ; naturalized through father, Jo-
seph Bassen, before Supreme Court of Bronx City, New York City, on January 6,
1928: and address at 53 East Mosholm Parkway, New York City. Destination:
Moscow. Personal description: height, 5 feet 714 inches: hair, brown: eyes,
brown.
Bodard, Joseph
August 21, 1935. Joseph Bodard, $141. Aged 26 years; born Canada ; citizen of
Canada; arrived in the United States August 16, 1935: French, race; occupation,
Shipper; single. Destination; Moscow.
Bernhardt , Albert
August 21, 1925, Albert Bernhardt, $141. Aged 27 years; born in Canada:
citizen of Canada: arrived in the United States August 16. 1935; race: English;
occupation: Salesman: single. Destination: Moscow.
AlO scope of soviet activity in the united states
Bleckschmidty Pauline Emma
2 East Street, Jersey City, N. J. Identifying witness, Samuel Adams Dardeck
(1927).
Blum , Anna
194 West 10th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Sarah Deutsch.
BohuSy Paul
July 5, 1935, Paul Bohus, $132. New York series passport No. 3816, June 26,
1935. Claims birth in Hungary on February 6, 1909; naturaliztion through
father, George, before common pleas court of Belmont City at St. Clairsville,
Ohio, on April 16, 1924. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height,
5 feet, 9 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Bonny Morris
6434 Landview Street, Pitsburgh, Pa. Identifying witness, Elmer Kish.
BrandcSy Lillian Livien
April 23, 1935, L. Livien, $182.15. Passport No. 163561, January 26, 1935.
Claims birth at New York City on December 2S, 1910 ; address at 1315 50th Street,
Brooklyn, N. Y. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height, 5 feet,
2 inches ; hair, brunette ; eyes, brown.
Brooks , Minnie
$249.50. Passport No. 175092, April 3, 1935. Claims birth at New York City
on July 2, 1906; address at 1750 Davidson Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. Destination:
Havre. Personal description : Height, 5 feet iy 2 inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes,
brown ; distinguishing marks : Mole on left cheek.
Browder t Earl Russell
December 13, 1937, E. R. Browder, $297.90-$129.54. Passport No. 145182,
September 1, 1934. Born, Wichita, Kans., May 20, 1891 ; address, 2714 Wallace
Avenue, New York City. Destination, Cherbourg. Personal description: Height,
5 feet 7 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue. Occupation, journalist.
Browder , TFm. E .
31 East 27th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Earl Russell
Browder.
Burke y Mary Catherine
December 10, 1934, Mary C. Burke, $132.30. Passport No. 2807 (New York
series), November 8, 1934. Claims birth at New York City on March 27, 1908;
address : 31 Bank Street, New York City. Destination : Moscow. Personal
description : Height, 5 feet 5 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Burlaky Ann
$134.70. Passport No. 234777, August 8, 1935. Claims birth at Slatington,
Pa., on May 24, 1911; address at 226 East 22d Street, New York City. Desti-
nation : Moscow. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 0 inches ; hair, light
brown ; eyes, gray.
BnsiCy Nicholas M.
1638 West Cullerton Street, Chicago, 111. Identifying witness, Francis G.
Grachen.
Careathers, Benjamin
July 5, 1935, Ben Careathers, $124.70. Passport No. 146354, September 11, 1934.
Claims birth at Chattanooga, Tenn., on October 20, 1894 ; address at 2217 Centre
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height,
5 feet 10 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown. Colored.
Caron , Berthe
August 21, 1935, Berthe Caron, $141. Aged 23 years ; female ; born in Canada ;
citizen of that country ; arrived in United States August 20, 1935 ; English race ;
occupation : stenographer ; single. Destination : Moscow.
Chesbiy Alexander
5430 Gainor Road, Philadelphia, Pa. Identifying witness, Sylvia Forman.
Chupaky Anne
780 Union xV venue, Bronx, N. Y. Identifying witness, David Drausky.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES All
Cohen, Joseph
829 50th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Identifying witness, Robert George Thomp-
son.
Cooper, James Charles
$134.90. Passport No. 235773, August 14, 1935. Claims birth at Brantley, Ala.,
on August 8, 1909, and address at 1502 Warrior Street, East Birmingham, Ala.
Destination: Moscow. Personal description: Height, 6 feet; hair, black; eyes,
brown. Colored.
Cornelius, Georgiana
3718 3d Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness, Edwin Harold Malone.
Dardeck, Samuel Adams
July 30, 1935, S. Adams Dardeck, $134.40. Passport No. 223409, July 2, 1935.
Claims birth in Russia on November 6, 1903; naturalization through father,
Isidor Dardeck, before the supreme court of Bronx City at New York City on
July 15, 1921; address at 2 East Street, Jersey City, N. J. Also known as Sam
Darcy, Donchin. Destination : Moscow.
Dardeck , Pauline Emma
September 17, 1935, P. Emma Dardeck, $176.70. Passport No. 239149, Sep-
tember 6, 1935. Claims birth at North Bergen, N. J., on June 13, 1903; address
at 2 East Street, Jersey City, N. J. Destination: Moscow. Personal descrip-
tion : Height, 5 feet 6 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Dcsr osiers , Joseph Antonio
$219.20. Passport No. 4335 (New York series), August 30, 1935. Claims birth
at Manchester, N. H., on September 27, 1911 ; address at 1280 Clay Avenue, New
York City. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 6 inches ;
hair, blonde ; eyes, brown.
Deutch , Sarah
April 23, 1935, Sarah Deutch, $185.20. Passport No. 162118, January 16, 1935.
Claims birth at New York City on September 7, 1905 : address at 58A Charles
Street, care of Wolf son, New York City. Destination : Moscow. Personal de-
scription : height, 5 feet 3 inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, brown.
D inlcin , Lillian
$134.90. Passport No. 234910, August 9, 1935. Claims birth at Chicago, 111.,
on March 30, 1914 ; address at 1708 Fulton Street, San Francisco, Calif. Desti-
nation : Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 2 % inches ; hair, brown ;
eyes, brown.
Dishrow , Hamilton T.
Chatham, N. J. Also 656-590 Greenwich Street, New York City. Identifying
witness, Ella Reeve Bloor Omholt.
Doughty, Grace R.
354 West 12th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Vera Taft.
Dransky, David
September 17, 1935, David Dransky, $4.40. Passport No. 23165, May 26, 1933.
Claims birth at Albany, N. Y., on October 4, 1909; address at 725 Lexington
Avenue, New York City. Alias David Doran. Reported to have been killed in
Spain. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 7 inches ; hair, dark ; eyes, brown.
Drummond , David
August 26, 1935, David Drummond, $124.75. Passport No. 237012, August 21,
1935. Claims birth at Seattle, Wash., May 10, 1905; address at 223 West 24th
Street, New York City. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height,
5 feet 10 inches; hair, red; eyes, brown: distinguishing marks : tattoo right arm,
figure woman, left arm, U. S. A. emblem.
Duhi, Evaristo
September 17, 1935, A. Dubi, $4.10. Aged 36 years; citizen of Canada where
he was born. Arrived in the United States July 1, 1935. Race is given as
French ; occupation, foreman ; married. Destination: Moscow.
a12 scope of soviet activity in the united states
E del-man , Rebecca
1121 Morrison Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. Identifying witness, Sadie Weiss ; identi-
fying witness, Morris Weiss.
Edwards, Thomas
45 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness, George Ross.
Eisenman , Ida
1194 Nelson Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. Identifying witness, Arthur E. Tiinpson.
Elovich , James
July 30, 1935. I. Elovich, $127.00. Passport No. 145879, James Elovich, Sep-
tember 7, 1934. Claims birth at Yugoslavia on September 5, 1902; naturaliza-
tion through father, Steve Elovich, before the common pleas court of Mercer
City at Mercer, Pa., on May 3, 1921; address at 1820 Fisk Street, Chicago, 111.
has identified photograph as that of Ralph Shaw. Destination : Mos-
cow. Personal description; Height, 5 feet 7% inches; hair, black; eyes, brown.
Emery, Samuel
August 21, 1935, Andre Samuel, $141. Aged 25 ; citizen of Canada ; born in
Canada ; arrived in the United States August 17, 1935; English race; occupation,
machinist; single. Destination; Moscow. (Believed that Samuel Emory and
Andre Samuel may be identical.)
Evangelista, Grisanto
September 22, 1937, Crisanto Evangelista, $245. October 20, 1937, Crisanto
Evangelista, $211.48. Passport No. 1015 (Philippine Islands) October 2G, 1937.
Claims birth at Meycauayan, Bulacau, Philippine Islands on November 1, 1888 ;
address at 1106 Remedios Street, Manila. Destination: Manila to Marseille via
the United States. Personal description: Height, 5 feet 3% inches; hair, black;
eyes, black.
Fallon, Stanley
62G Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Identifying witness, John Joseph Allis.
Fard, Anna R.
2040 Fitzwater Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Identifying witness, Sterling T.
Rochester.
Figueircdo, Joseph
$134.70. Passport No. 2253S7, July S, 1935. Claims birth at Boston, Mass., on
September 7, 1910; address as 149 Pierrepont Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Destina-
tion : Moscow. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 4 inches ; hair, dark brown ;
eyes, dark brown.
Ford , James William
July 30, 1935. James Ford, $137.40. Passport No. 45344, September 4, 1934.
Claims birth at Pratt City, Ala., on December 22, 1893 ; address as 2121 Fifth
Avenue, apartment 7, New York City. Destination : Moscow. Personal descrip-
tion : Height, 5 feet 8 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown. Colored.
Forman, Sylvia
September 17, 1935, Sylvia Forman, $4.05 (visas). Passport No. 164624, Feb-
ruary 5, 1935. Claims birth in Russia on January 28, 1911 ; naturalized through
father, Jacob Forman, before the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York at New York City on September 28, 1920; address at 4251
Leidy Avenue, care of Joseph Piusker, Philadelphia, Pa. Personal description :
Height, 5 feet 3 inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, brown.
Fortin , Romeo
August 21, 1935, Romeo Fortin, $141.00. Aged 23 years; female; born in
Canada, citizen of that country; arrived in the United States, August 19, 1935:
French race ; occupation, clerk ; single. Destination : Moscow.
G annes, Harry
July 1, 193S, Harry Gannes, $226.25. Passport No. 154166, November 14, 1934.
Born in England on August 27, 1900; naturalized through father, Baruat, before
circuit court of Cook County at Chicago, on December 6, 1917. Destination :
France and Great Britain. Address in June 1940 — Westport, Conn. Personal
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a13
description: Height, 5 feet 10M» inches; hair, dark brown; eyes, brown; occupa-
tion, journalist.
Cannes , Hdldnc
Windermere Hotel, Chicago, 111. Identifying witness, Harry Cannes, 1930
passport application.
Gascoyne, Douglas
August 21, 1935, Douglas Gascoyne, $141. Aged 34 years ; born in England ; citi-
zen of that country; arrived in the United States August 21, 1935; English race;
occupation, worker ; single. Destination : Moscow.
Gilbert , Florence
12S0 Clay Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness, Joseph A. Desrosiers.
Click, Ralph
107 Essex Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Frances Marsh Hun-
gary.
Goldberg , Milton
371 Monroe Street, Passaic, N. J. Identifying witness (1930), Moritz Marcus.
Good , Manuel W.
332S West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. Identifying witness, Emil E. A. Luch-
terhand.
Gordon, Philip
June 20, 1937, Mr. and Mrs. P. Gordon, $373. July 2, 1937, Mr. and Mrs. P.
Gordon, $1.38. Passport No. 450931, June 25, 1937. Includes wife, Ruth
Fleischer Gordon, born at New York City, February 30, 1909. Claims birth at
Newark, N. J., December 14, 1894, and address at 24 Johnson Avenue, Newark,
N. J. Destination : Moscow and Havre. Personal description : Height, 5 feet S
inches ; hair, black ; eyes, blue.
Graclian , Francis G.
March 4, 1935, Francis G. Grachan, $132.70. Passport No. 163466, January
25, 1935. Claimed birth at Chicago, 111., on March 20, 1910. Believed to be an
imposter, Steve Yandrieh. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height,
5 feet 0 V 2 inches ; hair, chestnut brown ; eyes, brown.
Grachan, Joseph
1124 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Identifying witness, Wm. Koranda.
Graham, John
March 4, 1935, John Graham, $133.45. Passport No. 158299, December 13,
1934. Claims birth at New York City on April 28, 1903; address as 208 West
Hanover Street, Trenton, N. J. Destination : Moscow. Personal description :
Height, 5 feet, 5 inches ; hair, light brown ; eyes, grey.
Granicli , George
417 East 12th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, 1930 passport
application of Isaac Granich.
Granicli, Isaac
October 13, 1937, Isaac Granich, $179.80. Passport No. 3710 (New York
series), J'une 12, 1935. Claims birth at New York City on April 12, 1893;
address at 375 Bleecker Street, New York City. Destination: Cherbourg,
(Paris). Personal description: Height, 5 feet, 7% inches; hair, brown: eyes,
black.
Grant, Morris
166 Beach 126th, Rockaway Park, New York City. Identifying witness.
Minnie Brooks.
Greenberg, Gilbert
November 16, 1934, Gilbert Greenberg, $132.40. Passport No. 460589, Jan-
uary 23, 1932. Destination : Moscow. July 30, 1935, G. Greenberg, $205.45.
June 2. 1937, Gilbert Green $428.25. Passport No. 339138 August 15, 1936.
Claims birth at Chicago, 111., September 24, 1906. Address at 2700 Bronx Park
East, New York City. One of most important persons in international Com-
72723— 57— pt. 23a 2
A 14 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
munist movement. Passport, Gilbert Greenberg. Destination : U. S. S. R., Mos-
cow. April 27, 1938, Gilbert Green, $230.73. Destination : Round trip to
Paris. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 7 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown ;
occupation, writer. Also identifying witness, Isidore Klinghoffer and Adolph
Bassen (1931). Other addresses: 1855 Seventh Ave., Apartment 4A, New York
City, and 118 Sheriff Street, New York City.
Guida , Francesco Salvatore
$134.90. Passport No. 235342, August 12, 1935. Claims birth at Tampa, Fla.,
on June 28, 1910; address as 346 East 21st Street, New York City. Destina-
tion : Moscow. Personal description : Height 5 feet, 3 y 2 inches ; hair, dark
brown ; eyes, brown ; distinguishing marks, mole on left cheek.
Rail, Otto
2800 Bronx Park East, New York City. Identifying witness, Marcus
Alphons Murphy.
Hampkins , Nicholas Peter
September 17, 1935, N. P. Hampkins, $132.70. Passport No. 4314 (New York
series), August 26, 1935. Claims birth at Port Washington, Wis. on February
11, 1S96 ; address at Kenosha, Wis. Destination : Moscow. Personal descrip-
tion : Height, 5 feet, 4 inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, blue.
Harris , Lenient Upham
October 4, 1935, L. Harris, $127.60. Passport No. 205179, June 5, 1935.
Claims birth at Chicago, on March 1, 1904: address as P. O. Box 540, Minne-
apolis, Minn. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height 6 feet %
inch ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown ; distinguishing marks, scar, left cheek.
Harrison , Margaret
August 21, 1935, Margaret Harrison, $132.00. Aged 28 ; born Canada and citi-
zen of that country. Arrived in the United States August 13, 1935. Occupa-
tion: Housewife. Married. Destination: Moscow.
Hiat, Joseph
19 East 16th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Nathan Rosen-
berg.
Hirsclifield, Bernard A.
720 West End Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness, Samuel Liptzen.
Holul '), Bobie
330 East 12th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Lillian Dinkin.
H or witz, Dorothy
3444 Grand Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minn. Identifying witness, Leah
Schneider.
Hudson, Roy Bannerman
July 2, 1935, Roy B. Hudson, $142.10. Passport, New York series 3195, Octo-
ber 16, 1931. Renewed at New York on September 4, 1934. Claims birth at Tono-
pah, Nev., on April 9, 1904; address 318 East 11th Street, New York City (in
1931) ; 237 East 12th Street, New York City (in 1934). Personal description:
Height, 6 feet linch ; hair, brown ; eyes, hazel.
Hunter, Peter
August 21, 1935, Peter Hunter, $141. Aged 22 years ; born in Scotland ; Cana-
dian citizen. Arrived in the United States August 19, 1935 ; English race ; occu-
pation, salesman ; single. Destination : Moscow.
Irnngary, Frances Marsh
$133. Passport No. 236445, August 17, 1935. CJaims birth at Brooklyn, N. Y.,
on August 22, 1912 ; address at 507 West 138th Street, New York City. Destina-
tion : Moscow. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 2 y 2 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes,
hazel.
Jackson, R . J .
340 East 19th Street, New York City. Identifying winess, Roy Bannerman
Hudson.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a15
Jacobson, Louis
23 Sanhican Drive, Trenton, N. J. Identifying witness, 1927 passport appli-
cation of Leon Jacobson (Josephson?).
Johnson , Oakley Galvin
September 22, 1937, Oakley Johnson, $111. September 28, 1937, Oakley John-
son, $5.50. Passport No. 192492, May 10, 1937. Claims birth at Standisli, Mich.,
on March 22, 1890 : address at 56 West 104th Street, New York City, and 52 West
93d Street, New York City. Destination: Havre. Notation: “Did not use pre-
paid ticket from Havre ordered September. xVsk for refund.” Personal descrip-
tion : Height 5 feet 8 inches ; hair, grey ; eyes, blue.
Joscphson , Barney
January 8, 1935, Barney Josephson, $178.55. Passport No. 158G03, December
15, 1934. Claims birth at Trenton, N. J., on February 1, 1902, and address at
23 Sanliican Drive, Trenton, N. J. Destination : Moscow. Personal description :
Height, 5 feet 7 inches ; hair, brown-grey ; eyes, blue ; distinguishing marks or
features, mark under right jaw.
Joscphson, Leon
January 7, 1935, Leon Josephson, $66. Passport No. 15S380, December 13, 1934.
Born Latvia, June 17, 1898, and naturalized in United States District Court at
Newark, N. J., on April 25, 1921 ; address, 23 Sanhican Drive, Trenton, N. J.
Personal description : Height, 5 feet, 11 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, grey ; occu-
pation, lawyer.
Joyce , Robert L.
37 Hathaway Place, Glen Ridge, N. J. Identifying witness, Philip Gordon.
Kardash , William
August 26, 1935, Wm. A. Kardash, $123.70. Aged 23 years; born in Canada;
British subject; arrived in the United States August 19, 1935; Ukrainian race;
occupation, farmer ; single. Destination : Moscow.
Kashton , William
August 26, 1935. Wm. Kashton, $123.70. Aged 26 years; born in Canada;
British subject; arrived in the United States August 22, 1935; Hebrew race;
occupation, shipper ; single. Destination : Moscow.
Kessler, Leo
853 Broadway, New York City. Identifying witness, Nathan Lilienstein.
Kilner, Charles
126 Goerek Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Paul Bohus.
Kirk, Paul 8.
$133. Passport No. 233475, August 2, 1935. Claims birth at Maryland, Ala.,
on June 30, 1911; 6525 Cameron, Detroit, Mich. Destination: Moscow. Person-
al description: Height, 5 feet 9 inches; hair, black; eyes, black; distinguishing
marks, small scar on forehead. Colored.
Kirk, Tony
1029 Kirby Avenue East, Detroit, Mich. Identifying witness, Paul S. Kirk.
Kish, Elmer
$134.90. Passport No. 225316, July 6, 1935. Claims birth at Duquesne, Pa.,
October 11, 1910; address at 521 South Central Avenue, Canonsburg, Pa. Des-
tination: Moscow. Personal description: Height, 5 feet 8 inches; hair, brown;
eyes, brown-grey; distinguishing marks, scar upper lip. Also identifying wit-
ness, Gabor Kish.
Kish , Gabor
$133. Passport No. 235739, August 14, 1935. Claims birth at Koehler, N.
Mex., on July 13, 1915; address at 521 South Central Avenue, Canonsburg, Pa.
Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 9 inches ; hair,
sandy ; eyes, brown.
Kitzes, Max
2800 Bronx Park East, Bronx, N. Y. Identifying witness, Andera Omholt.
A 16 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Klingh offer, Isidore
February 6, 1935, Isidore Klinghoffer, $133.45. Passport No. 4605S7, January
23, 1932. Claims birth at New York City on August 14, 1911, and address as 11*8
Sheriff Street, New York City. Destination : Moscow. Personal description :
Height, 5 feet 7 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown. Also identifying witness,
Gilbert Greenburg, 1932 application. No witness on 1936 application.
Koranda , William
June 13, 1935, Wm. Koranda, $132.70. Passport No. 181227, April 23, 1935.
Claims birth at Chicago, 111., on February 6, 1895 ; ad Iress as 1849 South Loomis
Street, Chicago, 111. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height, 5
feet 6 inches ; hair, brown-grey ; eyes, brown : distinguishing marks, scar over
left eyebrow.
Koslow , May
27S South 58th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Patrick Toohey.
Krieger , Samson
$134.70. Passport No. 22S8S0, July 17, 1935. Claims birth in Poland on
August 20, 1902 ; naturalized through father, Abraham, before the common pleas
court of Middesex County at New Brunswick, N. J., on January 12, 1922 ; address,
54 Midwood Avenue, Yonkers, N. Y. Personal description : Height 5 feet 5
inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Kuleslce , George
149 Pierrepont Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Joseph Figueiredo.
La Belle , Honor e T.
31 West 16th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Ellen Alspaugh.
Lerner , Abraham
1420 College Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. Identifying witness, Annie Morrison.
Lerner , Joseph
358 West 23d Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Clarence I. Prince.
LiUcnslein y Nathan
January 7, 1935. Nathan Lilienstein, $179.25. Passport No. 156794, Decem-
ber 3, 1934. Claims birth in Poland; naturalized before the Superior Court of
Massachusetts at Brockton on May 23, 1913 ; address as 2737 Barnes Avenue,
Bronx, N. Y. Destination : U. S. S. R. Personal description : Height, 5 feet
3 inches; hair, dark; eyes, brown.
Lilienstein , Regina
April 23, 1935, R. Lilienstein, $178.35. Passport No. 159670, December 27,
1934. Claims birth at Warsaw, Poland, on January 15, 1S83 ; naturalized before
the Superior Court of Massachusetts at Brockton on May 23, 1913 ; and address
at 2737 Barnes Avenue, New York City. Destination, Moscow. Personal de-
scription : Height, 4 feet 11% inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, blue.
Liptzen , Samuel
July 2, 1935, Samuel Liptzen, $164.26. Passport No. 144959, August 31, 1934.
Claims birth in Poland on March 13, 1893 ; naturalization before the Supreme
Court of New York at New York City on March 13, 1917 ; and address as 208
West 14th Street, New York City. Destination, Soviet Union. Personal de-
scription : height, 5 feet 5 inches ; hair, brown, partly bald ; eyes brownish grey.
Li t va ck off , Isaiah
July 2, 1935 — I. Litvackoff — $187.20. Passport No. 211733 — June 13, 1935.
Claims birth at USSR, September 18, 1SS4 : naturalized before the quarter ses-
sions court of Philadelphia County, at Philadelphia, Pa., on January 28, 1915 ;
address 6619 North 17th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Destination, Moscow. Per-
sonal description : height, 5 feet 5 inches ; hair, blonde ; eyes, blue.
Lucliterhand , Emil E. A.
$134.90. Passport No. 230S26, July 23, 1935. Claims birth at Colby, Wis., on
December 21, 1908; address at 1951 North Richmond Street, Chicago, 111. Des-
tination, Moscow. Personal description: height, 5 feet 11% inches; hair,
blonde ; eyes, light blue.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES A 17
Malone , Edwin Harold
September 17, 1935, Edwin Malone, $132.70. Passport No. 237959, August 27,
1935. Claims birth at Darlington, Pa., on November 11, 1913; address at 38
Morton Place, New York City. Destination, Moscow. Personal description :
height, 5 feet 4 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, dark brown ; colored.
Manuel , Vicente
1053 Sn. Marcelino, Manila, Philippine Islands. Identifying witness, Crisanto
Evangelista.
Marcus , Moritz
August 26, 1935, Moritz Marcus, $130.50. Passport No. 61 (Moscow), July 23,
1934. Claims birth at New York City on July 24, 1903; 8 Hope Ave., Passaic,
N. J., address. Destination, Moscow. True name, Joseph Harrison, sentenced
in connection with murder of chief of police of Gastonia, N. C. Personal de-
scription: height, 5 feet 5 inches; hair, dark brown; eyes, brown; distinguish-
ing marks, portion of middle finger on right hand missing. Two scars on left
hand.
Marion , Mary C.
1213 Ohio Avenue, Morrisville, Pa. Identifying witness, Barney Josephson.
Marotieh , Milo
335 Connors Avenue, Detroit, Mich. Identifying witness, Peter Vukcevich.
Mar r on, Mary
40 Monroe Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Shoshano Meltzer.
Maty as, Zoran
March 29, 1935, Zoran Matyas, $132.70 Passport No. 162733, January 21,
1935. Claims birth at Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 4, 1908 ; address at 2045 Grant,
Detroit, Mich. Destination, Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 11
inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
May, Doris
August 21, 1935, Doris Edna May, $141.00. Aged 19 years ; female ; born in
Canada ; Canadian citizen ; arrived in the United States on August 25, 1935 ;
English race ; occupation, student ; single. Destination, Moscow.
Mayfield , Obie
1203 North 42d Place, Birmingham, Ala. Identifying witness, James Charles
Cooper.
McConnell, Dorothy F .
116 Waverly Place, New York City. Identifying witness, Margaret Undjus.
Meltzer , Clara
52 West 40th Street, New Y~ork City. Identifying witness, Annie Nyland.
Meltzer , Shoshano
August 26, 1935, Shoshano Meltzer, $2.25 (visa only). New York series pass-
port No. 4283, August 20, 1935. Claims birth at New York City on April 6, 1914 ;
address at 1165 Simpson Street, New York City. Destination, Moscow. Personal
description : height, 5 feet 1 inch ; hair, light brown ; eyes, blue.
Menihew , Orlando David
1738 Fillmore Street, San Francisco, Calif. Identifying witness, George
Nagura.
Minor , Lydia Gibson
Mount Airy Road, Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y. Identifying witness, Robert Minor
(1932 application) . No witness on 1936 application.
Minor, Robert
August 4, 1935, Robert Minor, $295.30. Passport No. 6874 (New York series),
December 15, 1936. Claims birth at San Antonio, Tex. on July 15, 1884; address
at Mount Airy Road, Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y. Destination : Le Havre. Alias
Robert M. Long. Personal description : height, 6 feet ; hair, grey ; eyes, brown ;
occupation, journalist.
a 18 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Morrise , Arthur Walter
August 21, 1935, Arthur Morris, $141. Aged 27 years ; born in Canada ;
Canadian citizen ; arrived in the United States August 23, 1935 ; English race ;
occupation, miner ; single. Destination, Moscow.
Morrison , Annie
March 4, 1935, Annie Morrison, $171.70. Passport No. 159088, December 20,
1934. Claims birth at New York City on January 22, 1909; address as 214
West 16th Street. New York City. Destination, Moscow. Personal description;
height, 5 feet 2 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Mudge , Grover C.
Foret Richy Building, Trenton, N- Y. Identifying witness. John Graham.
Mullen , Lawrence
September 17, 1935, Lawrence Mullen, $131.65. Aged 31 years; born in
Canada ; Canadian citizen. English race ; occupation, trainman ; married. Desti-
nation, Moscow.
Murphy 9 Mareus Alphonse
July 5, 1935, M. Murphy, $124.70. Passport No. 145710, September 6, 1934.
Claims birth at McRae, Ga., on June 23, 1908, and address at 56 West 127th,
New York City. Destination, Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 11
inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown.
Nagura , George
July 2, 1935, George Nagura, $166.50. San Francisco series passport No. 16963,
June 25, 1932. Claims birth at San Francisco, Calif., on August 4, 1906 ; address
at 48 West Washington Street, Stocktou, Calif. Destination, Moscow. Personal
description : height, 5 feet 8 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown.
Novotnak , George
$133. Passport No. 235778, August 14, 1935. Claims birth at Bened, 111.,
on February 17, 1915 ; address at 6026 South Halstead, Chicago, 111. Destination,
Moscow. Personal description: height, 5 feet 9 % inches; hair, blonde; eyes,
grey.
Nyland, Annie
July 5, 1935, Annie Nyland, $130.50. Passport No. 216250, June 19, 1935.
Claims birth at New York City on February 9, 1909 ; address at 52 West 40th
Street, New York City. Destination, Moscow. Personal description : height,
5 feet 1 inch ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, brown.
Offncr , Hose
3431 East 126th Street, Cleveland, Ohio. Identifying witness, Hyman S-
Schneider.
Olmstead, Philip
52 West 93d Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Oakley Calvin John-
son.
Omholt, Anders
September 13, 1937, Mr. and Mrs. A. Omholt, $418.94. Passport No. 144788,
August 30, 1934. Born in Norway, November 19, 1883; naturalized before the
United States district court at Williston, N. Dak-, on March 7, 1911 ; residing at
1524 West 4th Street, Grand Island, Nebr. Address in June, 1937, R. D., Er-
winna, Pa. Destination, Moscow. Personal description : height, 6 feet 1 inch ;
hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Omholt, Ella Reeve Bloor
September 13, 1937, Mr. and Mrs. A. Omholt, $418.94. Passport No. 2309 (New
York series), July 27, 3934. Claims birth at Staten Island, New York, on July 8,
1862, and address as 103% East Front Street, Apt. 1, Grand Island, Nebraska,
and R. D. Erwinna, Pa. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : height,
5 feet ; hair, grey ; eyes, brown.
O’Neil, Robert
141 West 122nd Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Wilfred Cottle
Taylor.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY ENT THE UNITED STATES Al9
Pasternak , Louis
December 10, 1934, Louis Pasternak, $181.80. Passport No. 559025, October 7,
1932. Claims birth Poland, August 31, 1889 ; naturalized before Supreme Court
of New York at New York City on July 21, 1915 ; address, 105 East 19tli Street,
New York City. Destination: Russia. Personal description: height, 5 feet 4
inches ; hair, black-grey ; eyes, brown.
Peebles , ITurlcy Golden
$133.00. Passport No. 234865, August 9, 1935. Claims birth at New Bern,
North Carolina, May G, 1911. (Application cannot be located.)
Peters , Naomi
1GG4 Weeks Avenue, Bronx, New York. Identifying witness, George Novotnak.
Petras , Ilelcn
$134.90. Passport No. 2190G4, June 24, 1935. Claims birth at Chicago, Illinois,
on August 15, 1914 ; address as 2G08 Lawrence, Chicago, Illinois. Destination :
Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 5 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, hazel.
Petras , Tvissor ( ?)
2608 Lawrence Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. Identifying witness, Helen Petras.
Poole, Grace
333 East 11th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Samson Kreiger.
Prince , Clarence Iso?n
$134.90. Passport No. 23391G, August 5, 1935. Claims birth at Greencastle,
Indiana, on August 10, 1910 ; address at 1043 South Pershing Avenue, Indianap-
olis, Indiana. Destination: Moscow. Personal description: height, 5 feet 10
inches ; hair, blonde ; eyes, blue.
Rabinowitz , Aaron
June 12, 1937, Aaron Rabinowitz, $25.00. July 19, 1937, Aaron Rabinowitz,
172.55. July 28, 1937, Aaron Rabinowitz, 4.75. Passport No. 463044, July 19,
1937. Claims birth at New York City on August 13, 1906; address at 3&-20 73rd
Street, Queens, New York. Destination : U. S. S. R. Personal description :
height, 5 feet 9 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Rabino ic i tz , M iri a m
35-20 73rd Street, Queens, New York. Identifying witness, Aaron Rabinowitz.
Rakiczy , Michael
134 East 2nd Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Ann Burlak.
Rearncy , James S.
Keller Hotel, 150 Barron Street, New York City. Identifying witness, David
Drummond.
Rochester , Sterling Taylor
$133.00. Passport No. 234264, August 6, 1935. Claims birth near Barclay, Md.,
on October 15, 1901 ; address at 108 Olive Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Destination :
Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 6 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown.
Colored.
Rosenberg , Nathan
August 20, 1937, Nathan Rosenberg, $177.70. Passport No. 410840, May 12,
1937. Born in Russia September 23, 1888 ; naturalized in United States District
Court at New Y'ork City on February 26, 1925 ; address : 286 Ft. Washington
Avenue, New York City. Personal description : height, 5 feet 4 inches ; hair,
brown ; eyes, blue. Destination: Cherbourg (Paris).
Ross , George
August 26, 1935, George Ross, $225.70. Passport No. 4147 (New York series),
July 30, 1935. Claims birth at New York City on September 14, 1900 ; address
at 229 West 20th Street, New York City. Actually Wm. Browder, brother of
Earl Browder. Personal description : height, 5 feet 9 inches ; hair, dark brown ;
eyes, blue.
Schneider , Helen
31 Bank Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Mary C. Burke.
a20 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Schneider, Hyman S.
$134.90. Passport No. 219S59, June 25, 1935. Claims birth at New York City
on March 20, 1904 ; address as 3431 East 126th Street, Cleveland, Ohio. Destina-
tion : Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 5 y 2 inches ; hair, black ;
eyes, brown.
Schneider, Leah
January S, 1935, L. Schneider, $11.75. Passport No. 132774, July 9, 1934.
Claims birth Russia, April 5, 1912 ; naturalization through father, Isaac Schnei-
der, at United States District Court of Minnesota at Minneapolis on December 13,
1919 ; address at 1317 Queen Avenue North, Minneapolis. Court order changing
name from Sralchart. Destination : Russia. Personal description : height,
5 feet 4 inches *, hair, dark brown ; eyes, brown ; distinguishing marks, tiny mole
on right side of nose.
Seligson, Herman A.
2737 Barnes Avenue, Bronx, New York. Identifying witness, Regina Lilien-
stein.
Smullins , Isaac
February 6, 1935. I. Smullins, $286.25. Passport No. 85260, April 2, 1934.
Claims birth in Russia on May 15, 1887, and naturalization before the United
States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit on June 6,
1919; address 2712 Sturtevant Street, Detroit, Michigan. Personal description:
height 5 feet 5 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, grey ; distinguishing marks, mole on
right wrist.
Snipe , Hammie
69 AVest 139th Street, New l r ork City. Identifying witness, Sidney E. Spencer.
Spencer , Sidney Edward
$134.90. Passport No. 235098, August 9, 1935. Claims birth at St. Matthews,
South Caro., on March 21, 1912; address as 131 AVest 123rd Street, New York
City. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 9 inches ;
hair, black ; eyes, brown. Colored.
Steele , Alfred
314 East 11th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Francesco S. Guida.
Sussman , Mina
550 Ft. AVashington Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness, Lillian
Livien Brandes.
Sivaim , O.
2S South Street, New York City. Identifying witness, 1930 passport applica-
tion of Patrick Toobey.
Taft , Vera
August 2, 193S, A r era Taft, $14S.OO. August 2, 193S, Vera Taft, $13.75. Pass-
port No. 572327, July 26, 193S. Claims birth at Norwich, Conn., on March 16,
1913; address as 244 AVaverly Place, New York City. Destination: Russia and
Finland. Personal description : height, 5 feet 1 inch ; hair, brown ; eyes, green.
Taylor , Dora
1042 Union Street, Brooklyn, New York. Identifying witness, Wirt Thompson
Taylor.
Taylor , E. Samuel
512 Hammond Building, Detroit, Michigan. Itentifying witness, Isaac
Smullins.
Taylor , Wilfred Cotile
$136.00. Passport No. 561149, October 21, 1932. Claims birth at B. W. I.
February 3, 1910; naturalization through father, Frederick G., before the
United States District Court at Philadelphia on September 10, 1919; address
at 63 York Street, New Haven, Conn. Destination : Moscow. Personal descrip-
tion : height, 6 feet 2 y 2 in. ; hair, black ; eyes, brown. Colored.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a21
Taylor , Wirt Robinson
$134.90. Passport No. 234320, August 7, 1935. Claims birth at Norton, Tenn.,
on July 1, 1908; address as 1042 Union Street, Brooklyn, New York. Destination :
Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 9 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Thompson, Robert George
August 26, 1935, R. G. Thompson, $2.25 (Visa) Passport No. 236644, August
19, 1935. Claims birth at Grant’s Pass, Oregon, on June 21, 1915; address at
348 East 19th Street, New York City. Destination : Moscow. Personal descrip-
tion : height, 5 feet 10 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Timpson, Arthur Edward
$133.00. Passport No. 223432, July 2, 1935. Claims birth in Esthonia on
February 11, 1905 ; naturalization through father, Heury Timpson, before the
Circuit Court of Lincoln County at Merrill, Wisconsin, on May 11, 1923 ; address
at 1409 Prospect Avenue, New York City. Destination : Moscow. Personal de-
scription : height, 5 feet 10 inches ; hair, light brown ; eyes, blue.
Toohey , Patrick
August 16, 193S, Patrick Toohey, $139.89 and $163.88. Passport No. 536363,
May 20, 1938. Claims birth at Barnesboro, Pennsylvania, on September 22,
1904; address at 4606 Walnut, Apt. A, Philadelphia, Pa. Destination: Russia.
Personal description : height, 5 feet lO 1 ^ in. ; hair, light brown ; eyes, grey.
Undjus, Margaret
July 30, 1935, Margaret Cowl, $137.40. Passport No. 223410, July 2, 1935.
Born at Brooklyn, New York, January 25, 1897, and lost American citizenship by
marriage on November 27, 1915, to alien, Joseph Undjus. Reaquired American
citizenship on April 12, 1923, by naturalization. Supposed to be wife of Charles
Krumbein. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 2
inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Vukcevich , Peter
March 29, 1935, Peter Vukcevich, $132.70. Passport No. 166864, February 21,
1935. Claims birth in Yugoslavia on October 17, 1896; naturalization at the
United States District Court at Detroit, Michigan, on October 17, 1927 ; and
address at 9933 Tractor Street, Dearborn, Michigan. Destination : Moscow.
Personal description ; height, 5 feet 8*4 in- ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, brown. Also
identifying witness, Zoran Matyas.
Waldman , Seymour
September 10, 1937, S. Waldman, $298.55. Passport No. 471501, August 19,
1937. Claims birth at New York City on February 20, 1905 ; address at 35 East
12th Street, New York City. Destination : Havre (Paris). Personal description :
height, 5 feet 10^ in. ; hair, black ; eyes, blue ; occupation, journalist.
Webber, Fletcher W.
50 Reed Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Identifying witness, Benjamin
Careathers.
Weiss, Morris
August 26, 1935, Morris Weiss, $2.25 (Visa only). Passport No. 235656,
August 13, 1935. Claims birth at Newark, New Jersey, on December 5, 1909; ad-
dress at 240 West 16th Street, New York City. Personal description : height,
5 feet 8 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, gray ; distinguishing marks, scar on right
cheek bone.
Weiss, Sadie (formerly Sady Saffin Bloom, known as Sady Saffin)
$239.25. Passport No. 235668, August 13, 1935. Claims birth at New York
City on July 3, 1902 ; address at 308 West 15th Street, New York City. Personal
description : height, 5 feet 1 inch ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, brown.
Wiederhorn, Max
1297 Hor Avenue, Bronx, New York. Identifying witness, Samuel Wieder-
horn.
Wiederhorn, Samuel
$133.00. Passport No. 236123, August 15, 1935. Claims birth at New York
City on August 11, 1911 ; address at 1297 Hor Avenue, Bronx, New York.
a22 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Destination : Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 0 inches ; hair,
brown ; eyes, brown.
Williams , Chester
1351 Leland, Detroit, Mich. Identifying witness, Lonnie Williams.
Williams , Lonnie
$133.00. Passport No. 00325. September 11, 1933. Claims birth at Louisville,
Kentucky, on March 6, 1908 ; address as 1351 Leland Street, Detroit, Mich. Desti-
nation : Moscow. Personal description : height, 5 feet 7 inches ; hair, black ;
eyes, brown ; distinguishing marks, scar on left cheek. Colored.
Williamson , John
July 5, 1935, John Williamson, $189.60. Passport No. 202068, May 31, 1935.
Claims birth at San Francisco, California, on June 23, 1902 : address at 131 East
7th Street, New, York City. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : height,
5 feet, 4 inches ; hair, light brown ; eyes, blue.
Yagoda , Charley
1351 St. John’s Place, Brooklyn, New York. Identifying witness, Nicholas
Peter Hampkins.
Youkelson , Rubin
362 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New York. Identifying witness, Buth
Youkelson.
Youkelson , Ruth
August 26, 1935, Ruth Youkelson, $133.00. Passport No. 428 (New York series)
August 21, 1938. Claims birth at Chicago, Illinois, on August 31, 1916 ; address at
362 Eastern Parkway, New York City. Destination : Moscow. Personal
description : height, 5 feet, 7 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Zuskar, John
4410 West Rice Street, Chicago, Illinois. Identifying witness, James Elovich.
Peimoff Account
Amis, Benjamin De Wayne
March 7, 1933, Amis, $142.05. November 24, 1933, Benj. Amis, 164.90. Pass-
port No. 50, March 6, 1933. Claims birth at Chicago, Illinois, on July 7, 1896, and
address at 9122 Park Gate, Cleveland, Ohio. Destination : Moscow. Personal
description : height, 5 feet, 11 in. ; hair, black ; eyes, brown. Negro.
Anstrom , Otto Edvold
March 6, 1934, Alton Anstrom, $13.10. Passport No. 79983, February 27, 1934.
Claims birth at Wilton, North Dakota, on December 26, 1897, and address at
Wilton, North Dakota. Destination : U. S. S. R. Personal description : height, 6
feet ; hair, light brown ; eyes, blue-grey.
Ashford , James, Jr.
November 9, 1932, James Ashford, $90.21. Passport No. 563616, November 8,
1932. Claims birth at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, on March 3, 1910, and address as
630 East 14th Street, New York City. Personal description : height, 5 feet, 11 in. ;
hair, dark; eyes, brown. Negro.
Barron, Victor A.
June 17, 1932, Victor A. Barron, $97.00. He was born at Portland, Oregon, on
September 16, 1909, and issued Passport No. 520586 on June 10, 1932. He is the
son of Harry George, a prominent Communist. Barron went to Rio de Janiero
where he died on March 6, 1936. Personal description : height, 6 feet y 2 inch ;
hair, brown ; eyes, hazel.
Bassen , Adolph
November 10, 1933, A. Bassen, visas $2.50. Passport No. 445173 October 8,
1931, renewed November 2, 1933. Claims birth in Russia on September 16, 1907 ;
naturalization through father, Joseph Basseu, before the Supreme Court of Bronx
County at New York City on January 6, 1928 ; and address as 635 Jefferson Place,
New York City. Personal description: height, 5 feet, iy 2 in.; hair, dark blonde;
eyes, brown.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a23
Jicdacht, Max
March 28, 1932, Bedacht, $113.50. Passport No. 809, March 10, 1933. Born
in Germany on October 13, 1883, and naturalized before Superior Court of Cali-
fornia at San Francisco on April 9, 1915. Address: 20-42 East 37th Street,
Brooklyn, N. Y. Same address shown in 1937. Personal description : Height,
5 feet 7 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown ; occupation : notary public.
Brown , Moses
Passport No. 450337 was issued on November 10, 1931, in the name of Moses
Brown. The true name of this individual is Jack Stacbel who went abroad in
1931 with Earl Russell Browder who at that time was using a passport in the
name of Albert H. Richards. Personal description: Height, 5 feet 6 inches;
hair, dark brown ; eyes, brown.
Burches , Charles Williams
August IS. 1932, Ch. Burches, $102.20. He was issued passport No. 7558 (Chi-
cago series) on June 8, 1932, upon an application showing that he was born at
Chicago, 111., on February 12, 1911. Destination, Leningrad. Personal descrip-
tion : Height, 6 feet; hair, brown; eyes, blue; distinguishing marks, scar on
right cheek.
Clioate , Richard Stephen
January 11, 1933, Choates, $133.05. Passport No. 570997, January 5, 1933.
True name thought to be Bienko (Branko). Also made application in name of
Louis Paretti. Personal description: Height, 5 feet 9% inches; hair, black;
eyes, brown ; distinguishing marks, scar on upper lip.
Clark , George Luther
December 4, 1933, G. Clark, $120. Passport No. 987, New York series, Novem-
ber 10, 1933. Claims birth at Cincinnati, Ohio, on February 4, 1908, and address
at 233 Stanton Street, New York City. Destination: U. S. S. R. Personal de-
scription: Height, 6 feet 2 l / 2 inches; hair, blonde; eyes, blue-grey.
Bight , Lloyd Louis
October 4, 1933, L. L. Dight, $131. Passport No. 62458, September 25, 1933.
Claims birth at St. Paul, Minn., April 3, 1913, and address as 313 East 13th
Street, New York City. Destination : Leningrad. Personal description : Height,
5 feet 3V 2 inches; hair, black; eyes, brown; distinguishing marks, scar on 2d
joint, left thumb. Negro.
Eggert y Kenneth Franklin
November 4, 1932, Kenneth F. Eggert, $93.20. Passport No. 562978, November
3, 1932. Claims birth at Toledo, Ohio, on November 28, 1906; address, 3126
126th Street, Point Place, Toledo, Ohio. Personal description : Height, 5 feet
1 inch ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Bidder, Anna
October 20, 1933, Anna Eichler, $118. Passport No. 64472, October 11, 1933.
Claims birth at New York City, April 5, 1910, and address at 20 West 84th
Street, % Du Bois, New York City. Destination : U. S. S. R. Personal descrip-
tion : Height, 5 feet 4V 2 inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, dark brown.
Ellison , Ralph David
November 9, 1932, Ralph D. Ellison, $90.21. Passport No. 563508, November
7, 1932. Claims birth at Chicago, 111., on October 10, 1909, and address as 3116
South Racine Avenue, Chicago, 111. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 8
inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Ford , James William
January 30, 1934, J. W. Ford, $75. Passport No. 267928, June 9, 1930. Born,
Pratt City, Ala., December 22, 1893. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 8^
inches; hair, black; eyes, brown; Negro; occupation, news correspondent.
Fox , John William
June 21, 1932, John Wm. Fox, $106.50. This person was known as Bart. He
is alleged to he the husband of the woman who obtained passports in names of
Rosa Saffin and Annie Morrison. He was issued passport No. 521459 on June
11, 1932. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 9 y 2 inches ; hair, black ; eyes,
brown.
a24 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Freedman , Bernard
July 8, 1932, Bernard Freedman, $122.10. He was issued passport No. 480827
on April 10, 1932, claiming birth in Russia on February 2, 1882. Personal descrip-
tion : Height, 5 feet 3 inches; hair, black; eyes, brown. Occupation, electrical
engineer. Destination : U. S. S. R.
Gellert, Hugo
November 4, 1932, Hugo Gellert, $93.20. Passport No. 502610, November 1,
1932. Born, Budapest, Hungary, May 3, 1892. Naturalized through father,
Adolf Greenbaum, Supreme Court of New York at New York City on December
19, 1912. Previously issued passport No. 400744 on May 26, 1927. Address,
Buckhout Road, White Plains, N. Y. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 9
inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Goetz , Wm.
June 10, 1933, Wm. Goetz, $140. Passport No. 28588, June 6, 1933. Claims
birth at Chicago, 111., on July 11, 1911, and address as 0938 Barrie Avenue,
Dearborn, Mich. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height, 5 feet
IOV 2 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Greenberg , Gilbert
March 7, 1933, Greenberg, $142.05. Passport No. 460589, January 23, 1932.
Claims birth at Chicago, 111., on September 24, 1906, and address as 118 Sheriff
Street, % Klinghoffer, New York City. Said to be important person in inter-
national Communist movement. Destination : U. S. S. R. Personal description :
Height, 5 feet 7 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown.
Hall , Haywood
June 1, 1932, Haywood Hall, $97.50. He was issued passport No. 502724 011
May 19, 1932, upon an application showing that he was born at Omaha, Nebr.,
on February 6, 1898, and was a writer by occupation. Hall’s description is as
follows: Height, 5 feet 7% inches; hair, black; eyes, dark brown; Negro.
Halpert, Rubin
November 11, 1932, Rubin Halpert, $100.44. Passport No. 563708, November 8,
1932. Claims birth at New York City on October 12, 1910, and address as 1786
Vyse Avenue, Bronx, New York City. Personal description: Height, 5 feet 6
inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Harvey , John Adrian ce
November 4, 1932, John Harvey, $93.20. Passport No. 334259, December 31,
1930. Bora Aurora, 111., on March 1, 1904. Address, 21 Washington Square, N.,
New York City. Destination ; Moscow. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 11
inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Hawkins , Isaiah
November 9, 1932, Isaiah Hawkins, $90.31. Passport No. 563330, November 5,
1932. Claimed birth at Brownfield, Pa., May 31, 1904 ; address, 513 Main Street,
Belle Vernon, Pa. ; address on 11/30/42 was 11 Clariant Way, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Personal description : Height, 5 feet 9 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown ; distin-
guishing marks, 1-inch scar right side of nose. Negro.
Herlong , Carneller
November 4, 1932, Carneller Herlong, $93.20. Passport No. 562630, November
1, 1932. Born Ramer, Ala., October 10, 1898. Address, 1717 Talapoosa Street,
Birmingham, Ala. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 5 inches ; hair, black ;
eyes, brown. Negro.
Hoenig , Hath an
May 11, 1934, Hoenig, $120.50. Passport No. 91889, April 24, 1934. Claims
birth at New York City on May 20, 1906, and address at 321 East 18th Street,
New York City. Destination : Leningrad. Personal description : Height, 5 feet
11 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Jacobs , Henry George
April 11, 1933, Jacobs, $140. (Above includes Henry George Jacobs, Pearl
Roth Jacobs.) Passport No. 476241, April 9, 1932. True name is Harry Gannes.
His wife, Pearl Roth Gannes, obtained fraudulently passport in name of Pearl
Roth Jacobs. Destination : U. S. S. R. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 10 %
inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, brown.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a25
Jacobs , Pearl Roth
April 11, 1933, Jacobs, $140 (above includes Henry Geo. Jacobs and Pearl
Roth Jacobs). Passport No. 470242, April 9, 1932. True name is Pearl Roth
Gannes, wife of Harry Gannes who obtained fraudulent passport in name of
Henry George Jacobs. Destination : U. S. S. R. Personal description : Height,
5 feet 2 inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, brown.
Jaeger , Erich
July 26, 1932, Erich Jager, $135.40. He was issued passport No. 527948
on June 21, 1932. Claims birth at Chicago, 111., on September 10, 1886, and
address at Cold Spring Farm (Box 481), Monticello, N. Y. Personal descrip-
tion : Height, 5 feet 4 inches ; hair, black-gray ; eyes, brown.
Kesel , Joseph
November 4, 1932, Joseph Kesel, $93.20. Passport No. 562823, November 2,
1932, born, Buffalo, N. Y., January 15, 1910. Address, 780 Union Avenue,
New York City. Personal description: Height, 5 feet 10 inches; hair, black;
eyes, brown.
Landberg , Hattie
November 4, 1932, Nattie Landberg, $93.20. Passport No. 562779, November 2,
1932. Born New York City, February 6, 1904. Address, 235 East 13th Street,
New York City. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 1 inch ; hair, brown ; eyes,
grey.
Levin , Hyman
July 17, 1932, Hyman Levine, $143.70. September 22, 1933, Hyman Levine,
$129. Passport No. 548238, August 33, 1932, in name Hyman Levin. Burn at
New York City on December 3, 1893. Address 351 Riverdale Avenue, Brook-
lyn, N. Y. Destination : Leningrad. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 5
inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Lightcap, Jacob Harold
November 4, 1932, II. Lightcap, $92.70. Passport No. 561697, October 25,
1932. Born at Philadelphia, Pa., on March 26, 1896. Address, 2700 Bronx Park
East, Bronx, N. Y. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 6 inches ; hair, chest-
nut; eyes, blue; distinguishing marks, tattoo, tigure eight knot, right arm.
Manley , Sylvia
June 15, 1933, Manley, $341. Passport No. 12704, May 3, 1933. Born, Chi-
cago, 111., on April 24, 1897. Married on January 12, 1917, to Joseph Manley
who was naturalized before Superior Court of Cook County at Chicago, 111.,
on January 23, 1920. Daughter of Wm. E. Foster. Destination: Leningrad.
Personal description : Height, 5 feet 7 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown.
Marks, Leon
December 27, 1932, Leon Marks, $144.35. Passport No. 569833, December 23,
1932. Imposter of unknown identity who bears striking resemblance to person
whose photograph appears on altered passport in name of Bruno H. A. Hanke.
Also slight resemblance to person whose photograph appears on application in
name of Louis Paretti. True name thought to be Leon Platt.. Destination :
U. S. S. R. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 6 inches ; hair, dark brown ;
eyes, brown.
Mayfield , Obie
November 4, 1932, Abie Mayfield, $93.20. Passport No. 562633, November 1,
1932. Claims birth at Coldwater, Fla., on June 11, 1907, and address as 3986
14th Avenue North, Birmingham, Ala. Personal description : Height, 5 feet
10 inches ; hair, black : eyes, brown. Negro.
Minor , Robert
June 1, 1932, Robert Minor, $76.25. Born at San Antonio, Tex., on July
15, 1884, and issued passport No. 500622 on May 14, 1932. At that time his
address was Mount Airy Road, Village of Croton-on-lludson, N. Y. Latest ad-
dress shown: same as above. Minor in 1929 attempted to obtain a passport
in the name of Robert Monday Long. Personal description : Height 6 feet :
hair, grey ; eyes, brown : occupation, writer.
a26 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Mosley , Archie
November 4, 1932, Archie Mosley, $93.20. Passport No.. 562634, November 1,
1932. Born, Sturges, Miss., January 18, 1898. Address, 1608 Tombigbee
Street, Birmingham, Ala. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 8 inches ; hair,
black ; eyes, brown. Negro.
Nabried, Thomas
November 18, 1932, Thomas Nabried, $90.21. Passport No. 563038, Novem-
ber 3, 1932. Claims birth at Columbia City, Ga., on November 1. 1901, and
address as 2329 North 22d Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Destination : U. S. S. It.
Personal description : Height, 5 feet 8 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown ; distin-
guishing marks, scar by left eyebrow. Negro.
Parilla , Jack Liber
July 21, 1933, Perilla, $167.30. Passport No. 316901, September 30, 1930. Re-
newed September 27, 1932. Claims birth at New York City on September 9,
1902, and address as 1560 Grand Concourse, New York City. Was notary public
before whom fraudulent affidavit was executed in case of Geo. Morris (Appli-
cation executed by Earl R. Browder). Personal description: Height, 5 feet
2 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown ; hunchback.
Primoff, Florence
October 19, 1932, Florence Primoff, $207.75. Passport No. 558746 on October 5,
1932. Born, Krasilov, Russia, on April 7, 1903 ; married to George Primoff on
May 22, 1922 ; and residing at 2700 Bronx Park East, New York City. Destina-
tion : Soviet Union. Personal description : Height, 5 feet ; hair, black ; eyes,
brown.
Richards, Albert H.
June 30, 1932, Brown and Richards, $39.45. Passport No. 451933 issued No-
vember 19, 1931, in name of Albert Aeury Richards. This passport was fraudu-
lently obtained by Earl Russell Browder. November 10, 1933, A. Richards,
$210.75.
Baffin, Rosa
June 21, 1932, Rose Saffin, $106.50. Passport No. 520631 on June 10, 1932, in
the name of Rosa Saffin. The imposter who obtained the above-mentioned pass-
port is known as Mrs. Bart and is alleged to be the wife of Mr. Bart (?), who
obtained a passport in the name of John W. Fox. Mrs. Bart also obtained a pass-
port in the name of Annie Morrison. Personal description: Height, 5 feet 3
inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, grey.
Schiffman, Joe — Jonas Schiffman
Not identified.
Schlusberg, Harold
November 4, 1932, Harold Schlossberg, $93.20. New York Series passport No.
4313 — November 2, 1932. True name, Isaac Rijack, also uses the name John
Steuben. He is an alien. Personal description: Height, 5 feet 1 inch; hair,
brown ; eyes, blue.
Schneiderman, William
May 11, 1934, Wm. Schneiderman, $141.50. Born Russia, December 14, 1903,
and naturalized before the United States District Court for the Southern Dis-
trict of California at Los Angeles on June 10, 1927. Naturalization canceled on
June 12, 1940. Destination : Moscow. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 10
inches ; hair, auburn ; eyes, green ; distinguishing marks, wart on thumb of left
hand.
Shafran, Eva
October 28, 1932, Eva Shafran, $118.00. Passport No. 560653 on October 18,
1932. Born, Poland September 190S and naturalized before the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of New York at Brooklyn on August 25,
1925. Personal description : Height, 5 feet 2 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Smith, Vem Ralph
July 27, 1933, Yern R. Smith, $120.00. Passport No. 39754, June 23, 1933.
Claims birth at Earlimart, Calif., May S, 1891, and address as 240 Waverly Place,
New York City. Destination : Moscow. Occupation : Writer. Personal descrip-
tion : Height, 6 feet l 1 /^ inches ; hair, grey ; eyes, blue.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a27
Smullin, Ida
May 23, 1934, Isaac Smullin, $2S6.25. (Included in husband, Isaac.) Pass-
port No. 5144G5, June 3, 1932. Claims birth in Russia, June 11, 1887 ; naturaliza-
tion through husband, Isaac, at Detroit, Mich., on June 6, 1919. Application in-
cludes son, Louis, born in Detroit on February 5, 191G. Personal description :
Height, 4 feet 10 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown.
Smullin , Isaac
May 23, 1934, Isaac Smullin, $280.25. Passport No. 85200, April 2, 1934.
Claims birth in Russia on May 15, 1887 ; naturalization before the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit on June G, 1919.
Destination : Russia. Personal description : height, 5 feet 5 inches ; hair, brown ;
eyes, grey : distinguishing marks, mole on right wrist ; occupation, attorney.
Spivak , Albert P.
November 11, 1932, Alfred Spivak, $100.44. Passport No. 5G3G13, November 8,
1932. Claims birth at Clairton, Pa., April 23, 1912, and address as SOS Mulberry
Street, McKeesport, Pa. Personal description: height, 5 feet 8 inches; hair,
dark brown ; eyes, brown.
Turner, Robert
November 9, 1932, Robert F. Turner, $90.21. Passport No. 563703, November 8,
1932. Claims birth at Washington, Iowa, September 28, 1904, and address at
54G St. Anthony Avenue, St. Paul, Minn. Personal description; height, 5 feet
5 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown. Negro.
Vukcevich, Peter
August 30, 1932, Vukcevich, $104.70. Passport No. 1668G4, February 21, 1935.
Born Yugoslavia on October 17, 1896, and naturalized before the United States
District Court at Detroit, Mich., on October 17, 1927. Address, 9933 Tractor
Street, Dearborn, Mich. Personal description : height, 5 feet 8*4 inches ; hair,
dark brown ; eyes, brown.
Wagenknecht, Helen
March 1, 1934, H. Wagenknecht, visas, $15.09. Helen Wagenknecht, Passport
No. 76193, January 25, 1934. Claims birth at Seattle, Wash., on February 14,
190S, and address at 226 East 13tli Street, New York City. Daughter of Alfred
Wagenknecht who obtained fraudulent passport. Personal description ; height,
5 feet 6% inches ; hair, light brown ; eyes, blue.
Walsh, Charles Edward
June 17, 1932, Ch. E. Walsh, $97.00. New York series passport No. 3751,
June 14, 1932. Born, Alexandria, Ind., on October 6, 1909, and residing at 450
West 182nd Street, New York City. Personal description : height, 5 feet 6 %
Inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown ; occupation, auto mechanic.
Weissman, Bessie
February 1, 1934, B. Weissman, $12.S0. Passport No. 547855, August 11, 1932.
Claims birth in Russia, July 11, 1897; naturalization at Philadelphia, Pa., in
1921 ; and address at 2800 Bronx Park East, New York City. Personal descrip-
tion : height, 5 feet ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Wiita, John
June 1, 1932, Wiita, $97.50. This was for Henry Puro who was the bearer of
passport No. 15188S issued on December 28, 1929, in the name of John Wiita.
Puro appears to have been destined for U. S. S. Ii. As set forth in Wiita’s appli-
cation, Puro’s description is as follows : height, 6 feet 1 inch ; hair, light brown :
eyes, blue.
Primoff Students — T. U. U. L. Delegates
Anderson, John
Passport No. 3099G1, September 2, 1930. Claims birth at Bear River, Minn.,
on March 14, 1906; address at 1667 Grand Avenue, New York City. Personal
description: height, 5 feet, 11 inches; hair, blonde; eyes, blue.
Arnio, Arne Ferdinand
Passport No. 305696, August 14, 1930. Claims birth in Finland on June 8,
1904; naturalization before the District Court of St. Louis County at Duluth,
a28 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Minn., on November 4, 1927 ; address at 465 Mesaba Avenue, Duluth, Minn.
Personal description : height, 5 feet, 4 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Baker , George
1326 Prospect Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness, Harry Habel,
T. U. U. L. Delegate.
Bates , Walter
830 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. Identifying witness, James B. Cain,
T. u. u. l.
Bauman , Ben
204 East 15th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Rebecca Grecht
(1922).
Beral , Philip
Passport No. 149013, December 12, 1921. Claims birth in Poland on June 28,
1902 ; naturalization through father, Benjamin, before the United States Dis-
trict Court for the Southern District of New York at New York City on Decem-
ber 7, 1920 ; address, 671 Hague, Detroit, Mich. Personal description : height,
5 feet, 8 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown.
Broion , John William
Passport No. 282924, June 25, 1930. Claims birth at Upland, Pa., on July 27,
1906; address at 1023 Frederick, Detroit, Mich. Personal description: height,
5 feet, 11 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown. Colored.
Brown , Roy Augustave
Passport No. 1834 (New York series) July 29, 1930. Claims birth Hunting-
ton, Inch, on March 2, 1887 ; address at 685 Syracuse Street, Portland, Oreg.
Personal description : height, 5 feet, 11 inches ; hair, light brown ; eyes, blue.
Burozyski , Walter
Passport No. 133724, October 15, 1929. Claims birth at Austria-Hungary on
August 19, 1902; naturalization before United States Court (of Wayne County)
at Detroit, Mich., on February 28, 1924; address at 755 42nd Street, Brooklyn,
N. Y. Personal description: height, 5 feet, 10 inches; hair, brown; eyes, blue.
Cadenliead , John
Passport No. 31S604, October 8, 1930. Claims birth at Lee County, Ala., De-
cember 18, 1908; address as 2330 Avenue II, So., Birmingham, Ala. Personal
description : height, 5 feet, 7 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown ; colored.
Cain, James Burton
Passport No. 3894 (Chicago series) July 25, 1930. Claims birth at Stevens
Point, Wis., on December 19, 1906 ; address at 411 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, 111.
Personal description : height, 5 feet, 8 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Carroll, Esther
Passport No. 303390, August 8, 1930. Claims birth in Poland in May 1906;
naturalization through father, Max, before United States District Court at
Philadelphia, Pa., on May 1, 1923 ; address at 89 Jewell Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Personal description : height, 5 feet, 1 inch ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Crane, Jack
1473 Sheridan Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. Identifying witness, William Martin.
Davis, Helen
327 Edgecombe Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness, John Caden-
head.
Dion, Joseph
Passport No. 1795 (Boston series) July 25, 1930. Claims birth at St. Louise,
Canada, on January 23, 1880; naturalization through father, Alfred, before
Supreme Court of New Hampshire at Nashua, N. II., on October 25, 1890 ;
address as 7 Baldwin Street, Haverhill, Mass. Personal description : height,
5 feet, 8 inches ; hair, brown-grey ; eyes, hazel.
Evans , Charles
227 141st Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Harry Johnson.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a29
Fee , Benjamin Junt
Passport No. 313SG1, September 17, 1930. Claims birth at China on September
31, 1909; father, Jay B. Fee, born in San Francisco; address as 8G8 Jackson
Street, San Francisco, Calif. Personal description : height, 5 feet 5 inches ; hair,
dark; eyes, dark; distinguishing marks: mole, one inch from right corner of
mouth ; pin mole front of left ear. Chinese race.
Feldman , Milton R.
1470 West Euclid, Detroit, Mich. Identifiyng witness, Philip Beral.
Ferguson , Harriet
Passport No. 3151SG, September 23, 1930. Claims birth at Dayton, Ohio, on
October 27, 1904 ; address as 5914 Calumet Avenue, Chicago. Personal descrip-
tion : height, 5 feet 2 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown. Colored.
Fisher , Sol
S10 Hunts Point Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. Identifying witness, Walter Burczyski.
Gallagher, Anna K.
4153 North Fairhill Street, Phialdelphia, Pa. Identifying witness, Frank
Victor Mozer.
Gareia , Jess
Fort Lupton, Colo. Idetnifying witness, Louis Moreno.
Goldgaell, Benjamin
Passport No. 299389, July 2G, 1930. Claims birth in Russia on January 1896;
naturalized through father, Israel, before Supreme Court of Bronx County, at
Bronx, N. Y., on December 30, 1914 ; address at 1459 Wythe Place, % Algus, Bronx,
N. Y. Personal description : height, 5 feet 4 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Goldgaell, Sadie Algus
1459 Wythe Place, Bronx, N. Y. Identifying witness, Benjamin Goldgaell.
Good?nan, Milton
S753 110th Street, Richmond Hill, Long Island, N. Y. Identifying witness,
Jennie Herlink.
Graham , Lillian A.
1800 7th Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness, John J. Mullen.
Grecht , Rebecca
Passport No. 30G397, August 18, 1930. Claims birth at Poland on December 10,
1901 ; naturalization through father, Adolph, before the Supreme Court of New
York County at New York City on Sept. 1, 1914; address at 1800 Longfellow
Avenue, New York City. Personal description: height, 5 feet iy 2 in.; hair,
auburn ; eyes, green.
Groves , Wm. Roy
Passport No. 1860 (New York series), August 1, 1930. Claims birth at McCor-
mick, 111., on January 8, 1888; address as 73 Melrose Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Personal description : height, 5 feet G inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, grey.
Mabel, Harry
Passport No. 29853G, July 24, 1930. Claims birth at New York City on Novem-
ber 9, 1905 ; address as 825 East lGlst Street, New York City. Personal descrip-
tion : height, 5 feet 4 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown.
Heacox, Hiram L.
223 East Milwaukee, Detroit, Mich. Identifying witness, John W. Brown.
H elf and. Max
1919 Daly Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness, John Lundberg.
Herlink, Jennie
Passport No. 299G4G, July 28, 1930. Claims birth at New York City on March 7,
1905 ; address at 122 Norfolk Street, New York City. Personal description :
height, 5 feet 2 1 /* in. ; hair, brown ; eyes, grey-blue.
72723— 57— pt. 23 a 3
a30 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IK THE UNITED STATES
Hill, Sadie
Passport No. 311904, September 9, 1930. Claims birth at Belden, N. Dak., on
July 2, 1912 ; address as Belden, N. Dak. Personal description : height, 5 feet,
4y 2 in ; hair, dark ; eyes, grey.
Honig , Michael
50 Jones Street, Jersey City, N. J. Identifying witness, Joseph Palmer.
Huff , Polke
7512 Frauk Street, Houston, Tex. Identifying witness, Mack Toussaint.
Husa , TP. J,
Belden, N. Dak. Identifying witness, Sadie Hill.
Hyman, Shirley
Passport No. 29S726, July 24, 1930. Claims birth at Philadelphia, Pa., on
March 10, 1912; address as 2639 North 31st Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Personal
description : height, 5 feet, 3 inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, grey.
Irwin , Herbert James
Passport No. 292030, July 10, 1930. Claims birth at Omaha, Nebr., on December
10, 1902; address at 1403 East Madison, Seattle, Wash. Personal description:
height, 5 feet, S inches ; hair, browm ; eyes, blue.
Johnson, Harry
Passport No. 273 (Moscow), November 6, 1936. Claims birth at Auburn City,
Ala., on June 3, 1909; address as 2323 7tli Avenue, New York City. Personal
description : height, 5 feet, 10 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown ; colored.
Kangas, Anna
328 East 126th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, John Anderson.
Kalkin, Alexander
1373 Hor Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. Identifying witness, Esther Carroll.
Kaplan, Benjamin
Passport No. 300976, July 31, 1930. Claims birth at Russia-Poland on Sep-
tember 25, 18SS ; naturalization before the United States District Court at New
York City on August 21, 1924 ; address at 828 Jackson Avenue, New York City.
Personal description : height, 5 feet, 5 inches ; hair, dark brown ; eyes, blue ; scar
under chin.
Kory, Abraham
Passport No. 318818, October 9, 1930. Claims birth at New York City on Octo-
ber 5, 1908; address at 1220 Grand Concourse, New York City. Personal descrip-
tion : height, 5 feet, 10 inches; hair, brown; eyes, brown. Also identifying wit-
ness, Hyman Malikin.
Kotti, Kriste G.
206 West 5th Street, South Boston, Mass. Identifying witness, Manuel Pereins.
Lester, Roddie Carlton
Passport No. 316113, September 27, 1930. Claims birth at Kirkland, Fla., on
September 9, 1896 ; address at 540 East Woodruff Street, Toledo, Ohio. Personal
description : height, 5 feet, 5 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, dark brown. Colored.
Lewis, Samuel John, Jr.
Passport No. 306127, August IS, 1930. Claims birth at Alexandria, La., on
July 23, 1903 ; address at 1470 St. John’s Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Personal de-
scription ; height, 5 feet, 5 inches ; hair, black, eyes, brown. Colored.
Lombardy, Bennie
1117 East 5th Street, Duluth, Minn. Identifying witness, Arne Ferdinand
Arnio.
London, Jessie Brooks
33S East 19th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Herbert J. Irwin.
Loshak, Israel
179-02 97th Avenue, Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y. Identifying witness, Benja-
min J. Fee.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a31
Lundberg , John
Passport No. 152432, December 31, 11)29. Claims birth at Lexington Mass., on
January 4, 1907; address at 73 Melrose Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Personal de-
scription : height, 6 feet ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Malik in, Hyman
Passport No. 318S2S, October 9, 1930. Claims birth at New York City on No-
vember 28, 1909 ; address as S90 Fox Street, New York City. Personal descrip-
tion : height, 5 feet 10 in. ; hair, black ; eyes, brown. Also identifying witness,
Abraham Kory.
Murinoff , George
512 Front Street, East Toledo, Ohio. Identifying witness, Roddie Carlton
Lester.
Martin , William
Passport No. 301003, July 31, 1930. Claims birth at Aquone, N. C., on June 25,
1900; address as 1220 Grand Concourse, Bronx, N. Y. Personal description:
height, 5 feet 10 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Moreno , Louis
Passport No. 299879, July 28, 1930. Claims birth at Walsenburg, Colo., on
March 21, 1901 ; address as Box 524, Fort Lupton, Colo. Personal description :
height, 5 feet 11 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue ; distinguishing marks, small
mole on left cheek.
Mozer, Frank Victor
Passport No. 3047S7, August 13, 1930. Claims birth at Allentown, Pa., on April
8, 1892; address at 4153 North Fairhill Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Personal
description : height, 5 feet 7 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Mu lien , JohnJ oseph
Passport No. 299077, July 25, 1930. Claims birth at Lewistown, Pa.; address
at 216 West 16th Street, New York City. Presonal description : height, 5 feet 6^
inches ; hair, auburn ; eyes, brown.
Muller , J. J.
216 West 16th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Roy Agustave
Brown.
North , Joseph
216 West 16th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Wm. R. Groves.
Falm er , Joseph
Passport No. 301042, July 31, 1930. Claims birth at Strawn, Tex., on October
14, 1905 ; address as 2700 Bronx Park East, New York City. Personal descrip-
tion : height, 5 feet 7 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, blue.
Fear son, Ruth R.
5706 .Stony Island Avenue, Chicago, 111. Identifying witness, Harriet Fergu-
son.
Pereins, Manuel {Manuel Ferry)
Passport No. 1800, Boston series, July 26, 1900. Claims birth at Somerset,
Mass., on September 17, 1908; address at 51 Independent, New Bedford, Mass.
Personal description : height, 5 feet 7 1 /2 in. ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Randolph , F.
247 West 121st Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Harry Reed.
Reed, Harry
Passport No. 300S30, July 31, 1930. Claims birth at Chester, Pa., on October 15,
1904; address at 33S East 19th Street, New York City. Personal description:
Height, 5 feet 10 inches ; hair, black : eyes, browm. Colored.
Rodriguez , Oscar Fernandez
153 8th Avenue, New York City. Identifying witness, Henry Scott.
S a witt , Boris
985 Tiffany Street, Bronx, N. Y\ Identifying witness, Koleman Schneider.
a32 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Schneider , Koleriian
Passport No. 318824, October 9, 1930. Claims birth at Payne, Ohio, on August 8,
1911 ; address at 2394 West 41st Street, Cleveland, Ohio. Personal description :
Height, 5 feet 9 inches ; hair, brown ; eyes, brown.
Scott , Henry
Passport No. 127 (Moscow) December 2, 1938. Claims birth at Trenton, N. J.
on June 30, 1910; address as 103 Pacific Street, Stamford, Conn. Personal
description : Height, 5 feet 10 inches ; hair, black ; eyes, brown. Colored.
Shelley , John
2640 North 31st Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Identifying witness, Shirley Hyman.
Sir oka, Wm.
3850 Doremus Street, Hamtramck, Mich. Identifying witness, Joseph Frank
Yourkowski.
Toussaint, Mack
Passport No. 275679, June 17, 1930. Claims birth at Natchitoches, La., on
October 17, 1903 ; address at 7512 Frauk Street, Houston, Tex. Personal descrip-
tion: Height 5 feet 7 inches; hair, black; eyes, brown. Colored.
Walker, Herbert
69 East 12th Street, New York City. Identifying witness, Samuel J. Lewfis,
Jr.
Weissberg, Isidore
2935 Holland Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. Identifying witness, Benjamin Kaplan.
Yourkowski, Joseph Frank
Passport No. 320367, October 17, 1930. Claims birth at Piney Fork, Ohio, on
November 27, 1911; address as 3850 Doremus, Hamtramck, Mich. Personal
description : Height, 6 feet 2 inches ; hair, light ; eyes, grey.
U. S. Veterans of the International Brigade
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a33
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PL 1 Baszozowsky (Basko), Henry 1 12 West 27th St., Bayonne, N. J 1 30 1 467250 1 July 31,1937
* Bard was the 1st political commander of the Lincoln Battalion. But returned to as a member of a relief delegation sent by the Friends of the Ahraliam Lincoln Brigade’
the United States in April 1937 because of illness. He returned to Spain on July 3, 1937, New York, N. Y.
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Abramofsky, Bernard 726 Shepherd Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y 24 366744 Feb. lj’ 1937
Abramovitz, Nathan Joseph.. 247 Madison Ave., Youngstown, Ohio 25 397656. Apr 24* 1937
Acosta, Bertrand Blanchard 46 West 17th St., New York City, N. Y 44 6783, New York’’””"”’" Nov. 10,’ 1936
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Supplemental list , U. S. Veterans of the International Brigade — Continued
a78
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SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
PASSPORT APPLICATIONS: FACTS REGARDING EACH
Application, Bernard Ades
This application was executed at the Department on February 15, 1937, and
passport No. 367221 was issued on February 15, 1937. The applicant gave, his
address as 1800 Queens Lane, Arlington, Ya. The identifying witness was Helen
Gerber of 4000 Cathedral Avenue, Washington, D. C.
The applicant stated that he desired to go to France and England for his
health and his passport was stamped “This passport not valid for travel in
Spain.”
Shortly after the issue of the passport Ades went to Spain and served in the
Spanish Army. He has refused to surrender the passport but he has admitted
his service in the army and that he deposited the passport with the authorties of
the International Brigade while he was serving in the army.
Application, Harry Berger
This application was executed at the passport agency in New York City on
July 20, 1932, and passport No. 542115 was issued on July 22, 1932.
The applicant gave his address as 2011 Mapes Avenue, New York, N. Y.
The applicant submitted a birth certificate indicating that one Harry Berger
was born in New York on February 18, 1S92. This birth certificate was obtained
as a result of a request to the Department of Health of the city of New York
and was mailed to Harry Berger, 814 East 181st Street, New York City on June 29,
1932.
The identifying witness was Harry S. Goodman, 199-11-104 Avenue, Hollis,
Staten Island, N. Y.
The passport was renewed at the American Consulate General at Shanghai,
China, on June 30, 1934. At that time the applicant stated that he represented
the Construction Supplies Company of America, 15 Route Paul Henry Shang-
hai, China, and he gave that place as his foreign address. He stated that his
legal residence was in New York, N. Y., but did not give any street address.
The bearer of the passport was arrested in Brazil in December 1935 and it
was ascertained that his true name was Arthur Ewert. The passport is in the
Department’s files and indicates that the bearer thereof traveled in the Far
East and in South America.
Efforts to locate the real Harry Berger or persons who knew him have been
unsuccessful.
Harry S. Goodman, the identifying witness, was interviewed in January 1930,
at which time he was residing at 9104 Baldwin Avenue (08th Avenue), Forest
Hills, Long Island, and he was the manager of the Publishers’ Verified Service.
Inc., 1472 Broadway, New York City. Goodman claimed that he remembered
only vaguely the circumstances under which he acted as identifying witness but
stated that the applicant was introduced to him by an acquaintance of Swedish
extraction and that he acted as identifying witness as an accommodation for
his friend. However. Mr. Goodman w r as unable to remember the name of the
Swedish acquaintance, his business affiliations, or place of residence. (832.00
Revolutions/490. )
Mr. Max Nathan, one of the partners of the Construction Supplies Company
of America, which was located at 500 Fifth Avenue, New York City, was inter-
viewed in January 1930 but claimed that he had never heard of a person named
Harry Berger and was unable to identify the applicant’s photograph. (832.00
Revolutions/490.)
Afterward the Department received from Brazil a photostatic copy of a
letter addressed to Harry Berger by the Construction Supplies Company of
America, which letter was signed by Leon S. Kahn. This letter reported to
appoint Harry Berger as a representative of the firm in the Orient for the
purpose of selling medicines to Chinese physicians and druggists.
Ewert’s wife fraudulently obtained a passport in the name Machla Lenczycki.
a80
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IX THE UNITED STATES aSI
Application, Helen Lillian Bowlen
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on No-
vember 22, 1921), and passport No. 144096 was issued on November 26, 1929. The
applicant gave her address as 268 West 22d Street, New York, N. Y.
The applicant submitted the birth certificate of Helen Lillian Bowlen who
appears to have been born at Indianapolis, Ind., on March 29, 1898.
The identifying witness stated that she was the iirst cousin of the applicant,
signed the name Helen Maurer, and gave her address as 25S West 22d Street,
New York City.
The applicant executed an application for the amendment of her passport at
the American Consulate General at Berlin, Germany, on January 15, 1930, to
show her alleged married name, Helen Kweit. She stated that she was married
on December 20, 1929, to Nathan William Kweit who was the bearer of passport
No. 143850 dated November 23, 1929. The amendment was made as requested.
The applicant is Mrs. Alexander Bittleman (first name unknown), and she
also obtained a passport in 1929 in the name Anna Spilberg. She was also
included in the 1925 application of her alleged husband, Isidore Spilberg.
Mrs. Bittleman’s husband was issued passports in 1925 and 1929 in the name
Isidore Spilberg and another passport in 1929 in the name Nathan William
Kweit.
Application, Walter Frederick Bronstrup
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York City on
May 29, 1922, and passport No. 182727 was isued on .Tune 1, 1922. The applicant
stated that he resided at 6 Grove Court, New York City.
The identifying witness, William M. Beck, stated that he was a bookkeeper
and that he resided at 829 McPherson Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
An investigation disclosed that the true name of the applicant was Alfred
Wagenknecht, a naturalized American citizen. Wagenknecht pleaded guilty to
a charge of violating the passport law and was fined $100. By using the Bron-
strup passport, Wagenknecht sailed for Europe on June 6, 1922, on the steamship
Mauretania and returned to the United States on or about August 12, 1922.
Wagenknecht was issued passports in his own name in 1925 and in 1932. In
his 1932 application, he stated that he did not use the 1925 passport which he
submitted with the new application.
William M. Beck, the identifying witness in this case, was a witness on the
naturalization petition of Max Schulman whose naturalization certificate was
used in connection with the Rubens-Robinson frauds. Beck testified for the
Government at the trial and stated that the photograph on the passport applica-
tion in the name Max Schulman was not a likeness of the person naturalized.
He claimed that he did not know where the real Max Schulman resided or how
he could be found.
Application, Earl Russell Browder
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on August
31, 1934, and passport No. 145182 was issued on September 1, 1934. The appli-
cant stated that he resided at 2714 Wallace Avenue, New York, N. Y.
The identifying witness was the applicant’s brother, William E. Browder, who
stated that he had known the applicant for 39 years and that he (the witness)
resided at 31 East 27th Street, New York City.
The passport was renewed at the passport agency in New York City on Feb-
ruary 2, 1937, to be valid to September 1, 1938. It was amended to be valid for
travel in Spain on November 20, 1937, upon the submission of a letter from C. A.
Hathaway, editor of the Daily Worker, certifying that Mr. Browder was being
sent as a special correspondent to Spain.
The applicant was issued passport No. 583GS9 on September 26, 193S, at which
time he turned in his old passport.
The 1934 passport bears stamps indicating that the bearer traveled extensively
abroad and bears stamps showing arrival in the United States on December 25,
1934, April 30, 1936, September 17, 1935, April 30, 1937, and February 15, 1938.
In the 1934 application Browder falsely stated that he had never had a pre-
vious passport, whereas it appears from the Department's files that in 1921 he
fraudulently obtained a passport in the name Nicholas Dozenberg and another
passport in 1927 in the name George Morris.
a 82 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Application, Katherine Dozenberg
This application was executed at the passport agency in New York City on
December 3, 1929, and passport No. 14GS80 was issued on December 5, 1929. The
applicant gave her address as 6 Nathan Davis Place, New York, N. Y.
The identifying witness was the applicant’s husband, Nicholas Dozenberg, who
gave the same address.
The passport w 7 as renewed at the American Consulate General at Berlin,
Germany, on October 23, 1931. The applicant stated that she had resided in
Germany from December 1930 to February 1931, in India and China from March
1931 to October 1931, and again in Germany from October 15, 1931 to date of the
application.
Mr. N, w 7 hen recently interviewed, expressed the opinion that this Katherine
Dozenberg was not the original wife of Nicholas Dozenberg but was a much
younger woman. However, the investigation, w 7 hich was conducted in 1933 by
a special agent of the Department, tended to show that both Nicholas and
Katherine Dozenberg were the persons they represented themselves to be.
Application, Nicholas Dozenberg
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York City on
March 9, 1921, and passport No. 2990 was issued on March 12, 1921. The appli-
cant gave his permanent address as 1309 Tremont, Roxbury, Boston, Mass.
The applicant stated that he was born at Riga, Russia (then Latvia), oil
November 15, 1882, and that he was naturalized by the United States District
Court at Boston, Mass., on February G, 1911.
The applicant submitted the original naturalization certificate of Dozenberg.
The identifying witness signed the name Katherine Dozenberg and gave the
same address as the applicant. It is not known whether this was signed by the
real Katherine Dozenberg who was the wife of the real Nicholas Dozenberg.
For some reason which is not shown by the files that are available, the Depart-
ment's suspicions were aroused as to the activities of the person traveling on
this passport and a cable was sent to the American consul at Riga requesting an
investigation. However the consul reported that he had been unable to trace
Dozenberg.
An investigation has shown that the above-mentioned passport was actually
obtained by Earl Russell Browder, and that the body of the application and the
signature thereon are in his handwriting.
A person who is believed to be the real Nicholas Dozenberg, was issued pass-
port No. 651802 on November 22, 1928, upon an application in which he stated
that he had never had a passport previously. This applicant submitted a dupli-
cate naturalization certificate which had been issued to him in lieu of one that
he claimed had been lost. The applicant was also issued passport No. 568709
on December 12, 1932, and submitted with that application his 1928 passport.
In March 1933 Dozenberg executed a new application and claimed that his old
passport had been lost. However, after the Department had held up the issue
of a new 7 passport, he reported that he had found his 1932 one.
The 1932 passport was sent in the New York pouch and was signed for by one
Oscar Jacobson, 617 Second Avenue, New York City. Nothing further is known
concerning Mr. Jacobson.
In his 1933 application, Nicholas Dozenberg gave his address as 554 48th Street,
Brooklyn, N. Y. This address was also show 7 n in the notebook of Albert Feiera-
bend when he was first arrested.
Application, Isidor Dreazen
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on June 10,
1929, and passport No. 80023 was issued on June 12, 1929. The applicant gave his
address as 654 Beck Street, Bronx, N. Y.
The identifying witness was Morris Nemser of 277 East 172d Street, New
York, N. Y.
This applicant was the person he represented himself to be and submitted w r itli
the application his own certificate of naturalization.
The applicant did not use the passport and it w 7 as found in possession of one
Charles Krumbein when he was arrested in England, in 1930. The passport is
now 7 in the Department’s files.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a83
After it was discovered that the prisoner in England had a fraudulent passport,
an unsuccessful effort was made to ascertain his true identity and nationality.
After serving his sentence, Krumbein left England for the Soviet Union in
possession of a document issued by a Soviet consulate in England.
When the real Dreazen was questioned in 1930 he claimed that he made his
application in good faith intending to visit relatives in Poland. After obtaining
the passport he carried it about in his pocket and about 2 weeks later discovered
that it had disappeared. Thereafter he abandoned his plans to go abroad on
account of lack of funds. He claimed that he could not identify the photograph
of the person who used the passport. Dreazen claimed that Morris Nemser was a
friend of his whom he had met at the Workmen’s Union on East Broadway.
Morris Nemser in 1930 was known as a radical and was supposed to be em-
ployed in secretarial work for radical organizations. He was said to have been
identified with a dentist named Gassen residing at 1527 Morris Avenue, Bronx.
A few years ago the Daily Worker carried an item regarding the cutting of
Isador Dreazen who was employed at the New Brighton Public Market, 1115
Brighton Avenue, Brooklyn. The cuts were inflicted by Joseph Goldman, an
employer.
The photograph of Krumbein was affixed to the Dreazen passport and an ex-
cellent counterfeit of the State Department’s impression seal was placed thereon.
Application, Albert Feierabend
This application was executed at the passport agency at Boston, Mass., and
passport No. 505965 was issued on March 10, 1928. The applicant gave his ad-
dress as 223 Audubon Road, Boston, Mass.
The identifying witness was Benjamin Chalfen, a steamship ticket agent of
427 Washington Street, Brookline, Mass.
This application was executed by the real Albert Feierabend.
On March 24, 1928, Feierabend executed an application for the amendment of
his passport at the passport agency in New York to include the name of his
alleged wife, Emma Pauline Bleckschmidt Feierabend, to whom he stated he
was married on March 21, 1928.
Feierabend submitted with his application his marriage certificate and birth
certificate in the name Emma Pauline Blackschmidt. The passport was amended
as requested.
The photograph on the amended application is not a likeness of Pauline Emma
Blackschmidt who was born at North Bergen, N. J., on June 13, 1903, but is a
likeness of a woman of unknown identity with whom Feierabend lived around
Boston. Although this woman was reported not to be the wife of Feierabend,
there is actually a record of the marriage.
The real Pauline Emma Blackschmidt is said to be the wife of Samuel Adams
Dardeck, known as Sam Darcy, who is one of the prominent Communist leaders
on the west coast and who was at one time the Communits candidate for Gov-
ernor of California.
Dardeck was issued passports including the name of his wife in 1927 and
1935. Mrs. Dardeck was also issued a limited passport in 1935 to enable her to
join her husband who had gone abroad ahead of her.
Application, Susanna Fineberg
This application was executed at the passport agency in New York on June 27,
1929, and passport No. 96400 was issued on July 2, 1929. The applicant gave
her address as 321 East 17th Street, New York, N. Y.
The applicant stated that she was born at Emporia, Kans., on June 25, 1902,
and that she was married on October 15, 1928, to Abram Fineberg who was born
at London, England, and was not an American citizen. The applicant submitted
a birth certificate with her application.
The identifying witness was Griffin Barry of 328 East 15th Street, New York
City.
The applicant requested that the passport be mailed to her in care of the Open
Road, 20 West 43d Street, New York City.
This applicant is identical with the one who obtained a passport in 1930
as Susan Abbott Lynd. Her maiden name appears to have been Susanna
Paxton.
Nothing is known concerning the identifying witness, Griffin Barry.
a84 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Application, Samuel Fox
The first application in this name was executed on October 28, 1927, at the
passport agency in New York City and passport No. 46939G was issued on
October 29, 1927. The applicant stated that he resided at 350 West 21st Street,
New York City.
The applicant stated that he desired to go to Germany, Poland, and France
on commercial business for Wagner & Sklar, 56 West 49tli Street, New York
City.
The applicant submitted with the application certificate of naturalization
No. 620602, issued to Samuel Fox on May 1, 1915, indicating that a person by
that name was naturalized at Philadelphia on May 1, 1915.
The identifying witness was Harry Kweit of 350 West 21st Street, New York
City.
The applicant originally requested that the passport be sent in care of Harry
Kweit at the aforementioned address, but changed this to request that the pass-
port be sent in the New York pouch which was done.
The second application in this name was executed by the same applicant at
the American consulate at Helsingfors, Finland, on March IS, 1930, and service
passport No. 352 was issued on March 18, 1930. The applicant stated that he
had resided in Germany from November 1927 to December 1927, and in Russia
from December 1927 to date of his application.
The applicant gave as a reference his wife, Mrs. Eva Fox, 123 East 23d
Street, New York, N. Y.
The true name of the applicant is Joseph Zack who was born in Czechoslovakia.
He is an alien who was originally in this country legally.
Zack obtained the certificate of naturalization from George Mink.
Zack also obtained a passport in the name of Joseph Kornfeder.
Harry Kweit was the identifying witness on a fraudulent application exe-
cuted in the name Nathan William Kweit. Harry Kweit also made passport
applications in the names Harry Somers and Edward Riggs.
The real Samuel Fox has been issued two new naturalization certificates in
lieu of lost ones. His original certificate was issued on May 1, 1915, his second
one on May 21, 1928, and his third one on July 23, 1937. Fox claimed that his
first two certificates had been lost or stolen with his baggage. Fox’s latest
address as shown by the naturalization files is 5438 Walnut Street, Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Application, Al Gottlieb
This application was executed before a deputy clerk of the United States
District Court at Newark, N. J., on April 11, 1934, and passport No. 88,049 was
issued on April 12, 1934. The applicant gave his address as 16 Wainwright
Street, Newark, N. J., and requested that the passport be sent to him at the
same address.
The applicant submitted a birth certificate showing that a male child named
Gottlieb was born at New York City on August 10, 1899. The given name of the
child did not appear on the certificate.
Identifying witness was Isaac Bambas, 75 Schuyler Avenue, Newark, N. J.
The photograph on the application appears to be a likeness of George Mink.
This passport was found in the apartment of George Mink when he was ar-
rested at Copenhagen, Denmark, in February 1935.
An investigation conducted in the early part of 1936 disclosed that one Abe
Gottlieb had resided at 16 Wainwright Street, Newark, in 1932, but that he was
a naturalized citizen and claimed that he knew nothing about the passport ap-
plication, and that he could not identify the photograph on the application.
Isaac Bambas, the identifying witness, was also located and informed an
agent that the photograph on the application was a likeness of one Al Gottlieb,
whom he had known for the past 5 years as a salesman. Bambas claimed that
he did not know what line of merchandise Gottlieb sold, where he was, or how
he could be located.
The body of this passport application appears to be in the handwriting of
Leon Josephson.
Application, Harold Hall
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on July
1, 1931, and passport No. 416,665 was issued on July 2, 1931. The applicant
SCOPE OK SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a85
stated that he resided at 225 East 16th Street, New York City, and requested
tlmt the passport be sent in the New York pouch.
The applicant submitted a birth certificate issued at Scranton, Pa., on a de-
layed report ol ? birth which purported to show that he was born at Scranton,
Pa., on January 21, 1903.
The identifying witness on this application was George Mink who gave his
address as 235 East 13th Street, New York City.
The fraudulent report of birth in this case is signed “Mrs. Alice Woods, Aunt,”
and is in the handwriting of some person other than the applicant. The affidavit
of birth attached to the report was signed by the applicant in the name of llarold
Hall and was typed on the same typewriter as the one used in iireparing the
affidavit filed in the case of Henry G. Lynd.
The true name of the applicant was Harold Hynes and he was a British sub-
ject. Hynes was issued passport No. 5G,0G0 by the British consul general in
New York on August 2, 1930 (or 1933), and prior to that time held British Foreign
Office passport No. 63,702, issued in September 1921.
Hynes is reported to have been killed in Spain while serving in the Interna-
tional Brigade of the Spanish Loyalist Army.
Application, Bruno Herman August Hanke
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on Novem-
ber 3, 1933, and passport No. G720S was issued on November 4, 1933. The ap-
plicant gave his address as 55 East Seventh Street, care of Ames, New York City.
The applicant submitted what is assumed to be a valid birth certificate of the
real Bruno Herman August Hanke who was born in New York on August S, 189S.
The passport was sent by registered mail to the address given above.
The identifying witness signed the name Abraham Shafman (?), 55 East
Seventh Street, New York City.
This passport was altered by substituting thereon a photograph of another
person of unknown identity in lieu of the photograph which originally appeared
on the passport. An excellent counterfeit of the State Department’s legend
machine and seal appears on the substituted photograph.
The impostor who had possession of the passport arrived at New York on the
steamship Bremen on March 30, 1934, and was detained by immigration author-
ities for further inspection at Ellis Island. However, the impostor managed
to escape and has never been apprehended. It is thought probable that the im-
postor who used the passport is identical with the one who was issued a passport
on March 21, 1932, in the name Leon Marks.
The application was typed on the same kind of machine as the application
in the name Machla Lenczycki.
An investigation conducted in New York in 1934 disclosed that a party named
Ames had previously resided at 55 East Seventh Street, but that the representa-
tive of that building did not know and had never heard of Hanke or the iden-
tifying witness. The Ames family was located at 151 Second Avenue in apart-
ment No. 2A. The family consisted of Mrs. Lena Abrams and her daughter,
Stella Abrams, both of whom were also known as Ames. Mrs. Ames identified
the photograph which appeared on the Hanke application as that of the person
who roomed at her apartment for about 2 months. Mrs. Abrams claimed that
she had no information concerning the alleged Hanke or the identifying witness
who also roomed at her apartment.
Application, Abe James Harfield
The first application in this name was executed on August 24, 1927, at the
passport agency at New York and passport No. 453503 was issued on August 2G,
1927. The applicant gave his address as 49 M unroe Street, Boston, Mass.
The applicant submitted a bona fide birth certificate.
The applicant stated that he desired to go to Venezuela on commercial business
for the Lago Petroleum Co., 13 Nassau Street, New York City.
The applicant requested that his passport be sent to him in care of Vivian
Wilkinson, room 40, 39 Union Square, New l T ork, N. Y.
The identifying witness was Robert M. Long, of 101 Monroe Street, New Y T ork,
N. Y., who stated that he had known the applicant for 5 years.
An application for registration was executed by the same applicant at the
American Legation at Bogota, Colombia, on August 8, 1929.
a86 scope of soviet activity in the united states
This applicant was deported from Colombia on November 20, 1932, because of
his radical activities in that country. He arrived at New York on the steamship
Santa Barbara on November 28, 1032, and stated that he was going to 15 Ellington
Street, Boston, Mass. Inquiries at the aforementioned address disclosed that
no such person was known there.
Another person claiming the same date and place of birth executed a passport
application at the passport agency in New York City on August 13, 1931, and pass-
port No. 432338 was issued on August 13, 1931. The applicant gave his address as
1664 Weeks Avenue, New York, N. Y.
The second applicant made another application for a passport at the passport
agency in New York on June 27, 1939, submitting therewith his old passport. No
passport has been issued on this application. The passport shows that the
bearer spent a considerable period of time in Russia and returned to the United
States on November 1, 1932.
An investigation conducted in the latter part of 1932 disclosed that neither the
1927 or 1931 applicants was known at the addresses given in the two applications.
Robert M. Long, the identifying witness on the 1927 application could not be
located at the address given. Frank Miller, the witness on the 1931 application
was said to live at the address given but he could not be located for interview.
It was discovered that the Lago Petroleum Co. had been taken over by the
Pan American Petroleum which was later merged with the Standard Oil of
New Jersey. A representative of the Standard Oil made a search of the files of
the Lago Co. but could find no reference to Harfield.
Vivian Wilkinson, it was found, had operated a travel or ticket agency at 39
Union Square, room 40, but had vanished leaving no trace.
The person who made the applications in 1931 and 1939 was interviewed after
he had made his second application and he claimed that he was the person he
represented himself to be. (The investigation has not yet been completed.)
This man claimed that he was employed by the Prompt Press of 113 Fourth
Avenue, New York City, and his employment was verified. He stated that while
in Moscow in 1931-32 he was employed by the Moscow Daily News.
Application, Katherine Harrison
This application was executed on November 23, 1927 and passport No. 476407
was issued on November 26, 1927. The applicant stated that she resided at 350
West 21st Street, New York, N. Y.
The identifying witness was Vivian M. Wilkinson, 35 Charles Street, apartment
6A, New York City.
The applicant submitted as evidence of her alleged birth in San Francisco,
Calif., an affidavit executed in the name Jack Harrison who stated that he was
the applicant’s uncle.
Using the passport the applicant went to Shanghai, China, and lived with Earl
Browder who was using a passport in the name George Morris. In addition to
being known as Mrs. George Morris, this woman was also known as Miss Alice
Read, and rented a post office box in that name.
She was also associated in Shanghai with a man who had a passport in the
name W. A. Haskell.
Miss Harrison made a new passport application at the Passport Agency in New
York City on April 12, 1932, and gave her address as 101 West 11th Street, New
York City. An investigation was thereupon conducted but the applicant could
not be interviewed although she was said to be residing at the aforementioned
address at that time. Previously an unsuccessful attempt had been made to lo-
cate her at the address given in the 1927 application and to locate the alleged
uncle, Jack Harrison.
Efiiorts of the Department to ascertain the true identity and nationality of
the alleged Katherine Harrison have been unsuccessful. She is said to be known
as Kitty Harris and to have been serving as recently as 2 years ago in the Soviet
Military Intelligence Service.
Vivian Wilkinson, the identifying witness on the passport application, is a
a niece of Grace Hutchins, the owner of the building in which the Communist
headquarters is located.
The affidavit of birth, signed Jack Harrison, was written and signed by
John W. Johnstone, also known as Jack Johnstone. He is an important Com-
munist leader and is now located in Pittsburgh.
Mr. X and General Krivitsky can testify regarding Katherine Harrison.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a87
Application, Milton Hathaway
This application was executed at the passport agency at Chicago on March 1.
192G, and Chicago Special Series passport No. 2304 was issued on March 3,
1920. The applicant stated that he was born at Hastings, Minn., on November
15, 1S9S, and that he resided at 2251 West Washington Boulevard, Chicago, 111.
The identifying witness was C. A. Hathaway of the same address who stated
that he had known the applicant personally for 27 years.
According to Mr. X, the photograph on this application is that of Tom Bell,
a British Communist who was in this country at the time. This same informa-
tion was also received in a letter to the District Attorney at Minneapolis, dated
IS! arch 25, 1931.
An investigation was conducted in 1931 and disclosed that the real Milton
Hathaway was residing in St. Paul, Minn., and had never been outside of the
United States. The photograph on the application is not a likeness of the real
Milton. Milton stated that he had sent his birth certificate to his brother,
Clarence, at the latter’s request.
The C. A. Hathaway who was identifying witness on the passport applica-
tion is identical with Clarence A. Hathaway who is at present editor of the
Daily Worker.
Application, Harry Herman Kaplan
The first application in this name was executed at the passport agency at New
York City on March 4, 1927, and passport No. 333079 was issued on March 5,
1927.
The aforementioned passport was submitted with a new application which
Kaplan executed before the clerk of the United States district court at Trenton,
N. J., on November 27, 1934. Passport No. 156773 was issued on this application
on December 3, 1934.
The 1934 passport was found in the apartment of George Mink when he was
arrested in Copenhagen, Denmark, in February 1935. It had not been altered.
Kaplan was questioned shortly thereafter and blamed the loss of the passport
on a former employee of the hotel (the American House) which he operated
in Trenton. However, when he applied for a new passport in 1938 and was
questioned again, he claimed that he thought the passport was stolen by Barney
Josephson, a brother of Leon. Kaplan stated that although he could not prove
it, he had every reason to believe that Barney Josephson stole it at the instance
of either Louis or Leon Josephson or George Mink. He thinks that he saw Mink
in Trenton and that Mink was introduced as an agent of a truckman's union.
Kaplan admitted that he had never used his 1934 passport but claimed that
his plans were changed after he had obtained the passport.
A limited passport was issued to Kaplan but he was refused a British visa.
Appication, Joseph Kornfeder
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on April
21, 1930, and passport No. 209698 was issued on April 24, 1930. The applicant
gave his address as 234 West 15th Street, New York City.
The applicant submitted a birth certificate issued at Scranton, Pa., on the
basis of a recently created record.
The identifying witness was Gertrude Ackerman, 090 Allerton Avenue, Bronx,
N. Y.
The applicant originally requested that the passport be sent to him in care
of Gerbin (or Gabin), 234 West 15th Street, New York City, but changed this
to a request that it be sent in the New l r ork pouch.
In a letter dated May 11, 1932, the applicant requested the renewal of his
passport. In this application he gave his address as Care of Forman, 240 East
13th Street, New York City. The passport was not renewed inasmuch as the
Department was not satisfied that the applicant was born in the United States
as he alleged. The applicant failed to respond to requests that he call at the
office of its special agent in New York.
The Kornfeder passport was used for travel in Colombia and Venezuela. The
applicant was arrested in Venezuela on a charge of revolutionary activities and
was deported to this country where he arrived on September 9, 1931.
The true name of the applicant is Joseph Zack and he previously had ob-
tained passports in the name Samuel Fox.
a88 scope of soviet activity in the united states
The Scranton birth certificate which was submitted with the passport appli-
cation was issued upon the basis of a report prepared by Zack himself to which
he signed the name Rudolf Kornfeder, parent. There was submitted with this
application an affidavit executed before Max Kitzes, notary public, by David
Bankoff and Katherine Harrison. Nothing is known concerning Bankoff. For
information concerning Max Kitzes and Katherine Harrison, see memorandums
under those names.
The identifying witness, Gertrude Ackerman, was born in Poland and acquired
American citizenship through the naturalization of her father, Harry Ackerman.
Miss Ackerman was issued passport No. 159382 on December 24, 1934. In 1936
the postmaster at Buffalo reported that the Ackerman family resided at 194 Grey
Street in that city.
Applications, Jacob Kreitz
The first application in this name was executed at the passport agency at
New York on December 9, 1930. No passport was issued on this application
but the matter was referred to the Department’s chief special agent to ascertain
whether the applicant was identical with a person who had previously been
arrested under the name of Jacob Kreitz and found in possession of documents
indicating that he was in the passport racket. The investigation disclosed that
the applicant was in fact identical with the man who had been arrested. No
passport was issued on the application. The applicant gave his address as 307
East 14th Street, New York, N. Y.
The identifying witness signed the name Emily L. Kreitz, 307 East 14th
Street, New York City.
Another application was executed in this name by the same applicant at the
passport agency in New York on September 9, 1932, and the matter was again
referred to the chief special agent for investigation. At the same time a letter
was addressed to Jacob Kreitz, 335 Crimmins Avenue, Bronx, N. Y., the address
given in the passport application. The letter was returned to the Department
marked “Not at the address given.”
An investigation disclosed that neither the applicant nor his identifying
witness, Lizzie Kreitz, who had given the same address, was known at 335
Crimmins Avenue.
The identifying witness was the same on both applications, although she
signed one Emily L. Kreitz and the other Lizzie Kreitz. This woman obtained
a passport in 1930 in the name Lizzie Kreitz.
It was subsequently ascertained that the true name of the applicant was
Albert Feierabend and that the real Jacob Kreitz and his family had gone to
Russia several years before.
A Mr. Fritz (Fred) Ihler knew both Feierabend and Kreitz and was ques-
tioned at length on May 6, 1933. At that time Mr. Ihler lived at 39 Liszt Street,
Roslindale, Boston, Mass.
Application, Lizzie Kreitz
This application was executed on December 9, 1930. at the passport agency at
New York City and passport No. 331274 was issued on December 10, 1930. The
applicant stated that she resided at 307 East 14th Street, New York, N. Y.
The applicant claimed that she was the wife of Jacob Kreitz who was natural-
ized by the United States District Court at Boston, Mass., on April 13, 1914.
The identifying witness was her alleged husband, Jacob Kreitz, who gave the
same address.
The applicant is an imposter of uuknown identity. The alleged husband was
actually Albert Feierabend. However, the applicant does not appear to be
identical with the woman who was included in Feierabend’s passport in his own
name as his wife.
This imposter was the identifying witness on the applications executed by
Feierabend in the name of Jacob Kreitz in 1930 and 1932.
Application, Amy Esther Sciiechter Kweit
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on July 2,
1930, and passport No. 288236 was issued on July 3, 1930.
This applicant had previously obtained a passport in her maiden name, Amy
Schechter, and did not submit any evidence of her citizenship with the 1930
application.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a89
Tlie applicant claimed that she was the wife of Harry Kweit.
The signature of the identifying witness is illegible. lie gave his address as
535 Cathedral Parkway, New York City.
When Harry Kweit was questioned in 1936, he first stated that he had never
been married. Later when he was questioned regarding this application, he
stated that he had lived with Amy Scliechter but was never married to her.
lie considered that a common-law marriage existed.
Application, Helen Lillian Bowlen Kweit
See application, Helen Lillian Bowlen.
Application, Nathan William Kweit
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on Novem-
ber 21, 1929, and passport No. 143850 was issued on November 23, 1929. The
applicant gave his address as 336 East 18th Street, New York, N. Y.
The applicant submitted an affidavit of birth executed by his alleged brother,
Harry Kweit, who stated that he was a chemist for E. W. Bliss Co., 53d Street
and First Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Harry Kweit was also the identifying witness on the passport application and
gave his address as 336 East 18th Street, New York City.
The bearer of this passport traveled to India and while there aroused the
suspicions of the police because of his association with Indian Communists.
The true name of this applicant is Alexander Bittleman. He also obtained
passports in 1925 and 1929 in the name Isidore Spilberg. His wife obtained pass-
ports in 1929 in the names Anna Spilberg and Helen Lillian Bowlen. Mrs. Bittle-
man was also included in the 1925 passport in the name Isidore Spilberg under
the name Anna Spilberg.
The name Nathan William Kweit is a combination of the names of the two
brothers of Harry Kweit. Harry Kweit has made passport applications in the
names Harry Somers and Edward Riggs, and was identifying witness on the
fraudulent application in the name Samuel Fox.
Application, Machla Lenczycki
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York City on
August 9, 1932, and passport No. 547327 was issued on August 10, 1932.
The applicant gave her address as care of Wolf, 242 East 19th Street, and had
her passport sent to the New York passport agency.
The applicant submitted certificate of naturalization No. 2555845, showing that
Machla Lenczycki was naturalized on September 11, 1928, by the Supreme Court
of Bronx County, Bronx, N. Y.
The identifying witness was Louis L. Schwartz, 127 University Place, New
York, N. Y.
The passport was renewed at the American Consulate General at Shanghai,
China, on July 1, 1934. At that time the applicant stated that her legal residence
was 1200 East New York Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y., that she was then residing
at 941 Bubbling Well Road, Shanghai.
The bearer of the passport was arrested in Brazil in December 1935, and it
was ascertained that her true name was Elsie Saborowski Ewert. The passport
is in the Department’s files and indicates that the bearer thereof traveled in
the Far East and in South America. When arrested the bearer had in her
possession a mimeographed questionnaire which was filled in with information
regarding the woman whom she was impersonating. This questionnaire is
similar in form to the one found on Albert Feierabend when he was arrested
in New York a number of years ago, and to the ones found in the possession of
the imposters who were arrested in Denmark with fraudulent passports in the
names Nicholas Sherman and Adolph Rabinovitz. The imposter also had in
her possession the original naturalization certificate of Mrs. Lenczycki.
Mrs. Lenczycki was located at 320 East 19th Street, room No. 5, New York
City, on January 3, 1936, and was interviewed by Special Agent Willard. Mrs.
Lenczycki stated that in the spring of 1932 she and her husband were residing
in the apartment of a Mr. and Mrs. Schechtman at the corner of Belmont Avenue
and 179th Street, Bronx, that in June 1932 they moved to the apartment of Mrs.
Lenczycki’s brother, Manuel Turkewitz, 1060 Fairmont Place, Bronx, and that
around the first of September 1932 they move to the residence of her mother,
a 90 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Mrs. Fannie Turkewitz at 1878 Southern Boulevard, Bronx. When Mrs. Len-
czyeki was requested to submit for inspection her naturalization certificate, she
stated that it had been mislaid and that to the best of her knowledge it was
then at her mother’s address. Later she reported that the naturalization cer-
tificate could not be located. Mrs. Lenczycki stated that she was unable to
identify the photograph on the passport application in her name or the photo-
graph on the application in the name of Harry Berger. She claimed that she
did not know a person named Wolf who had resided at 242 East 10th Street, a
Louis L. Schwartz of 127 University Place, or a person named Harry Goodman
who was the witness on the Berger application. (S32.00 Revolutions/501.)
Efforts to locate a person named Wolf who resided at 242 East 10th Street in
August 1032, disclosed that four tenants bearing the name Wolf were then
residing at that address. Only one, an Arthur Wolf, was residing there in 1036.
In the absence of Mr. Wolf, the agent interviewed his brother-in-law, Dr. Harry
Baron, a dentist residing at the same address. Dr. Baron stated that he could
not identify the photograph of the applicant and that he had never heard of
Machla Lenczycki. A Mrs. Anna Wolf was traced to 301 East 21st Street hut
inquiries revealed that she had again moved without notifying the apartment
house management of her new address. (332.00 Revolutions/501.)
An agent interviewed Dr. Louis L. Schwartz, the identifying witness, on Janu-
ary 4, 1936, at his dental office, 1 Union Square West. Dr. Schwartz stated
that he had identified the applicant as an accommodation to one of his patients
whose name he thought was Wolf. He was unable to furnish the full name or
address of the alleged patient but promised to make a search of his files and
report later to the agent. A few days later he informed the agent that he was
not sure that the name of the patient was Wolf. A few days later he refused
to answer any further questions, having been advised to do so by an attorney
named xYbraham Targum. The attorney called at the office of the special agent
in charge in New York and stated that he wanted to know what the investiga-
tion was about. (832.00 Revolutions/498 2/10, 3/10, 8/10.)
An investigation was made at 1200 East New York Avenue in January 1936
and one of the tenants, Mrs. Rubin, identified the photograph of the Lenczycki
imposter as very closely resembling one of the numerous visitors to the apart-
ment of the Michel family at that address. Mrs. Jacob Michel was interviewed
at her new home at 1487 St. Marks Avenue, Brooklyn, but denied any knowledge
of the imposter or of the person who obtained the passport in the name Harry
Berger. Mrs. Michel’s daughter, Sadie Michel Rijock (Ryack) was the wife
of Isaac Rijock, known as John Stuben, who fraudulently obtained a passport
in the name of Harold Schlusberg. Mrs. Rijock was the identifying witness on
that fraudulent application and also on a fraudulent application executed by
Esther Rigerman. ( 832.00 Revolutions/509 5/8. )
Mrs. Ewert's husband fraudulently obtained a passport in the name of Harry
Berger.
Application, Henry George Lynd
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on July
2, 1930, and passport No. 299574 was issued on July 28, 1930. The applicant
gave as his permanent address Apartment 6A, 25 East 124th Street, New York,
N. Y.
The identifying witness was Emanuel Levin, 225 West 16th Street, Apartment
14, New York, N. Y. The witness stated that he was the cousin of the applicant
and had known him for 34 years.
The applicant submitted as evidence of his alleged birth at Scranton, Pa.,
a birth certificate issued on the basis of a delayed report of birth.
The report of birth in this case was not signed, but there was attached thereto
an affidavit signed Henry George Lynd. The affiant did not state his relation-
ship to the person referred to in the birth certificate. The signature is not the
same as that appearing on the passport application. The handwriting of the
signature on the affidavit of birth is the same as the handwriting of the person
who signed the name William Hoffman to the affidavit of birth which was filed
with the fraudulent passport application executed by Harry Kweit in the name
Harry Somers.
The tru j name and nationality of the applicant are unknown. Reported to be
Serge Mikailov, a Soviet citizen.
Emanuel Levin, the identifying witness, was formerly a Communist leader
on the Pacific coast. He was questioned by the immigration authorities a num-
ber of years ago and stated that he was an alien and that he had no relatives
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a91
in this country* However, when he was asked concerning Henry G. Lynd, he
changed his story and stated that he had a cousin by that name whose address
he did not know.
A woman who posed as the wife of Lynd was issued a passport in the name
Susan Abbott Lynd on November 7, 1930. She was previously issued a pass-
port on July 2, 1921), in the name Susanna Fineberg.
Lynd and his alleged wife went abroad using the passports and were arrested
in India on December 10, 1931, on the ground that they had been found to be
associated with dangerous Communists in Bombay. They were ordered deported
from India and left that country on the steamship Vice Roy of India. The depor-
tation was supposed to be to the United .States by way of London. However,
before the ship arrived at Marseille, word of Lynd’s plight was evidently sent to
his friends in this country [who] cabled to the consul at Marseille, demanding
that the alleged Lynd be permitted to debark at Marseille instead of being taken
to London. The consul at Marseille, not knowing the true facts of the case,
intervened and was able to obtain permission for the Lynds to debark.
They left Marseille with Leon Josephson who had come to Marseille to assist
them. Nothing further has been heard from them.
Lynd was arrested in India. There was found on him a letter signed by the
Governor of New Jersey, certifying that he was an American citizen and a resi-
dent of Trenton, N. J.
An investigation conducted in this country in January 1932, disclosed that the
address set forth in Lynd’s passport application, apartment 6A, 25 East 124th
Street, was at that time under lease to Max Bedaeht. Mr. Bedacht stated that
Lynd occupied a room in his apartment during the months July, August, and
September 1930. Bedacht claimed that he had no information concerning Lynd’s
occupation, citizenship, place of birth, but did recall that Lynd spoke with a
slight accent. It was learned that the Lynds had resided at the rooming house
of Mr. and Mrs. Carl Carlson, 319 West 77th Street, New York City, from October
to December 1930. The Carlsons stated that Lynd spoke with a slight accent
but that his wife did not.
APPLICATION, SUSAN ABBOTT LYND
This application w T as executed at the passport agency at New York on November
G, 1930, and passport No. 324447 was issued on November 7, 1930. The applicant
gave her address as 319 West 77th Street, New York, N. Y.
The applicant stated that she was born at Chicago, 111., on December 26, 1900,
and that she w r as married on November 5, 1930, to Henry George Lynd who was
born at Scranton, Pa.
The applicant submitted a birth certificate with the application.
The identifying witness was Dorothy G. Markey, 4515 Foster Avenue, Long
Island City.
The original passport was incorrectly made out in the name of Lyno and was
sent in by the passport agency at New York for correction. A duplicate pass-
port in the name of Lynd was issued.
The bearer of this passport traveled abroad with Lynd as is set forth in the
sheet regarding the Henry George Lynd application.
The investigation disclosed that the applicant and her alleged husband actually
resided at 319 West 77th Street, New York City, from October to December 1930.
This w as a rooming house conducted by Mr. and Mrs. Carl Carlson.
The identifying witness, Dorothy G. Markey, w r as issued passports in 1926
and 1931. This w r oman has also been known as Dorothy Page and Myra Page.
According to one report, she w T as a correspondent for the Daily Worker in
Moscow.
The applicant appears to be a native American citizen whose original name
was Susanna Paxton. Her father stated that she had been married to Mr.
Brain Fineberg. The applicant also obtained a passport in 1929 in the name
Susanna Fineberg.
Application, Leon Marks
This application was executed at the passport agency at New Y T ork on December
21, 1932, and passport No. 569833 was issued on December 23, 1932. The appli-
cant gave his address as 120 Howe Avenue, Passaic, N. J.
The applicant claimed that he was born at Scranton, Pa., on July 15, 1905, and
submitted as evidence thereof a birth certificate issued on the basis of a delayed
birth report and an affidavit signed Frances Gordon w'hich w r as executed before
the notary public Max Kitzes.
a 92 scope of soviet activity in the united states
An investigation conducted in 1933 disclosed that the alleged aunt, Frances
Gordon, did not reside at 120 Howe Avenue, Passaic, N. J., the address shown in
the affidavit hut it was reported that she came there for mail. The landlady was a
Mrs. Bogorade who stated that Marks had roomed at that place several months
before but she did not know what became of him. She likewise did not know
where Frances Gordon could be located.
An investigation at Scranton disclosed that the report of birth and accom-
panying affidavit were signed Mike Stafik, 421 South Washington Avenue, Scran-
ton. However, it was ascertained that no such person resided at the address given
and nobody at that address had heard of Mike or of the Marks family. (Leon
Marks was supposed to have been born at the same address.)
The notary public Max Kitzes was interviewed by a special agent and stated
that he did not know where Frances Gordon was but would make an effort
to locate her and have her get in touch with the special agent. The agent re-
ported that Kitzes was anxious to find out why he wanted to see her.
The applicant first requested that his passport be sent in care of Julius Rosen-
thal, 345 East 17th Street, New York City, but this was crossed off and the pass-
port was sent in the New York pouch.
The identifying witness was Simon Feldman, 244 East 13th Street, New York
City. Neither Rosenthal nor Feldman were interviewed.
The bearer of the passport obtained a German visa at New York on December
27, 1932, and sailed third class on the S. S. Europa with a ticket purchased through
the Intourist (World Tourists?) office. His designation was given as Lenin-
grad, Russia, although he had stated in his application that he desired to go to
Germany to study and travel.
The person whose photograph appears on the Marks application bears a very
striking resemblance to the person whose photograph appears on the altered
passport in the name Bruno H. A. Hanke. He also bears a slight resemblance to
the person whose photograph appears on the application in the name Louis
Paretti.
Application, Valeria Meltz
The first application in this name was executed at the passport agency at
Chicago on January 27, 1927, and Chicago series passport No. 4413 was issued
on January 31, 1927. There was no identifying witness on this application.
The applicant submitted as evidence of her alleged birth at Minneapolis,
Minn., an affidavit allegedly executed by her aunt, Mrs. G. Meltz (Henrietta
Maurer). This affidavit was issued before Helene Gannes, a notary public.
The writing of the affiant, Mrs. G. Meltz, has been identified as that of the
woman who obtained a passport in the name Katherine Harrison.
The second application in this name was executed at the American Consulate
General at Berlin on February 5, 1929, and passport No. 1693 was issued by the
Consulate General at Berlin on February 5, 1929.
This applicant is believed to be identical with the woman who obtained the
passport in 1929 in the name Gertrude Larson Shatz.
An investigation regarding this case disclosed that there was no record of
the birth at Minneapolis, Minn., of Valeria Meltz.
The true name of the applicant is unknown.
Application, Esther Michael
The first application in this name was executed at the passport agency at
New York on September 2, 1931, and passport No. 43S088 was issued on September
4, 1931. The applicant gave her address as 243 Bristol Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
The identifying witness was Henry Rigerman of the same address who stated
that he had known the applicant for 5 years.
The applicant submitted as evidence of her American birth an affidavit executed
by her sister, Lillie Michael.
The applicant stated that she had never been married. The second applica-
tion in this name was executed at the passport agency at New York on October
1, 1934, and no passport was issued thereon. The applicant gave her permanent
address as 1200 East New York Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
The identifying witness was Mrs. Sadie Rijock of 1200 East New York Avenue,
who stated that she had known the applicant for 23 years.
The applicant alleged that she had lost her 1931 passport after it had been
torn by her young niece.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES A 93
The applicant also stated in this applicaiton that she had never been married.
Since the Department had received infonnatoin that Esther Michael was married
to Henry Rigerman an investigation was made in connection with the 1034
application and it was ascertained that she was married on May 5, 1931, in
New York City, to Rigerman.
It was ascertained that the identifying witness on the second application
was a sister of the applicant.
Esther Michel Rigerman was issued passport No. 157S21 valid for 1 year on
December 10, 1934, in her married name. The identifying witness on this appli-
cation was Belle Finkelstein of 27S Christopher Avenue, Brooklyn. This pass-
port was extended at the American Embassy at Moscow on August 7, 1936, to
he valid to September 22, 1936.
Mrs. Rigerman expatriated herself by becoming naturalized as a Soviet citizen
in 1938.
Mrs. Rigerman’s husband, Henry Rigerman, was born in Russia and acquired
American citizenship through the naturalization of his father. He now resides
in the Soviet Union and is employed by the Soviet Government.
Application, George Minic
The first application in this name was executed at the passport agency at
New York City on June 13, 1930, and passport No. 274033 was issued on June 14,
1930. Mink gave his address as 319 East 19th Street, New York City, and
requested that his passport be sent iu the New York pouch.
Mink submitted with the application a birth certificate purporting to show
that he was born at Scranton, Pa., on April 23, 1S99. His identifying witness
was James C. McCarthy of 512 East ISth Street, Apartment 4, New York City.
This passport was renewed at the American Consulate General at Berlin, Cer-
many, on May 31, 1932.
An investigation which the Department conducted disclosed that Mink’s birth
certificate was issued upon the basis of an affidavit which he had filed in
June 1930.
On March 5, 1934, Mink executed a new application at the passport agency
at New York, with which he submitted his 1930 passport. After an investigation,
Mink was issued passport No. S4893 valid for 1 year, showing his birth at
Philadelphia. Pa.
On December 12, 1934, Mink was issued a duplicate passport without any
limitation. The original passport issued in March 1934 was retained in the
Department’s files.
The investigation had disclosed that Mink had served in the United States
Navy during the world war and that at that time he claimed that he was horn
in Philadelphia. A seaman’s document which he submitted also showed his
birthplace as Philadelphia. He also gave Philadelphia as his place of birth
when applying for his soldier’s bonus.
In February 1935, while traveling on the duplicate passport, Mink was ar-
rested in Denmark on a charge of espionage and was sentenced to serve 18
months in prison. He was pardoned on June 30, 1936, and departed for Russia
on July 22, 1936. No authentic information has been received concerning Mink’s
whereabouts since his departure from Denmark although one rumor states that
he was executed while in Spain at the request of the Russian authorities.
Application , Jean Montgomery
The first application was executed at the passport agency at New York City on
September 8, 1931, and passport No. 43SS37 was issued on September 9, 1931.
The identifying witness on the application was Ethel Shipman, 220 West 13th
Street, Apartment 51, New York City.
There was submitted with the application an affidavit of birth allegedly exe-
cuted by the applicant’s brother, William Montgomery, who gave his address as
6 Jane Street, New York, N. Y. The passport was renewed at the American
Consulate General at Berlin on August 29, 1933.
The applicant registered at the Consulate General at Berlin on March 28, 1934.
A new application was executed at the passport agency at New York on Sep-
tember 17, 1935, and passport No. 240842 was issued on September 19, 1935. The
passport was renewed at the American Consulate General at Paris, France, on
September 16, 1937.
72723— 57— pt. 23 a 7
A 94 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
According to General Krivitsky, this women was actually Margaret Browder
and she was employed under his supervision in the Military Espionage Service of
the Soviet Government. The identity of this applicant has been confirmed by
Mr. X.
According to the handwriting expert the signature William Montgomery, signed
to the affidavit of birth, was written by William Browder.
From a recent cablegram from Amsterdam it appears that the person known
as Jean Montgomery was in that city from June 2 to June 17, 1937, and that she
had as a traveling companion one Louise Nash.
Mr. Joseph Jones of the First National Bank of Independence, Mo., has iden-
tified the photographs on the Jean Montgomery applications as likenesses of
Margaret Browder.
Application, George Morris
This application was executed at the passport agency iu New York City on
November 17, 1927, and passport No. 4750S5 was issued on November 19, 1927.
The applicant gave his address as 17 Christopher Street, New York City, and
requested that the passport be sent care of Williams at that address. The regis-
tered receipt is not available.
The identifying witness was George Edward Powers, of 10S Goodrich Street,
Astoria, Long Island.
The applicant submitted an affidavit of birth executed by his alleged mother,
Martha Morris.
An investigation has disclosed that this application was executed by Earl
Russell Browder, and that the body of the application, the signature thereon,
and the body of the affidavit of birth are in his handwriting. The date of birth
given in the application, May 20, 1S91, is actually the date of birth of Browder
according to his own passport application.
Using this passport Browder traveled in the Far East. He arrived in China
on October 11, 192S, from the Philippine Islands and left for Dairen on December
1, 1928. He stated, when applying for a Japanese visa in Shanghai, that he
was traveling to Berlin by way of Siberia.
While in Shanghai, Browder lived with a woman who had a passport in the
name of Katherine Harrison and who was known there as Mrs. George Morris.
Later another person, supposedly an American known as Mr. W. A. Haskell,
took over the apartment. The alleged Mrs. Morris called frequently on Haskell
with letters and papers after the departure of her alleged husband.
This ca.se was referred to the Department of Justice in April 1929 for inves-
tigation and prosecution but the Federal Bureau of Investigation which con-
ducted the investigation reported that various Communists whom they had
interviewed refused to give Browder’s address, that the photograph on the appli-
cation was not a likeness of Browder and that the United States attorney’s office
in New York had stated that since the passport was used in China, no prosecu-
tion could be maintained in New York. The Department of Justice thereupon
closed the case.
Application, Andrew George Pape
This application was executed at the Department on January 5, 1937, and
passport No. 359676 was issued on January 5, 1937. The applicant gave his
address as 1121 Owen Street NE., Washington, D. C.
The applicant stated that he was going to England and France for business and
study.
The identifying witness was Bernard Ades, of 1S00 Queens Lane, Arling-
ton, Va.
Pape sailed from New York with a contingent of men destined for Spain on
the S. S. Lafayette and arrived at Havre on January 18, 1937. He was first
reported as wounded in action and later as missing. His mother, Mrs. Andrew
Pape, resides at 517 Brinton Avenue, Trafford, Pa.
Application, Louis Paretti
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on
December 7, 1932. No passport was issued. The applicant gave his address as
337 East 18th Street, New York City.
The identifying witness was George Mink who gave his address as 334 West
21st Street, New York City.
There w 7 as submitted with this application an affidavit executed in the name
Joseph Paretti with the address as 241 East 14th Street. This case was referred
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a95
to tbe office of the Department's special agent in New York for investigation
and the applicant was requested to submit further evidence of his alleged
American birth. Paretti was interviewed by a special agent in December 1932
in the presence of a friend of his named W. 0. McCuistion, who described himself
as a seaman and writer. A baptismal certificate for Louis Paretti was presented
and was found to be authentic. The applicant was requested to bring into the
special agent’s office his alleged brother, Joseph Paretti, who executed the
affidavit. However, he claimed that he could not do so but sent in to the
Department affidavits executed in the names William Cole and Lodovico Dresco.
A check-up on the affidavits disclosed that neither was known at the addresses
given in the affidavits. The Department refused to issue a passport and refunded
the passport fee.
During the investigation it was also ascertained that Mink did not reside at
the address given in the application.
No authentic information is available concerning the identity of this applicant
but he has been reported to be identical with one Bienko who was a courier
between Hamburg and Moscow for the International of Seamen and Harbor
Workers. The applicant bears a slight resemblance to the person who executed
the passport application in the name Leon Marks and to the person whose photo-
graph appears on the altered passport in the name Bruno H. A. Hanke.
Application, Adolph Rabinowitz
This application was executed at the passport agency in New York City on
June 17, 1932, and passport No. 52G500 was issued on June 18, 1932. The appli-
cant gave his address as 224 Riverside Drive, Apartment 71, New York, N. Y.
The applicant submitted a certificate of naturalization indicating that Adolph
Rabinowitz was naturalized on December 10, 1920, by the Superior Court of
Cook County, 111.
The applicant first requested that the passport be sent to him at the afore-
mentioned address but changed this to request that it be sent in the New York
pouch.
The identifying witness was Isidore Wolfson of 3572 DeKalb Avenue, Bronx,
N. Y. A notation on the application shows that Mr. Wolfson submitted his
naturalization certificate to the passport agent.
The passport was renewed at the passport agency at New York on November
16, 1934. At that time the applicant gave his address as 131 West 58th Street,
New York City.
The bearer of this passport was arrested at Copenhagen, Denmark, in February
1935 on a charge of espionage. The fact of his arrest was not disclosed to the
American consulate general at Copenhagen until May 1935. At that time the
police reported that the prisoner was actually an Austrian, although he was in
possession of an American passport. It appears that the prisoner did not
desire his case called to the attention of the American authorities.
The person arrested was the one whose photograph appeared on the passport
application and the passport was not altered. In addition to the passport, the
prisoner had in his possession the naturalization certificate of Adolph Rabinowitz
and a mimeographed questionnaire filled in with information concerning
Rabinowitz.
The prisoner was questioned by Consul General Lester Maynard and Vice
Consul Gjessing and was very evasive. Rabinowitz was tried in the Danish
courts and was acquitted on May 24, 1935. The Danish police returned his
passport to him and he left Denmark, apparently using the passport.
An investigation disclosed that the applicant was an imposter and that the
real Adolph Rabinowitz was residing at 2800 Bronx Park East, New York City.
Rabinowitz was at that time a hack driver and information concerning him was
obtained from the New York City Hack Bureau. When questioned, Rabinowitz
stated that he had not had occasion to use his naturalization certificate for a
number of years but would look it up when he arrived home. Thereafter he
reported that the naturalization certificate was stolen from his house in
November 1932.
Efforts to locate the identifying witness at the address given in the applica-
tion were also unsuccessful.
The Department has never ascertained the true identity of the imposter.
His photograjffi, circulars, and fingerprints have been sent to all American
consular officers.
a96 scope of soviet activity in the united states
When the imposter was arrested in Copenhagen, there was found in his
effects a letter addressed to him by Mr. B. Cooper of the firm of Cooper & Erase,
22 West 4Stli Street, New York City, authorizing Rabinowitz to purchase certain
jewelry for the firm.
Application, Edward Riggs
This application was executed in the passport agency at New York City on
March 19, 1930. No passport was issued on the application and the applicant
was arrested at the passport agency when he called for his passport which he
had requested be sent in the New York pouch.
The applicant gave his address as 1GSG Bryant Avenue, Bronx, N. Y.
The applicant submitted the birth certificate of one Edward Riggs who was
born in New York City on April 0, 1900, and who died in infancy.
The identifying witness signed the name of John F. Berry, and gave his
address as 745 East 175th Street, Bronx, N. Y.
The true name of the applicant is Harry Kweit. Fie was sentenced on April
21, 1930, to serve 1 year and 1 day in a Federal penitentiary and was placed on
probation for a period of 2 years following his release from confinement.
No person named John F. Berry could be located at the address given in
the application.
When arrested, Kweit had on him a slip of paper bearing the words “care of
S. Siegal, apartment 11D, 1680 Bryant Avenue, Bronx.” Special Agent Kinsey
called at the aforementioned address in March 1936 and interviewed Mrs. B.
Lerner who stated that she lived in the apartment with her son-in-law, Samuel
Siegal and her daughter, Bessie Siegal. She stated that no one else was at home,
that she did not kuow anybody by the name of Edward Riggs, or Harry Kweit,
that she has never heard of such a person and that she could not identify the
photograph of Kweit. She stated that her daughter and son-in-law were both
at work but that she had no knowledge whatever as to the nature of their
employment or their place of employment.
Application, Harold Schlusberg
The first application in this name was executed before the clerk of the supreme
court of Bronx County, N. Y., on October 31, 1932, and New York series passport
No. 4313 was issued on November 2, 1032. The applicant gave his address as 861
Freeman Street, Bronx, N. Y.
The applicant submitted the birth certificate of the real Harold Schlusberg.
The identifying witness was Sadie Rijock of 861 Freeman Street, Bronx, who
stated that she had known the applicant for 15 years.
The second application, which is in the name Harry Schlusberg, was made at
the Department on February 16, 1938, and no passport was issued.
This applicant stated that he resided at 314 Taylor Street NW., Washington,
D. C., and that he was a buyer for H. S. King, 1504 Seventh Street, NW.
The identifying witness was Lila Hechler of 1436 R Street NW., who stated
that she had known the applicant for 5 years.
An investigation conducted in 1938 disclosed that the true name of the first
applicant was Isaac Rijock and that he was an organizer of the CIO under the
name John Steuben. Rijock was interviewed by an agent and admitted making
the fraudulent application and stated that he was born in Russia and was not
an American citizen. He stated that since about 1928 he had been known by
the name John Steuben.
Rijock stated that in 1931 and 1932 he was in charge of the New York office
of the Trade Union Unity League and that he went to China because of labor
problems there, using the passport in the name Harold Schlusberg. He claimed
that he found the birth certificate in a desk which he had taken over from some-
one else and that the identifying witness was a stenographer in his office named
Sadie Rosen.
However, it appears that the identifying witness was actually Sadie Rijock,
the wife of Isaac Rijock and the sister of Esther Michel Rigerman.
The investigation of the second application disclosed that Harry Schlusberg
did not reside at 314 Taylor Street NW., Washington, D. C., and that he was
not employed by the H. S. King Co. It was found that the H. S. King Co. was
run by Sigmund Ades who stated that his brother, Bernard Ades, was ac-
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES _\97
quainted with the applicant. Subsequently Bernard phoned Mr. Bannerman
regarding the case.
The identifying witness, Lila Hechler, is a sister-in-law of Bernard Ades.
Bernard Ades was questioned regarding this case on August 16, 1039, and
stated that this was a case in which he had asked his brother, Sigmund Ades
of the H. S. King Co. to permit Sclilusberg to use the King company as the name
of his employer although he is not employed by that company. Bernard Ades
stated that this was for the purpose of assisting Sclilusberg in obtaining em-
ployment and at first denied having any knowledge of the passport application.
Later when questioned regarding his telephone call to Mr. Bannerman he claimed
that his memory was poor and that he may have phoned regarding the passport
case.
An investigation as to the validity of the application brought conflicting
reports. Some persons stated that the photograph was a likeness of the real
Harold Sclilusberg and others stated that it was not. A further investigation
is being made.
Application, Gertrude Larson Shatz
This application was executed at the passport agency in New York City on
April 10, 1029, and passport No. 10728 was issued on April 20, 1929. The appli-
cant gave her address as 10S East 91st Street, New York City.
The identifying witness stated that she had known the applicant for 21
years and gave her name and address as Katherine Johnson, 341 West 13th
Street, New York City.
The applicant submitted an affidavit of birth allegedly executed by her aunt,
Mrs. Katherine Johnson of 342 West 13th Street, New York City. The writing
of the alleged Katherine Johnson on the application and affidavit has been
identified as that of the woman who obtained a passport in the name Katherine
Harrison.
This applicant claimed that she was the wife of Phillip Shatz.
The applicant is believed to be identical with a person who was issued pass-
ports in 1927 and 1929 in the name Valeria Meltz.
The true name of the applicant is unknown.
Application, Phillip Shatz
The first application in this name was executed at the passport agency at
Chicago on July 13, 1026, and passport No. 26S266 was issued on July 17, 1926.
The applicant gave his address as care John Markey, 2010 North Humbold
Boulevard, Chicago, 111.
The identifying witness was Harry Gannes of 5347 Harper Avenue, Chicago,
who gave his occupation as a stenographer and who stated that he had known
the applicant for 5 years.
The applicant claimed that he was born in Poland and that he acquired
American citizenship through the naturalization at Cleveland, Ohio, on Sep-
tember 23, 3916, of his father, William Shatz.
The second application in this name was executed by the same applicant at
the passport agency at New York on April 20, 1920, and passport No. 22867 was
issued on April 24, 1929. The applicant gave his address as 108 East 91st
Street.
In 1928 the British authorities became suspicious of the activities of the
applicant and his alleged wife and made inquiry of this Government. An in-
A’estigation was shortly thereafter made of the bona fides of the two applica-
tions.
The naturalization of William Shatz was verified and it was ascertained
that he stated in his petition for naturalization that he had a son, Phillip, who
was born on July 12, 1907, at New Rochelle, N. Y. Phillip’s name is men-
tioned on the naturalization certificate of Mr. Shatz but his place of birth is not
shown.
The Department also verified the birth at New Rochelle on July 12, 1907, of
Phillip Shatz but did not attempt to question the identifying witness, Harry
Gannes.
An effort was made to locate William Shatz at Cleveland but he could not be
found.
The true name of the applicant is unknown.
a9S scope of soviet activity in the united states
Application, Nicholas Sherman
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on Au-
gust 12, 1933, and passport No. 55972 was issued on August 14, 1933. He gave
his address as 91 Woodruff Avenue, apartment 2D, Brooklyn, N. Y.
The applicant submitted certificate of naturalization No. 1465058, indicating
that one Nikola Jurotovich was naturalized by the United States District
Court at Pittsburgh, Pa., on December 30, 1921.
The applicant also submitted a certified copy of a court order purporting to
change the name of one Nikola Jurotovich to Nicholas Sherman.
The identifying witness was Joshua Tamer, of 1360 48th Street, Brooklyn,
N. Y.
The applicant originally requested that the passport be sent to him at 25
Brighton Hoad, Island Park, Long Island, N. Y., but changed this to a request
that the passport be sent in the New York pouch.
The bearer of the passport was arrested at Copenhagen, Denmark, in
February 1935 on a charge of espionage. In addition to the passport in the
name Nicholas Sherman, the prisoner had in his possession a Canadian pass-
port in the name Abraham Goldman and a German passport in the name
Wilhelm Karl Hermann Brettschneider.
The person arrested had the naturalization certificate of Jurotovich and a
mimeographed questionnaire setting forth information concerning Jurotovich.
The prisoner was sentenced to serve 18 months in prison.
An investigation conducted in this country disclosed that the applicant was
an impostor and that the real Nikola Jurotovich died in Aliquippa, Pa., on
December 19, 1926. His brother, Paul Jurotovich, was residing in East Pitts-
burgh, Pa., in December 1935.
The true identity of the impostor in this case has never been established al-
though it is believed that his wife is the sister of the wife of Joshua Tamer,
the identifying witness.
The impostor and the identifying witness, Joshua Tamer, are now under
indictment in the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York for violating the passport laws.
A circular bearing the photograph and fingerprints of the impostor has been
sent to all American consular officers.
It is possible that the impostor is identical with the former head of the
Soviet military intelligence service in the United States.
Among the effects of the impostor when he was arrested in Copenhagen was
a letter addressed to him by the American House Incorporated, of Trenton,
N. J., regarding a communication ordered by L. J. which had been sent to
him in an envelope with the address of the New Jersey secretary of state on
it. The American House is a hotel operated by Harry H. Kaplan. There
was also correspondence addressed to him by Mr. J. J. Harvey, of the Inter-
Continent Oil Company, Ltd., of New York City.
Application, Harry Somers
This application was executed on December 17, 1929, before the clerk of the
United States District Court at Philadelphia, Pa., and passport No. 150273 was
issued on December 19, 1929. The applicant gave his address as 2500 North
33d Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
The applicant claimed that he was born at Lahaska, Pa., on April 8, 1897,
and submitted as evidence thereof 2 affidavits, 1 executed in the name of Sam
Wich, before a notary public, and the other in the name William Hoffman, before
the clerk of the court.
The identifying witness signed the name William Hoffman and the address
4206 Parkside Avenue. The witness is the same person who signed William
Hoffman on the affidavit of birth.
The applicant requested that the passport be sent to him in care of M. Olken,
2500 North 33d Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
The bearer of the passport went to India where he aroused the suspicion of the
police because of his association with Communists and with the person who was
traveling on a passport in the name Nathan William Kweit.
The true name of the applicant is Harry Kweit.
An investigation conducted in December 1930 disclosed that neither Sam Wich
nor William Hoffman was known at the adresses given in their affidavits.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a99
Morris L. Olken had a drugstore at 2500 North 33d Street and resided at the
same address. Mr. Olken stated that he did not know anyone by the name
of Harry Somers and claimed that he could not throw any light on the case.
The writing of the alleged William Hoffman is in the same handwriting as the
signature Henry George Lynd on the affidavit of birth filed at Scranton, Pa., in
that name.
Harry Kweit also executed a fraudulent passport application in the name
Edward Riggs and was identifying witness on the passport aplications executed
by Alexander Bittleman in the name Nathan William Kweit and the applica-
tion executed by Joseph Zack in the name Samuel Fox. The person who obtained
the passport in the name of Amy Schechter Kweit claimed to be the wife of Harry
Kweit.
Application, Anna Spilberg
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York on
March 13, 1029, and passport No. 685588 was issued on March 16, 1929. The
applicant gave her permanent address as 2709 West Division Street, Chicago,
111 .
The applicant requested that her passport be mailed to her in care of her
uncle, L. Shapiro, 1512 Townsend Avenue, Bronx, N. Y.
There was no identifying witnesss since the applicant submitted the expired
passport of her husband which was in the name of Isidore Spilberg.
This woman was included in the 1925 passport in the name Isidore Spilberg.
She also obtained another passport in 1929 in the name Helen Lillian Bowlen.
This woman is actually Mrs. Alexander Bittleman. Her husband obtained
two passports in the name Isidore Spilberg and one passport in the name
Nathan William Kweit.
Application, Isidore Spilberg
The first application in this name was executed at the passport agency at
Chicago on September 18, 1925, and passport No. 121972 was issued on Sep-
tember 23, 1925. He gave his addresss as 2709 West Division Street, Chicago,
111., in care of Louis Lerner.
The applicant requested that his passport include the name of his wife, Anna
Spilberg, to whom he stated he was married in May 1912.
The applicant claimed that he was naturalized on December 31, 1914, by
the Circuit Court of Cook County, Chicago, 111.
The identifying witness signed the name Anna Spilberg and gave the address
2709 West Division Street, Chicago.
On March 5, 1928, the bearer of the passport applied for and obtained its
extension at the passport agency in New York. He gave his address as the
Hebrew Seminary, 2709 West Division Street, Chicago, 111., and his address in
New York as care of Mr. I. Porter, 200 East 83d Street.
The second application in this name was executed at the passport agency
in New York on March 13, 1929, and passport No. 684484 was issued on March
14, 1929. The applicant gave his permanent address as 2709 West Division
Street, Chicago, 111.
The applicant at first requested that his passport be sent to him in care of
L. Shapiro, 1512 Townsend Avenue, Bronx, N. Y., but changed this to a request
that the passport be sent in the New York pouch.
The applicant stated that he had traveled in Germany, Russia, and Italy
from September 1925 to April 1926, and in Germany and Russia from July
1928 to September 1928.
The true name of this applicant is Alexander Bittleman. The supposed
Anna Spilberg is the wife of Bittleman. This man’s wife obtained a separate
passport in 1929 in the name Nathan William Kweit and his wife obtained a
passport at the same time in the name Helen Lillian Bowlen.
The real Isidore Spilberg, whose naturalization certificate was used, was
residing in July 1933 at 1440 South Kolin Avenue, Chicago, 111.
Application, Lydia Stahl
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York City on
November 14, 1928, and passport No. 650277 was issued on November 16, 1928.
The applicant gave her address as 120 West 116th Street, New York City.
aIGO scope of soviet activity in the united states
The identifying witness gave her name and address as Anna Kaplan, 54 East
100th Street, New lY>rk City.
There was submitted with this application an affidavit executed before Max
Kitzes in the name Lydia Loeb. The affiant stated that she was the aunt of
Lydia Stahl and gave her own address as 120 West 116th Street, New York City.
An investigation conducted in 1934 disclosed that the true name of the appli-
cant is Elsa Bloch, the daughter of Isidore Bloch who was then residing at 32
West 82d Street, New York City, and who was in business at 462 Columbus
Avenue, New York City. Mr. Bloch stated that his daughter was born at
Saratoga Springs, N. Y., on June 24, 1904, that she graduated from Hunter
College and later enrolled in the New York University Graduate School. While
at the latter school she became a Communist. She had been away from home a
number of years. The family had at one time received a letter from her from
Berlin, Germany, in which she stated that she intended to visit Russia. Subse-
quently letters were received from her from Moscow. Mr. Bloch had last heard
from his daughter 3 or 4 weeks before when she was in one of the Dakotas. Mr.
Bloch stated that his wife's maiden name was Loeb but that she was the only
female child who survived infancy.
Mr. Bloch stated that his daughter had brought to the Bloch home one Anna
Kaplan who was also a Communist worker.
An inquiry at 120 West 116th Street, New York City, disclosed that nothing
was known there of Lydia Stahl or Lydia Loeb. There was no forwarding
address for either person.
There was another woman known as Lydia Stahl who was engaged in espionage
on behalf of the Soviet Government in France and was arrested about the same
time as Robert Gordon Switz. It is not known whether or not the American
passport in the name Lydia Stahl was altered and used by this woman.
The identifying witness, Anna Kaplan, was reported to have lived at one time
at 54 East 100th Street with the family of a relative, Mrs. Alice Kaplan, who
then resided at 51 East 9Sth Street. Mrs. Kaplan refused to give any informa-
tion regarding Anna but her daughter, Florence Kaplan, then employed by
Bergdorf Goodman at Fifth Avenue and 58th Street, stated that Anna was a
distant cousin and had resided with the family for several years. However,
Anna had disappeared about 2 years before. Florence stated that Anna was
affiliated with the Trade Union Unity League and attended various Communist
meetings and conventions. Florence partially identified the photograph on the
Lydia Stahl application as a likeness of a friend of Anna’s who was known to
her merely as Elsa and as another Communist agitator.
This passport application was renewed at the American consulate at Berlin.
Germany, on November 18, 1930.
Elsa Bloch also obtained passport 147,445 on September 18, 1934, as Elsa
Meyler. She is the wife of George Meyler.
Application, Albert E. Stewart
This application was executed at the passport agency at Chicago, 111., on
January 9, 1924, and passport No. 364689 was issued on January 15, 1924.
The applicant gave his address as 2023 Fremont Street. Chicago, 111.
The applicant submitted an affidavit allegedly executed by his brother John
Stewart, attesting to the alleged birth at Beaver Falls, Pa., on February 10,
1889, of Albert E. Stewart. The identity of the maker of this affidavit is
unknown.
No identifying witness appeared as the applicant submitted what appeared
to the passport agent to be satisfactory evidence of identity.
The second application in this name was executed on October 17, 1927, and
passport No. 466661 was issued on October 18, 1927. The applicant gave his
address as 215 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y.
The applicant submitted his 1924 passport with the 1927 application and
stated that it had never been used.
The third application in this name was executed at the American Consulate
General at Berlin, Germany, on January 22, 1930. and service passport No.
5S1 was issued on January 22, 1930. On March 26, 1931, the bearer of the 1930
passport applied for registration at the American Consulate General at Shanghai,
China. The applicant stated in the registration application that he was married
on May 17, 1929, to Margaret Undjus who was then in Shanghai with him.
The aforementioned applications were executed by Charles Krumbein who
used the passports obtained thereon.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IX THE UNITED STATES A 101
Upon the receipt of the registration application in the Department, it was
noted that the photograph on the corresponding passport applications were like-
nesses of the same person who used the Isldor Dreazen passport in England. This
occurred at a time when the Chinese Government was raiding all known Com-
munist headquarters in and around Shanghai and executing the prisoners almost
immediately. A hurried investigation disclosed that the Stewart applications
were fraudulent but did not indicate the true name or nationality of the im-
poster. The Department was unwilling to take up the passport and leave the
bearer thereof to the mercy of the Chinese officials since it might injure American
prestige. Accordingly, although Krumbein was kept under surveillance, he was
not arrested and shortly thereafter he obtained passage on a boat destined for
Dairen, Manchuria.
The Department cabled to the American consul at Dairen to take up the
Stewart passport upon the arrival of the bearer at that port and to lake his
fingerprints. The consul was also told that in case the bearer of the passport
claimed that he had no other document with him with which to proceed to
the safety of the Soviet Union, to issue him an emergency certificate of registra-
tion valid only for a limited time. The consul did as directed and since Krum-
bein had no other travel document, he was issued the emergency certificate of
registration.
In the spring of 1934 it was discovered that the person who had used the pass-
ports in the names of Albert E. Stewart and Isidor Dreazen was Charles
Krumbein, the district organizer of the Communist Party in New 7 York.
Krumbein w 7 as immediately arrested and indicted on charges of violating the
passport law. He pleaded guilty to the indictments and was sentenced on
February 4, 1935, to serve 18 months in prison, followed by a 4-year period of
probation. Kurmbein has served his sentence but presumably is still on
probation.
Considerable of a doubt exists as to the date and place of Krumbein’s birth
but it would appear that regardless of such place of birth, Krumbein is a
citizen of the United States, his mother having been married to an American
citizen.
While in Shanghai, Krumbein was associated wtih Margaret Undjus and a
man wffio had a passport in the name of Judea Codkind.
Applications, Ksavier A. Szpokas
The first application in this name was executed at the passport agency at
New York City on October 11, 1928, and passport No. G41870 was issued on Oc-
tober 15, 1928. The applicant gave his address as 410 West 154th Street, New
York, N. Y.
The applicant submitted naturalization certificate No. 1492G48, issued on
May 19, 1921, indicating that he was naturalized by the superior court at New-
port, R. I., on June 2G, 1918.
The identifying witness was Otto Lukas, 336 St. Ann’s Avenue, Bronx. N. Y.
This application was executed by an imposter of unknown identity. The real
Szpokas was found dead on November 13, 1928, at 55 South Fifth Street, Brook-
lyn, N. Y. An autopsy disclosed that death was due to pneumonia and peri-
tonitis, and that there was no evidence of foul play. However, three policies
of $5,000 each had been taken out on the life of Szpokas a few months before
he died, all payable to persons other than his relatives and the beneficiary of
his veteran’s insurance was changed from a relative to his landlord 3 days
before he died.
The identifying witness does not appear to have been located w 7 hen the inves-
tigation w r as made.
The second application in this name w 7 as executed at the passport agency at
Boston on September 12, 1930, and passport No. 1956, Boston special series, was
issued on September 12, 1930. The applicant gave his address as 32 Lambert
Street, Roxbury, Mass.
The same naturalization certificate was submitted with this application as
with the previous one.
The identifying witness was Benjamin Chalfen, a steamship agent, 453 Wash-
ington Street, Brookline, Mass.
The passport was renewed at the passport agency at Boston on September 20,
1932, and the applicant submitted wuth the renewal application an affidavit
which he had executed before Benjamin Chalfen wffio was also a notary public.
The second imposter was Albert Feierabend who traveled extensively on the
A 102 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
passport and who was arrested on his arrival at New York on April 11, 1933.
Feierabend was already under indictment in the United States District Court
at Boston on various charges of violating the passport laws and was taken to
that city where he entered a plea of guilty to the indictment and was fined
$1,000 and placed on probation for 2 years.
Feierabend was thereafter indicted in the United States District Court at
New York, N. Y., arrested, released on bond, and disappeared. His present
whereabouts is unknown.
The second Szpokas passport and the Szpokas naturalization certificate are
in the Department’s files.
Application, Abraham Wexler
The first application in this name was executed at the passport agency at New
York City on June 19, 1929, and passport No. 87558 was issued on June 20, 1929.
The applicant gave his address as 1114 Stratford Avenue, New York, N. Y.
The applicant submitted his naturalization certificate showing that he was
naturalized by the circuit court of Calhoun County, Camp Custer, Mich., on
May 14, 1919.
The identifying witness was Francis J. Hogan, 25 South Street, New York City.
Wexler made a new application at the passport agency at New York City on
November 10, 1934, and was issued passport No. 154245 on November 14, 1934.
He gave his address as 211 Madison Street, New York, N. Y r .
The identifying witness was Ray Hollis Chambers of the Seamans Institute,
25 South Street, New York City.
The applicant alleged that he had lost his 1929 passport.
The second passport issued to Wexler was found in the apartment of George
Mink when he was arrested at Copenhagen, Denmark, in February 1935. The
passport had not been used.
Wexler was interviewed by a special agent of the Department in the spring of
1936 and admitted having applied for two passports and stated that he had never
used either of them. He presumed that the passports were removed from his
clothes while he was intoxicated. He stated that he was then employed as a
reporter for the Daily News at 220 East 42d Street, that he had been a seaman
for many years and had belonged to the Marine Workers Union.
Application, Jakob Genhard Wirkkula
This application was executed at the passport agency at New York City on
February IS, 1933, and passport No. 57716S was issued on February 21, 1933.
The applicant gave his address as 4309 Eighth Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
The identifying witness was Laurie E. Laine of 30 East 128th Street, New
York City.
The passport was sent by registered mail to 4309 Eighth Avenue, Brooklyn,
N. Y. The applicant submitted as evidence of his alleged birth in Michigan an
affidavit purportedly executed before Max Kitzes, a notary public, by his brother,
Adolph Wirkkula. The bearer of this passport was arrested in Berlin, Germany
on December 20, 1933 for communistic activities. He also had in his possession
a Norwegian passport in the name Johann Louis Korsell in which his place of
birth was shown as Oslo, Norway. The German police subsequently ascertained
that this man was really one Nuls Wirtanen, a former Finnish Communist leader.
The passport is now in the Department’s files. It does not bear any evidence
of alteration but shows that the bearer arrived at Cuxhaven, Germany, on March
10, 1933.
Laurie E. Laine, the identifying witness, was located at 165 East 128th Street,
New York City, and stated that the photograph on the application was that of
Jakob Wirkkula and that they had both worked together as printers for the
Finnish Federation, Inc., the publishers of the Finnish language newspaper
“Eteenpain”, located at 35 East 12th Street. Laine stated that he had first met
the applicant in Chicago in 1927 when both were in the employ of the Union
Press of that city.
Adolph Wirkkula was interviewed at 21 East 125th Street, New York City,
where he operated a restaurant and delicatessen shop. He stated that he did not
know whether or not Jakob actually went to Europe as he had planned. He
claimed that the affidavit was brought to him in blank by the applicant’s son and
that he filled it in and returned it later to the son. Adolph stated that Jakob
belonged to several communistic organizations. Adolph stated that he could not
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES A 103
positively identify the copy of the applicant’s photograph although the description
fitted that of his brother. He did not think that the signature on the application
was made by his brother.
Mrs. Jakob Wirkkula was interviewed at her home at 4309 Eighth Avenue,
Brooklyn, but refused to answer any questions, except to say that the photograph
looked like her husband and then slammed the door in the agent’s face.
The American birth of the real Jakob Wirkkula was verified, and his father,
who was also Jacob Wirkkula, was located at 2939 Berteau Avenue, Chicago.
A copy of the photograph on the application was shown to various members of
the Wirkkula family in Chicago, but they could not identify it as a likeness of
the real Jakob Wirkkula.
PERSONS: FACTS REGARDING EACH
Lena Abrams
See Lena Ames.
Gertrude Ackerman
This woman was the identifying witness on a fraudulent passport application
executed by Joseph Zack in the name Joseph Kornfeder.
Miss Ackerman was born in Poland on April 21, 1896, and acquired American
citizenship through the naturalization of her father. In 1936 her parents resided
at 194 Grey Street, Buffalo, N. Y.
Bernard Ades
Bernard Ades is apparently a native American citizen, born in Baltimore, Md.,
on July 3, 1903. He gave his occupation in his passport application as economist,
although he is said to be a lawyer and to have a law office in Washington.
Ades applied for and obtained a passport in 1937 by fraudulently representing
the purpose of his trip abroad and used the passport to go to Spain in violation
of the restrictions contained therein.
Ades was the identifying witness on the passport application of Andrew Pape,
who also misrepresented the purpose of his proposed trip abroad. Ades admits
that he knew that Pape was going to Spain when he signed as identifying witness.
Ades was also connected with the case of the man who applied for a passport
in 1938 in the name Harry Schlusberg.
Sigmund Ades
This man was the proprietor of H. S. King & Co., which was given as the
employer of the person who made a passport application in 1938 in the name
Harry Schlusberg. He is a brother of Bernard Ades.
Lena Ames
In the case of Bruno Herman August Hanke, the application gave his address
as in care of Ames, 55 East Seventh Street, New York City. Mrs. Lena Ames
(or Abrams) and her daughter formerly resided at this address and were located
in June 1934 in apartment 2 A at 151 Second Avenue. Mrs. Ames stated that
Hanke formerly roomed at her apartment, but that she knew nothing concerning
him. According to her story, he and the identifying witness, Abraham Shafman,
roomed there for about 2 months.
L. Auerbach
When Arthur Ewert, alias Harry Berger, was arrested in Brazil in December
1935, there were found in his possession slips of paper bearing the name L.
Auerbach, 337 West 14th Street, Apartment 64, New York ; Cable address Poljon,
New York.
The aforementioned person, it is thought, may be identical to Lena Auerbach,
who was issued a passport in 1933. In November 1938, Miss Anitra Lamour
who gave her address c/o Hotel Langwell, 123 West 44th Street, New York City,
wrote to the Department and requested that passports be refused to Louis and
Harry Auerback, formerly of 14S7 College Avenue, New York City. Miss La-
mour stated that the boys were the children of Lena and Joseph Auerback, and
that their mother was afraid that they were going to Spain to fight. The letter
alleged that the Communist Party was sending American boys to Spain.
David Bankoff
The aforementioned name is signed to an affidavit which was filed in connec-
tion with the issue of a birth certificate at Scranton in the name Joseph Korn-
a 104
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES A 105
feiler. This affidavit was executed before Max Kitzes, notary puldic, and was
also signed by Katherine Harrison. Nothing more is known concerning Bankoff.
Griffin Barry
Nothing is known concerning this person except that he signed as identifying
witness on a passport application executed in the name Susanna Paxton Pine-
berg on June 27, 1929. At that time he gave his address as 328 East 15th Street,
New York City.
Bart
Bart obtained a passport in the name of John William Pox, also known as
Jack Childs.
Mrs. Bart
This woman was supposed to be the wife of the man known as Bart.
Mrs. Bart obtained passports in the names of Annie Morrison and Rosa Saffin.
William M. Beck
Mr. Beck was the witness on the fraudulent passport application executed
in 1922 by Alfred Wagenknecht in the name Walter Frederick Bronstrup. At
that time he stated that he was a bookkeeper residing at S29 McPherson Street,
Brooklyn, N. Y., and that he had known the applicant for 6 years.
John F. Berry
This name is signed as identifying witness on the passport application exe-
cuted in the name Edward Riggs by Harry Kweit. The address is given as
745 East 175th Street, Bronx, N. Y. A special agent called at this address in
March 1936 and ascertained that no person by the name John Berry was known
there.
Blake
This man was introduced by Bart to one . Blake was aware that
was traveling on a fraudulent passport and was a party in the arrange-
ments which were made for the purchase of a steamship ticket through the
World Tourist, Inc.
Blake, as well as Bart, seemed to be thoroughly familiar with the personnel
of the office of the World Tourist, Inc., and w*as there when final arrangements
were made for ’s trip abroad.
Blake was said to be a member of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party. stated that Blake appeared to be a Hungarian Jew, about 45
years old, well kept, and well dressed. He was about 5 feet 6 inches tall and
fairly fleshy. He had blue eyes and light hair and wore glasses.
Blake’s real name was Welwel Warszower. He also used the names William
Wiener and Robert William Weiner. Pie was financial secretary of the Commu-
nist Party, vice president of World Tourists, Inc., and president of International
Workers’ Order.
Isidore Blocii
This man is the father of Elsa Bloeh who executed a passport application in
the name Lydia Stahl .
An investigation conducted in 1934 disclosed that the true name of the appli-
cant is Elsa Bloch, the daughter of Isidore Bloch, who was then residing at 32
West 82d Street, New York City, and who was in business at 462 Columbus
Avenue, New York City. Mr. Bloch stated that his daughter was born at
Saratoga Springs, N. Y., on June 24, 1904, and that she graduated from Planter
College and later enrolled in the New York University Graduate School. While
at the latter school she became a Communist. She had been away from home
a number of years. The family had at one time received a letter from her from
Berlin, Germany, in which she stated that she intended to visit Russia. Subse-
quently letters were received from her from Moscow. Mr. Bloch had last heard
from his (laughter 3 or 4 weeks before when she was in one of the Dakotas.
Mr. Bloch stated that his wife’s maiden name was Loeb but that she was the
only female child who survived infancy.
Mr. Bloch stated that his daughter had brought to the Bloch home one Anna
Kaplan who was also a Communist worker.
a106 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Elsa Bloch also obtained passport 147,445 Sept. 18, 1934, as Elsa Meyler,
wife of George Meyler.
Mrs. Bogorade
Mrs. Bogorade of 120 Howe Avenue operated a rooming house at that address.
Leon Marks resided there for some time. Mrs. Bogorade is a Russian Jewess.
The alleged aunt of Leon Marks, Frances Gordon, is also supposed to have re-
sided at Mrs. Bogorade’s rooming house. However, Mrs. Bogorade stated that
Frances did not live there at the time, that she did not know where Frances
could be located but that the latter came by occasionally for mail addressed to
her.
Joseph R. Brodsky
Brodsky is a naturalized American citizen of Russian origin and obtained
passports in 1928, 1932, and 1937. He also obtained a renewal of his 1932 pass-
port in February 1936.
Brodsky has been known as a radical for a number of years.
Brodsky was formerly associated w 7 ith Isaac 'Shorr and Carol Weiss King in
the law firm Shorr, Brodsky & King at 41 Union Square, New York City. How-
ever, they are not listed as a firm in the New York telephone book at this time.
Shorr’s office is now at 31 Union Square while the offices of Brodsky and Mrs.
King are at 100 Fifth Avenue.
The above-mentioned firm drew up the articles of incorporation for the World
Tourist, Inc., in 1927 and Brodsky stated in his 1928 passport application that
he was going abroad on legal business for the World Tourist, Inc. Brodsky is
now listed as president of the World Tourist, Inc., and is secretary of the
International Publishers Co. of 381 Fourth Avenue, New York City. He is the
treasurer of the 26-2S Union Square Inc. which holds the lease on the property
at that address.
Brodsky was the attorney for Alfred Wagenknecht when he was tried for
obtaining a passport fraudulently in 1922. He was also the attorney for
Charles Ivrumbein when the latter was indicted for violating the passport laws
in 1935.
In 1935 Margaret Undjus claimed that she had lost her passport when her
handbag fell out of a rowboat in a lake. Later when the Department refused to
issue her a new passport she produced the old one, claiming that her attorney,
Mr. Brodsky, had found the passport in his safe where he had kept it since her
divorce proceedings were instituted.
In the early part of 1936 Brodsky went to Brazil in the interest of Victor
Allen Barron, an American Communist, and Mr. and Mrs. Ewert who had been
arrested for carrying on revolutionary activities.
The identifying witness on Brodsky’s 1928 passport application was Milton
Goodman of 8753 110th Street, Richmond Hill, Long Island, N. Y. Goodman
stated that lie had known Brodsky for 12 years.
(Brodsky is now deceased.)
Earl Russell Browder
Mr. Browder is the general secretary of the Communist Party of the United
States and has been active in the Communist movement in this country since
shortly after the World War. Browder is a native American of American stock
and was educated in his native State of Kansas. He served a jail sentence and
a penitentiary sentence during the World War for evasion of the draft act.
Browder has obtained passports in the names Nicholas Dozenberg and George
Morris, as well as in his own name. He is known to have made a number of
trips abroad during periods in which none of the aforementioned passports were
valid. Accordingly, it is thought probable that he has had at least 2 or 3 other
American passports in names that are not known to the Department.
During the recent Spanish civil war, Browder discussed with an officer of the
Department the matter of obtaining the return of the American passports which
had been taken from the American volunteers serving in the International Bri-
gade. Although Browder promised to do what he could and stated that he
thought that he could obtain the return of the passports, only a few of the pass-
ports were actually surrendered. Earl Browder is the brother of William
Browder and Margaret Browder, alias Jean Montgomery.
While in China Browder lived with a woman who was traveling on a passport
in the name Katherine Harrison. This woman was known as Browder’s wife
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a107
for a number of years and lived with him in this country. However, she is not
Browder’s present wife as this woman is supposed to be a Russian who came
to this country in 1934 and 1935, bringing with her two children born to her and
Browder in Russia. It has been alleged that this woman is one Anna Glutzman
who was a well-known judge in Russia in the early 1920’s.
Browder and his family are now said to be residing at 7 Highland Place,
Yonkers, N. Y.
Margaret Browder
This woman is the sister of Earl Russell Browder and William Browder.
According to General Krivitsky and Mr. X, the photograph of Margaret Brow-
der appears on the passport applications in the name Jean Montgomery. Gen-
eral Krivitsky states that this woman worked for him in the Soviet Military
Intelligence Service and praised the use of American passports for such agents.
She urged General Krivitsky to use such a passport himself, but in view of his
ignorance of the English language at that time, he did not so do.
The present whereabouts of Miss Browder is unknown.
She was identified also by Max Bedacht.
William Browder
William Browder is a native American citizen, having been born in Kansas in
1S95. He is a brother of Earl Browder and Margaret Browder, alias Jean
Montgomery.
Like his brother Earl, William served prison terms during the World War for
evasions of the draft act. He has been active in the Communist Party since
shortly after the World War and was until recently president of the Daily AVorker
Corp. William Browder was issued passport No. 363759 on January 27, 1937,
upon an application in which he stated that he desired to go to England and
France on business and that he intended to return to the United States within
1 month. The passport was stamped “Not valid for travel in Spain.”
William Browder, using the passport, arrived at Havre, France, on Febru-
ary 5, 1937, on the steamship Aquitania . On the same boat were a large number of
American volunteers for service in the Spanish Army.
However, there is no evidence available that William Browder actually entered
Spain.
William Browder was the identifying witness on the passport application
which Earl Browder executed in his own name on August 31, 1934.
William Browder executed the affidavit of birth which was submitted with
the fraudulent passport application executed by his sister, Margaret Browder,
in the name of Jean Montgomery, To this affidavit William Browder signed
the name William Montgomery.
No information is available indicating that William Browder went abroad prior
to 1937.
He previously had a passport in the name George Ross.
Benjamin Chalfen
This man was the identifying witness on the passport application which Albert
Feierabend executed on March 8, 192S, in his own name, and was also identify-
ing witness on the application for a passport which Feierabend executed on
September 12, 1930, in the name Ksavier A. Szpokas.
Chalfen was indicted in the United States District Court at Boston, Mass.,
and was sentenced to 1 year and 1 day in the House of Correction but his sen-
tence was suspended and Chalfen was placed on probation for 2 years.
Ray Hollis Chambers
Nothing is known concerning this person other than the fact that he was the
witness on the 1934 application of Abraham Wexler. At that time Chambers
gave his address as the Seamans Institute, 25 South Street, New York City.
Morris Childs
This man was district organizer of the Communist Party in 1935 and 1936
with headquarters at Chicago.
Childs was born in Russia on June 10, 1902, and was naturalized by the United
States District Court at Chicago, on October 18, 1927. He was issued a passport
a108 scope of soviet activity in the united states
in November 1929, at which time he gave his address as 218 East 12th Street,
New York City. At that time he gave his occupation as a draftsman and stated
that he desired to go to an art school in Berlin in connection with his employ-
ment by the interior decorators, Eugene Schoen & Co., Inc., 115 East 60th Street,
New York City.
The identifying witness on his application was Nehemiah H. Kishor, 353 East
19th Street, New York City.
Judea Codkind
This man was an associate in China of Charles Krumbein who was then using
a passport in the name Albert E. Stewart. The alleged Codkind was also known
as Rosenfeld and sometimes posed as a Frenchman and sometimes as a German.
He appears to have been a disbursing agent while in Shanghai.
This man executed a passport application at New' York on March 27, 1930,
and was issued passport No. 184799 on March 28, 1930. He gave his address
as 200 West 113th Street, apartment 3N, New York. His identifying witness
w T as Clara Meltzer of 353 East 19th Street, New York.
According to Mr. X, the photograph of this man is not that of a well-known
Communist, Julius Codkind.
William Cole
This name was signed to an affidavit of birth submitted in connection with the
fraudulent passport application in the name Louis Paretti.
Bernard Cooper
This man wrote a letter to the impostor in the name Adolph Rabinowitz
ostensibly making him an agent of the firm of Cooper & Erase, for the purpose
of purchasing precious stones. Mr. Cooper w T as born in Russia, now Poland, on
January 2, 1889, and was naturalized as a citizen of the United States at Camp
Devens, Mass., on January 26, 1918. He was issued passports in 1924, 1926, 1928,
1931, and 1935. His wufe’s name is Lillian Cooper. In his 1924, 1928, and 1931
applications, Mr. Cooper stated that his wife was born in New York City. How-
ever, in an application for the amendment of his 1935 passport to include his wife,
he stated that she was born in Poland.
Samuel Adams Dardeck
This man is known as Sam Darcy and is one of the most prominent Com-
munists on the Pacific coast. He was candidate for Governor of California
several years ago.
Mr. Dardeck’s wife is Pauline Emma Bleckschmidt, who was born at North
Bergen, N. J., on June 13, 1903, and w r hose identity was assumed by a woman who
married Albert Feierabend. Dardeck was issued a passport in 1927 to include
his wife.
In 1935 Dardeck was questioned at length by a representative of the Immigra-
tion and Naturalization Service and a copy of the hearing is in his passport file.
Dardeck was born in Russia on November 6, 1903, and acquired American
citizenship through the naturalization of his father, Isador Dardeck, and his
own residence in the United States during his minority.
The home of Mr. Dardeck’s wife’s family is 2 East Street, Jersey City, N. J.
The father of Mrs. Dardeck is a Dr. Bleckschmidt.
Samuel Dardeck is the eastern Pennsylvania secretary of the Communist
Party.
Katherine Dozenberg
A passport was obtained in the name Katherine Dozenberg on December 5,
1929, and the passport was renewed at the Consulate General at Berlin on October
23, 1931.
Mr. X, when recently interviewed, expressed the opinion that this Katherine
Dozenberg was not the original wife of Nicholas Dozenberg but was a much
younger woman. However, the investigation which was conducted in 1933 by a
special agent of the Department tended to show that both Nicholas and Katherine
Dozenberg were the persons they represented themselves to be. However, the
report is not entirely complete and it is thought that a further investigation
should be made.
It is not known w'hether this applicant is the person who signed Katherine
Dozenberg as identifying witness on the 1921 passport application in the name
Nicholas Dozenberg.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IX THE UNITED STATES a!09
Nicholas Dozenberg
The person who is thought to be the real Nicholas Dozenberg obtained pass-
ports in his own name in 1928 and 1932. He was born in Riga, Latvia, on No-
vember 15, 18S2, and was naturalized by the United States Circuit Court at
Boston, Mass., on Febraury 11, 1911. His naturalization certificate was used
by Earl Browder in 1921 for the purpose of obtaining a passport for Browder’s
use.
A copy of a report of an investigation conducted in 1933 is in the Dozenberg
passport file.
Dozenberg was the identifying witness on the passport application in the name
Marion Emerson.
The address given in one of Dozenberg’s passport applications, 554 48th Street,
Brooklyn, N. Y., was also shown in a notebook of Albert Feierabend. According
to General Krivitsky, Dozenberg was actively engaged at one time in the dis-
tribution in this country of counterfeit money made in the Soviet Union.
Mr. X does not think that the photograph on the application in the name
Katherine Dozenberg is a likeness of Dozenberg’s original wife but thinks it is a
photograph of a much younger woman.
ISADOR DREAZEN
See application, Isador Dreazen.
Lodovico Deesco
This name was signed to an affidavit of birth submitted in connection with the
fraudulent passport application in the name Louis Paretti.
Marion Louise Emerson
This woman was issued passport No. 576586 on May 28, 1928, upon an appli-
cation in which she stated that she was born at Chelmsford, Mass., on April 20,
1S83. Her identifying witness was Nicholas Dozenberg, who gave his address
as 309 East 14th Street, New York City.
The applicant submitted an affidavit of birth executed at Lowell, Mass., on
May 26, 1928, by Edwin H. Warren, who stated that he was a cousin of the
applicant. The affidavit is on the law office stationery of Raymond W. Sher-
burne, 174 Central Street, Lowell, Mass.
The validity of this passport application has not been investigated.
Marion L. Emerson appears to have been prominent in the Communistic ac-
tivities in this country in 1922 and 1923.
In December 1922 a letter from William E. Sproule of Lowell, Mass., in-
dicated that Marion Emerson was the party name of Marion E. Sproule.
(800.00 B— Haskell, Waldo A.)
Arthur Ewert
Arthur Ewert was at one time a prominent German Communist and was a
member of the German Reichstag. The faction of the party to which he be-
longed in Germany lost control of the organization in that country and he went
to work for the Comintern. As a representative of the Comintern he came to
the United States in 1927 to settle a factional fight in the Communist Party in
the United States. He placed in power the faction headed by Jay Lovestone.
He again came to the United States on May 25, 1932, with his wife on the
SS. American Legion , the couple being in possession of nonimmigrant visas Nos.
15 and 16, issued at Montevideo on April 29, 1932, both claiming birth in Ger-
many and destined to the German Consulate in New York City. They were
admitted for a 6-weeks period but never submitted proof of departure from this
country. (800.00 B — Ewert, Arthur/51.)
In July 1932 Ewert applied for and obtained an American passport in the
name Harry Berger which he used for travel in China and South America. He
was arrested in Brazil in December 1935 on a charge of carrying on revolu-
tionary activities and is still imprisoned in that country.
A large number of documents were found in Ewert’s apartment when he was
arrested, including his own birth certificate in his own name. Photostatic
copies of these documents are in the document file.
72723— 57— pt. 23 a 8
aIIO scope of soviet activity m the united states
Ewert talked freely with a representative of the American Embassy concern-
ing his identity and his activities in South America. (800.00 B — Ewert,
Arthur/10. )
Ewert’s wife fraudulently obtained a passport in the name Machla Lenczycki.
While in China, Ewert had contact with a Communist agent who had pass-
port No. 331741 dated December 12, 1930, in the name Paul Walsh (Eugene
Dennis) .
Among Ewert’s possessions when he was arrested in Brazil were slips of
paper bearing the name Bessie Weissman, 383 Madison Avenue, New York, and
Bessie Weissman, 2800 Bronx Park East, New York. Another slip bore the
name Mrs. L. Auerbach, 337 West 14th Street, apartment 64, New York ; cable
address, Poljon, New York.
The cable address, Poljon, was that of one John Poliak who then resided at
124 West 79th Street, New York City. Poliak now has an apartment at 65 East
96th Street, New York, but it appears that he does not reside there at present
but leases the apartment to a family named Leiberman, from Missouri, and
calls for his mail.
Elsie Saborowski Ewert
Mrs. Ewert fraudulently obtained a passport in August 1932 in the name
Machla Lenczycki. She is the wife of Arthur Ewert who fraudulently obtained
a passport in 1932 in the name Harry Berger.
Mrs. Ewert is supposed to have been in the United States during the period
of the World War. She came to the United States on May 25, 1932, on a non-
immigrant visa issued at the American consulate at Montevideo and apparently
departed on the Lenczycki passport. She traveled with her husband in the Par
East and in South America.
Mrs. Ewert was arrested in Brazil at the same time as her husband in De-
cember 1935, and was thereafter deported to Germany. According to latest
available information, Mrs. Ewert is in a concentration camp in Germany.
Albert Feier abend
Albert Feierabend was born at Riga, Latvia, on January 11, 1889, and emi-
grated to the United States in 1907. He was naturalized by the United States
district court at Boston, Mass., on July 29, 1912.
During the World War Feierabend failed to respond to notices from his
local draft board and is recorded in the files of the War Department as a draft
evader.
Feierabend was first issued a passport in his own name on March 10, 1928,
and subsequently had that passport amended to include the supposed name
of his wife. The true name of this woman is unknown but she assumed the
identity of Pauline Emma Bleckschmidt, who was born at North Bergen, N. J.,
on June 13, 1903, and who was married to Samuel Adams Dardeck. The
identity of Mrs. Dardeck was assumed not only in connection with the passport
but the marriage actually took place under that name, Feierabend using his
own name. The marriage was at New York City on March 21, 1928.
In July 1930, Feierabend was arrested in New York City on a charge of
smuggling watch movements into the United States. When arrested, he gave
his name as Jacob Kreitz.
There was found in Feierabend’s possession at the time of his arrest a
fraudulent baptismal certificate in the name of Francisces John Kotins and
a pencil drawing of the impression seal of St. Georges Roman Catholic Church
in Brooklyn. Feierabend also had a notebook containing many names and
addresses. He also was in possession of a badge dated July 18, 1930, signed
by Max Bedacht, stating, “The bearer of this credential is thoroughly trust-
worthy and should be given all possible support so that he may effectively
accomplish the mission he is engaged in.” Feierabend also had a supply of
mimeographed blanks which were evidently intended for filling in information
concerning a person whose documents were to be used by an imposter.
Feierabend executed passport applications in the name Jacob Kreitz on De-
cember 9, 1930, and September 9, 1932. No passports were issued on these
applications inasmuch as the applicant could not be located for questioning.
In his first application in this name he gave his address as 307 East 14th
Street, New York City, and in the second as 335 Crimmins Avenue, New York,
N. Y. The identifying witness on each of them was Lizzie (Emily) Kreitz,
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES Alii
who claimed to be the wife of the applicant. This woman was issued a pass-
port on December 10, 1930, in the name Lizzie Kreitz as the wife of Jacob
Kreitz. She was not identical with the woman who was included in Feierabend’s
passport in his own name.
On September 12, 1930, Feierabend was issued Boston Series Passport No.
1936 in the name Ksavier Augustus Szpokas. He stated in this application
that he resided at 32 Lambert Street, Roxbury, Mass. Feierabend submitted
with this application the naturalization certificate of the real Szpolcas. This
passport was renewed at the passport agency at Boston on September 20,
1932.
In the early part of 1933 the Department discovered that the Feierabend,
Kreitz, and Szpokas applications were all executed by the same person and
sent appropriate instructions to the American consular office to keep a look-
out for the man.
On April 11, 1933, Feierabend, traveling on the Szpokas passport, arrived
at New York on the steamship President Adams and was taken into custody.
Since he had already been indicted in Boston for violating the passport law,
he was taken to that city and was let oft with a suspended sentence and a fine
of $1,000.
After the termination of the Boston proceedings, Feierabend was indicted
in the United States district court at New York for violations of the passport
laws which occurred in that city and w r as arrested in Boston for removal to
New York. He was released on a bond of $200 which was put up by a firm
which went bankrupt shortly thereafter. Feierabend failed to appear at the
removal hearing and has never been apprehended.
When Feierabend was arrested in New York, he had in his possession the
Szpokas passport, the Szpokas naturalization certificate, a letter signed by
Benjamin Chalfen, and $28,000 in American money.
Feierabend appears to have traveled extensively not only in Europe but in
the Far East. It is thought probable that he was a paymaster.
One of the addresses which was in Feierabend’s notebook when he was arrested
in 1930, was 554 48th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. With this notation appears the
name Lina. It appears that this was the address of one Lina Karlin. This same
address was given by Nicholas Dozenberg in his 1933 passport application.
Another name shown in Feierabend’s notebook is J. Kalnin. On the passport
application of August Latz the name John Kalnin is written as the identifying
witness.
In China during World War II.
Simon Feldman
This man was identifying witness on the passport application executed in the
name Leon Marks, on December 21, 1932. He gave his address as 244 East 13th
Street, New York City, and submitted an auto license as proof of identity.
Feldman has not been interviewed.
Susanna Finf-berg
See Susanna Paxton.
Belle Finkelstein
Belle Finkelstein was identifying witness on the passport application which was
executed on November 23, 1934, by Esther Michel Rigerman. The identifying
witness gave her address as 278 Christopher Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. She stated
that she had known the applicant for 12 years.
Harry Gannes
Harry Gannes was born in Hull, England, in 1900 of a Russian father and
claims American citizenship through the naturalization of his father which is
said to have occurred on Dec. 6, 1917, in the circuit court of Cook County,
Chicago, 111.
Gannes was issued passports in 1926 and 1934.
Mr. Gannes’ wife, Helene Gannes, was born at Kansas City, Mo., on February 27,
1901, and her name was included in the passport which was issued to him on
April 1, 1926.
Gannes was the identifying witness on the fraudulent passport application
executed in the name of Phillip Shatz on July 13, 1926.
a112 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Harry Gannes is still very prominent in Communist activities and writes a
column each day for the Daily Worker.
Gannes also had a fraudulent passport in the name of Henry G. Jacobs. His
second wife had a passport in the name of Pearl Roth Jacobs.
Gannes died in the winter of 1939-40.
Helene Gannes
Helene Gannes was born at Kansas City, Mo., on Feb. 27, 1901, and was mar-
ried to Harry Gannes in 1924. She was at one time a notary public and a
fraudulent affidavit of birth executed by Katherine Harrison in the name of
Mrs. G. Meltz (Henrietta Maurer) was executed before her. This affidavit
was submitted in connection with the fraudulent-passport application in the
name of Valerie Meltz.
Harry S. Goodman
This man was identifying witness on the fraudulent-passport application exe-
cuted on July 20, 1932, in the name of Harry Berger.
When interviewed in connection with the matter in January 1936, Mr. Good-
man claimed that he accompanied the applicant to the passport agency and acted
as identifying witness as an accommodation to a Swedish friend whose name,
business, and place of residence he could not recall. (832.00 Revolutions/496)
No record has been found of the issue of a passport to Harry S. Goodman.
Milton Goodman
This name was signed as identifying witness on Joseph R. Brodsky’s 1928
passport application. The identifying witness gave his address as 8753 110th
St,. Richmond Hill, Long Island, N. Y., once connected with World Tourist, Inc.
Frances Gordon
This name w 7 as signed to an affidavit executed before Max Kitzes and sub-
mitted in connection with the passport application in the name Leon Marks.
The address is given as 120 Howe Ave., Passaic, N. J. An inquiry at that
address disclosed that it was a rooming house operated by Mrs. Bogorade, a
Russian Jewess. Mrs. Bogorade stated that she did not know where Frances
Gordon could be located but that she occasionally came there for mail.
Max Kitzes was questioned regarding Frances Gordon but stated that he
did not know where she could be located. He promised to endeavor to get in
touch with her and have her call at the office of our agent in New York but
she never appeared.
Al Gottlieb
See application, Al Gottlieb.
Goulis
Jacob Raisin alias J. N. Golas — Manager of World Tourist.
Bruno Herman August Hanke
See application, Bruno Herman August Hanke.
A. James Barfield
See application, Abe James Harfield.
Katherine Harrison
The true name and nationality of this woman are unknown. She resided with
Earl Browder as his w T ife for a number of years and was with him in Shanghai
in 1928 when he was using a passport in the name of George Morris and she was
using a passport in the name of Katherine Harrison.
This woman is also known to Mr. X and General Krivitsky as Kitty Harris.
In addition to making the passport application in the name Katherine Har-
rison, this woman has been involved in several other passport frauds. She signed
the name Katherine Harrison to the report of birth filed in Scranton, Pa., in the
name Joseph ICornfeder. She signed the name Katherine Johnson to an affidavit
SCOPE OF SOV'IET ACTIVITY IX THE UNITED STATES A 113
of birth attached to the Gertrude L. Shatz application and the same name as
identifying witness of the application. She signed Mrs. G. Meltz — Henrietta
Maurer on an affidavit attached to the Valerie Meltz application.
Jacob Jones Harvey
This man, as an officer of the Inter-Continent Oil Co. of New York, signed
letters addressed to Leon Josephson and the imposter known as Nicholas Sherman,
ostensibly in regard to business being transacted by them for the firm.
According to Harvey’s passport file, he was born at Richmond, Va., on April 29,
18SS, of a native American father. He was issued passports in 1922, 1924, 1926,
1928, 1931, and 1935. His occupation is shown on his applications as a sales
manager. His wife’s maiden name is said to have been Lavine A. Becker.
Harvey has not been interviewed regarding the letters he wrote to Josephson
and Sherman but his partner, Philip Levy, was interviewed by a special agent in
February 1936. Levy was found at the office of the Inter-Continent Oil Co. on
Rector Street where the firm had a small room in the office of Manealoff & Co.,
importers and exporters. Levy described J. J. Harvey as “an oldtime oil pro-
moter” with whom he had entered into partnership. Apparently the Inter-
Continent Oil Co. had very little if any business and Levy was also working for
Manealoff & Co.
Levy was asked whether he was acquainted with Leon Josephson and Nicholas
Sherman and he stated that he had first met Josephson, a Trenton lawyer, 6 or 7
years before through business acquaintances in New York City. Levy stated that
he understood that during his own absence from the country during the winter
of 1934-35, Josephson called at the office and suggested that Harvey provide him
with oil samples to take along on a proposed trip to Europe. Since Harvey recog-
nized Josephson as a friend of Levy’s, he agreed to the request and, Levy under-
stood, made a similar arrangement with one of Josephson’s friends whom Levy
did not know. Levy maintained that this was a perfectly proper procedure since
he and Harvey were anxious to make sales through any person.
W. A. Haskell
March 26, 1940.
A person by this name is reported to have associated with Earl Browder while
he was in China traveling on the George Morris passport.
Haskell is believed to be identical with the person who was issued passport
No. 578,809 on May 31, 1928, in the name Waldo A. Haskell. This man claimed
that he was born at Peabody, Mass., on July 14, 1874. Nothing has been heard
from him during recent years.
Haskell is reported to have sailed from the Far East for Vancouver on March
23, 1929, on the S. S. Empress of Asia. Upon arrival at Vancouver, he stated
that he was going to a friend, O’Leong, 1776 Lexington Avenue. He stated that
his wife, Mrs. M. L. Ilaskell, was residing at 527 Washington Street, Boston,
Mass.
While in Vancouver, Haskell got in touch with a woman who had a passport
in the name Marion L. Emerson, who had sailed from Shanghai for Victoria,
British Columbia, on April 8, 1929. Miss Emerson stated that she was going to
3047 Atlantic Avenue, New York. According to a report, both Haskell and
Emerson were connected with the Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat. (SOO.OO
B-Haskell, Waldo A.)
Clarence A. Hathaway
Clarence A. Hathaway is at present editor of the Daily Worker and is one of
the most prominent Communists in the United States. He was born in Oakdale
Township, Minn., on February 8, 1S94, of a native American father and was first
issued a passport on October 3, 1925. He obtained a new passport at the Ameri-
can consulate general at Berlin on September 20, 1928. Nothing was known
concerning the passport which he used between October 3, 1927, and the date of
his second passport. Hathaway was issued passport No. 338862 on August 14,
1936, which passport does not appear to have been renewed.
Hathaway’s son, Clarence Richard Hathaway, who was born in St. Paul, Minn.,
on February 6, 1918, was residing in Russia from 1932 to August 1936 when he
was issued a new passport.
Clarence Hathaway was at one time married to a woman who is now Mrs.
Florence Jean Schneller. Mrs. Schneller was issued a passport on May 25, 1939,
a114 scope of soviet activity in the united states
upon an application in which she stated that she desired to go to England for
3 months to visit her sick mother. Mrs. Schneller also had a passport in 1930
in the name Florence J. Hathaway.
In recent years Hathaway is said to have been associated with a woman, Vera
Syrkine, alias Saunders, alias Vera Burns. The Syrkine family is said to have
been deported from the United States in 1920 or 1921 for communistic activities.
Vera Syrkine is supposed to have returned to the United States with Clarence
Hathaway in January 1929 and to have obtained employment in the office of the
World Tourist, Inc. She was known there as Vera Burns.
Miss Syrkine is described as 32 years of age, short, stout, very broad face,
fuzzy, dark, curly hair, decidedly a Jewish type, light brown eyes, and very good
teeth. Her photograph is not available. In his last passport application, Hatha-
way gave his address as care of Saunders, 229 West 20th Street, New York, N. Y.
Lila Hechler
This woman was the identifying witness on an application executed in 1938
in the name Harry Schlusberg. She is a sister-in-law of Bernard Ades who was
also involved in the case.
William Hoffman
This name appears in the case of Harry Somers as identifying witness and as
the maker of an affidavit. The Somers application was executed by Harry Kweit.
The same person who signed the name William Hoffman also signed the af-
fidavit of birth in the name Henry George Lynd which is on file at Scranton, Pa.,
with the birth report in that name.
• Francis J. Hogan
Nothing is known concerning this person other than the fact that he was the
witness on the 1929 application of Abraham Wexler. At that time Hogan gave
his address as 25 South Street, New York City.
Harold Hynes
This man procured a passport in 1931 in the name, Harold Hall. See informa-
tion under the application in that name.
International Publishers Co., Inc.
The International Publishers & Booksellers Co., Inc., was incorporated July 18,
1924, but on December 8, 1924, the name was changed to the International Pub-
lishers Co., Inc. The directors listed in the articles were Russell F. Thomas, of
12001 97th Avenue, Richmond Hill, L. I. ; M. B. Nassberg, of 2226 East 15th Street,
Brooklyn ; Sidney M. Kaye, of the Hotel Narrangansett, 94th Street and Broad-
way; A. Phillips, of 1025 East 167th Street, the Bronx; and Joseph F. Cassidy,
of 53 Washington Square. The articles of incorporation were executed by
Bertha Blum, notary public. Bertha Blum’s notary number, New York county
clerk, is 619, and New York county registrar 5584. The papers were drawn up by
the law firm of Hays, St. John & Buckley, of 43 Exchange Place.
On December 8, 1924, when the name of the firm was changed by an affidavit
filed at the county clerk’s office, this affidavit was signed by Abraham A. Heller,
Edith Heller, and Alexander Trachtenberg. The notary in this case was Dora
Seinberg, New York county clerk No. 590, New York county registrar No. 6572.
Again the lawyers were Hays, St. John, and Buckley, of 43 Exchange Place.
The purpose of the company is to carry on and engage in the manufacturing,
buying, selling, import, and export as principal or agent all kinds of books,
magazines, newspapers, music, printed matter of every description as well as
pictures, photographs, engravings, and reproductions from plates of any de-
scription.
The other articles deal with the necessary items to cover their publishing in-
terests, method of handling their stock and in general it is limited to the pub-
lishing business. The company’s principal office is to be located in New York,
but it can carry on its business in all countries.
Their capital consists of 1,500 shares of stock, of which 500 shares are 7 percent
noncumulative preferred with a par value of $100, while the 1,000 other shares
bear no par value.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a115
Dun & Bradstreet lists Abraliam A. Heller as the president, Alexander Trach-
tenberg as treasurer, and Joseph R. Brodsky as secretary; these officers are also
the directors. The company has a capital of $50,000 in preferred stock and
1,000 shares of common stock, the latter having no par value.
Abraham A. Heller is 58 years old, married, and is considered the principal
interest in the company. He was formerly secretary-treasurer of the Interna-
tional Oxygen Co. of Newark, N. J., but withdrew from that company to organize
this one. He is said to be identified with other publications of this nature.
This company retails Communist literature to bookstores throughout the
country, and sells through an affiliated organization by mail orders. The
printing and binding is done by other firms on a contract basis. There are six
employees in the office at 381 Fourth Avenue. This company does a fair volume
of business and seems to be well managed, and all finances are handled through
the Amalgamated Bank of Union Square. However, the officers of the company
have at all times refused to reveal anything concerning their finances or the
volume of business done. It is known that they have done considerable foreign
buying, and in February of 1939 they had at least $10,000 worth of stock on hand.
No trade references are given, as the company only trades with firms or organ-
izations thoroughly familiar to them.
Using the same office as the International Publishers Co. is the Book Union
Inc., which company was incorporated May 3, 1935, with an authorized capital
of 10 shares of no par value common stock. This company is run by Abraham
Heller and Alexander Trachtenberg, and serves as the mail order outlet for the
International Publishers Co. However, no information concerning the finances
of this company is available.
Mas. Katherine Johnson
This name was signed by Katherine Harrison on the affidavit of birth sub-
mitted in connection with the case of Gertrude Larson Shatz.
John Wilson Johnstone
This man wrote and executed the fraudulent affidavit of birth submitted with
the Katherine Harrison passport application and signed Jack Harrison. He was
issued passports in 1922, 192S, and 1933. In his first two applications, Johnstone
stated that his father was dead. In his third application, he stated that he
desired to go to Scotland to visit his father. He was questioned by Mr. Hoyt
regarding this discrepancy and stated that his father was still living in Glasgow,
Scotland. He claimed that he did not insert the word “dead” in the two previous
applications. However, the words appear in his own handwriting.
Mr. Johnstone was given the passport in 1933 upon the understanding that
he would surrender it to the passport agency upon his return from abroad.
However, he failed to do so.
Barney Josephson
This man is a brother of Leon Josephson.
According to Harry Kaplan, Barney Josephson formerly worked in his hotel
in Trenton, N. J. Kaplan blames Barney for the alleged theft of his naturaliza-
tion certificate and claims that he thinks that Barney took it at the instance of
Leon Josephson.
Leon Josephson
Leon Josephson was born in Latvia on June 17, 1898, and was naturalized by
the United States District Court at Newark, N. J., on April 25, 1921.
He is an attorney by occupation and a member of the law firm of Josephson &
Josephson, of Trenton, N. J.
Josephson was issued a passport in this country on June 17, 1927, and another
one on February 7, 1930, which was renewed at the American Consulate General
at Berlin on December 29, 1931. His last passport was issued on December 13,
1934, and is now in the Department’s files.
Josephson, according to his own statement, has been affiliated with the
Communist Party in this country for many years.
When the persons known as Lynd were arrested in India in December 1931
they requested that the law firm of Josephson & Josephson be notified. Leon
Josephson, who was then in Europe, went to Marseille and met the Lynds upon
their arrival at that port. In February 1932 the postmaster at Trenton reported
a116 scope of soviet activity in the united states
that Lyncl had resided with Josephson at 1009 Greenwood Avenue. When Lynd
joined the Wilbur Republican League, Inc., of Trenton, N. J., he gave his address
as the Broad Street Bank Building. This is the building in which the law firm of
Josephson & Josephson had its offices.
Josephson was arrested at Copenhagen, Denmark, in February 1935 on a charge
of espionage, together with George Mink and persons who had fraudulent Ameri-
can passports in the names of Nicholas Sherman and Adolph Rabinowitz. There
were found in Mink’s apartment in Copenhagen American passports in the names
A1 Gottlieb, Abraham Wexler, and Harry Herman Kaplan. The body of the
application on which the Gottlieb passport was issued appears to be in the hand-
writing of Josephson. Harry Herman Kaplan was a close friend of Josephson
and had access to the place in which Kaplan kept his passport. Kaplan claims
that he thinks that Josephson stole his passport. Kaplan also states that he saw
Mink in Trenton.
Josephson was kept in prison until May 1935 when he was brought to trial and
acquitted. Shortly before the trial Mr. Lester Maynard, American consul general
at Copenhagen, talked with Josephson, who spoke rather frankly of his com-
munistic activities and his association with Mink and the man known as Sherman.
He denied all knowledge of the person posing as Rabinowitz. After the trial he
talked again with Mr. Maynard. The gist of his statements is set forth below.
Josephson stated that communism was more than a political theory to him ;
that it was more like a religion. He stated that he was an atheist and a member
of the active Communist Party and in its inner circle. He stated that his activities
in Denmark were directed solely against Nazi Germany and that the organization
to which he belonged was widespread. He admitted long association with the
man known as Sherman and stated that one of the many mistakes he had made
was to directly secure letters for Sherman from American concerns so that Sher-
man might appear to be an American representative and thus more freely move
about Europe. He stated that Sherman was not a Jew, but was a Slav, and that
he believed he had last entered the United States across the Canadian border
without any papers. He stated that Mink’s activities in the Seaman’s Union had
brought him into bad repute and that it was only after he had lost his influence
there that he joined the Communist organization and was sent by them to Copen-
hagen to act as the center for their courier service. He bitterly denounced Mink
for carelessness and indiscretions and stressed the failing of Mink in securing 4
passports, 2 of winch bore his own (Mink’s) photographs.
Josephson told Mr. Maynard that it was very easy to procure American pass-
ports illegally and said that, in his opinion. Mink did not show cleverness but
stupidity in taking extra passports (359.1121 Josephson Leon/29).
After his release in Denmark Josephson returned to the United States and his
passport was taken up by Special Agent Kinsey.
"When Harry Kweit was arrested in New York in April 1936. there was found
on his person a notebook containing the entry Leon Jackson, Broad Street Bank
Building. This evidently referred to Josephson.
When Josephson was arrested in Copenhagen there were found among his
effects letters addressed to him by Mr. J. J. Harvey of the Intercontinent Oil Co.,
Ltd., of New York City. One of these letters also made reference to Nicholas
Sherman. There was also a letter written to Josephson by Hannah Josephson
Levy, the wife of Philip Levy.
The fraudulent passport application in the name of Samuel Liptzen was in the
handwriting of Josephson as was the signature of the witness. The passport
was obtained and used by Gerhart Eisler, an agent of the Communist Inter-
national to the United States. Transportation was charged to the Communist
Party on the hooks of World Tourist, Inc.
Leon S. Kahn
In the renewal of the Berger passport application the applicant stated that he
represented the Construction Supplies Company of America.
Mr. Max Nathan, one of the partners of the Construction Supplies Company
of America, which was located at 500 Fifth Avenue, New York City, was inter-
viewed in January 1936 but claimed that he had never heard of a person named
Harry Berger and was unable to identify the applicant’s photograph. (832.00
Revolutions/496. )
Afterward the Department received from Brazil a photostatic copy of a letter
addressed to Harry Berger by the Construction Supplies Company of America,
which letter was signed by Leon S. Kahn. This letter purported to appoint
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES All?
Harry Berger as a representative of the firm in the Orient for the purpose of
selling medicines to Chinese physicians and druggists.
Mr. Kahn was issued the passport No. 6372SG on September 2G, 1028, which was
renewed on August 2G, 1931. He was also issued a passport in 1024.
Air. Kahn's wife, Yeretli Frank Kahn, was issued a passport in December 1027.
In September 103G she made an application for a new passport and claimed that
she had lost her previous one. However, when she was requested to call at the
office of the Department’s special agent in charge in New York, she brought in
her old passport and claimed that she had found it since she made her applica-
tion. Mrs. Kahn stated that it was her intention to go abroad as a member of a
party sponsored by the “Open Road” and that she might remain in Russia for a
longer period after the termination of the regular tour.
Anna Kaplan
This name was signed as identifying witness on the passport application in
the name Lydia Stahl which was executed at the passport agency at New York
City on November 1G. 1928. The identifying witness gave the address 54 East
100th Street, New York City.
When Mr. Isidore Bloch was interviewed concerning his daughter, Elsa Bloch,
who obtained a passport in the name Lydia Stahl, he stated that Anna Kaplan
had come to the Bloch home and that he knew her to be a Communist worker.
The identifying witness was reported to have lived at one time at 54 East
100th Street with the family of a relative, Mrs. Alice Kaplan, who then resided
at 51 East 9Sth Street. Mrs. Kaplan refused to give any information regarding
Anna, but another relative stated that Anna was affiliated with the Trade Union
Unity League and attended various Communist meetings and conventions. She
partially identified the photograph on the Lydia Stahl application as a likeness
of a friend of Anna’s who was known to her merely as Elsa and as another
Communist agitator.
Harry Herman Kaplan
See application, Harry Herman Kaplan.
Mrs. Alice Kaplan
This woman is a relative of Anna Kaplan who was the identifying witness on
the passport application in the name of Lydia Stahl.
At one time Anna Kaplan was supposed to have lived with Mrs. Alice Kaplan
at 54 East 100th Street, the address given by the identifying witness on the
application.
When Mrs. Kaplan was interviewed at 51 East 9Sth Street she refused to give
any information regarding Anna Kaplan.
Sarah Kaufman
When George Mink went to Denmark in 1934, he is said to have been accom-
panied by Sarah Kaufman.
Miss Kaufman was issued a passport on April 20, 1934, upon an application in
which she stated that she was born in New York City on June 1G, 1910, and that
she resided at 13G8 Sheridan Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. The name Sarah Kaufman
and the address 1447 Macomb Road, Bronx, N. Y., appears in the notebook which
was found in possession of Nicholas Sherman when he was arrested in Copen-
hagen.
An investigation disclosed that Sarah Kaufman had resided at 13G8 Sheridan
Avenue, Bronx, N. Y., with a Mrs. Esther Rubin. Mrs. Rubin’s phone number,
Jerome G-5G10, was also found in Mink’s notebook.
Mrs. Carol Weiss King
Mrs. King is a native American citizen and is the wife of one Gordon C.
King who gives his occupation as an author. Mrs. King was associated with
Isaac Shorr and Joseph Brodsky in the firm Shorr, Brodsky and King. The
New York phone book now lists her office at 100 Fifth Avenue, New Y r ork City,
which is also the address of Brodsky. Shorr now has a different office. This
firm handled the incorporation of the World Tourist, Inc., and the necessary
paper was sworn to before Mrs. King who was a notary public.
a118 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Mrs. King was the attorney for Stefano Schiaparelli, an Italian Communist
who was sentenced in New York on May 20, 1930, for attempting to enter the
United States in possession of an altered American passport in the name Angelo
Ragonesi.
Max Kitzes
Max Kitzes, an accountant employed by the Communist Party, is a notary
public and a number of documents in connection with the Communist publica-
tions have been executed before him in that capacity.
Kitzes was the identifying witness on a passport application executed by
John W. Johnstone in 1933. The affidavit for Katherine Harrison executed in
connection with the fradulent birth record in the name Joseph Kornfeder was
executed before Kitzes.
An affidavit executed in the name Lydia Loeb which was submitted with the
fraudulent passport application in the name Lydia Stahl was executed by
Kitzes.
The affidavit signed Frances Gordon which was submitted with the passport
application in the name Leon Marks was executed before Kitzes. Kitzes was
questioned regarding Frances Gordon by a special agent of the State Depart-
ment in 1933 but claimed that he was unable to furnish her address. Kitzes
endeavored to find out why the agent desired to interview the alleged Frances
Gordon. An affidavit signed Adolph Wirkkula which was submitted with the
passport application in the name Jakob Genhard Wirkkula purports to have
been executed before Kitzes. However, Adolph Wirkkula claimed that his
brother, Jakob, brought him the affidavit and he signed and gave it back to
Jakob.
[Daily Worker, November 18, 1947]
CP Leaders Mourn Kitzes
Iu mourning the death of Max Kitzes, charter member of the Communist Party,
the national board and national office said he was a “devoted husband and father,
integrating a rich family life with his life as a Communist and working class
leader.”
Max Kitzes died of a heart attack last Sunday.
The statement signed by William Z. Foster, national chairman, and Eugene
Dennis, general secretary, follows :
“Together with our whole party, the national board and the national office
deeply mourn the loss of one of our most devoted and valuable comrades, Max
Kitzes. A charter member of the Communist Party, Max grew up with the Com-
munist youth movement to whose development he brought the Marxist under-
standing, the selfless service and the unflagging good humor which marked his
whole life.”
For more than 15 years Max was our beloved coworker in the national office
where he served as the Communist Party’s finance secretary. He was a political
worker to whom all that touched the party’s welfare was of vital importance and
who guarded its interest down to the most minute detail.
To Max difficulties, big or small, existed only to be overcome. All of us turned
to him when things were tough, confident that he would do what needed to be
done and grateful for his almost gay assurance that the impossible would soon be
accomplished.
Unsparing of himself, even in these past months of illness, he always had time
not only for his manifold party tasks but to keep up his varied interests in mass
organizations and political developments. He was a devoted husband and
father, integrating a rich family life as a Communist and working-class leader.
We extend our warmest sympathy to his wife Leah and to his two daughters.
We who miss the comradeship of a dear coworker and the political contribution
of a true Communist share their pride in all that Max Kitzes was and their grief
at his passing.”
Johann Louis Korsell
Nuls Wirtanen, who had an American passport in the name Jakob Genhard
Wirkkula, also had a Norwegian passport in the name Johann Louis Korsell.
Charles Krumbein
See applications of Isidor Dreisen and Albert E. Stewart.
Died January 1947.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a!19
Laurie E. Laine
This man was the identifying witness on the passport application executed
on February IS, 1933, in the name Jakob Genhard Wirkkula. He gave his address
as 30 East 128th Street, New York City.
Laurie E. Laine was located at 165 East 12Sth Street, New York City. He
stated that the photograph on the application was that of Jakob Wirkkula and
that they had both worked together as printers for the Finnish Federation, Inc.,
the publishers of the Finnish language newspaper Eteenpain, located at 35 East
12th Street. Laine stated that he had tirst met the applicant in Chicago in 1927
when both were in the employ of the Union Press of that city.
Louis Lerner
In the passport application executed in 1925 by Alexander Bittleman in the
name Isidore Spilberg, he requested that his passpost be sent in care of Louis
Lerner, 2709 West Division Street, Chicago, 111.
Mrs. B. Lerner
When Harry Kweit was arrested in 1936, there was found on him a note read-
ing care of S. Siegal, apartment 11D, 1686 Bryant Avenue. This apartment was
occupied by Mrs. B. Lerner, her son-in-law, Samuel Siegal, and her daughter,
Bessie Siegal.
Mrs. Siegal stated that no one else was at home, that she did not know anybody
by the name of Edward Riggs, or Harry Kweit, that she had never heard of such
a person, and that she could not identify the photograph of Kweit. She stated
that her daughter and son-in-law were both at work but that she had no knowl-
edge whatever as to the nature of their employment of their place of employment.
Emanuel Levin
This man was the identifying witness on the passport application executed in
1930 in the name Henry George Lynd. At that time he was residing at 225 West
16th Street, apartment 14, New York City.
Levin was for a number of years active in the Communist movement, particu-
larly on the Pacific coast. He wms the leader of the Communist section of the
bonus marchers when they were in Washington during the Hoover administra-
tion. Levin claimed to have served in the Marine Corps. Nothing was known of
his activities during recent years. He was questioned by the immigration author-
ities when he was in Washington and admitted that he was an alien. At first
he claimed that he hadn’t any relatives in the United States but when he was
questioned concerning Lynd, he claimed he had a cousin by that name but alleged
that he did not know where Lynd could be located.
Hannah Levy
See Philip Levy.
Philip Levy
Philip Levy was born in Latvia in 1893 and was naturalized by the United
States District Courts at Boston, Mass., on April 26, 1915. He was issued
passports in 1925 and 1934. He is apparently the husband of Hannah Josephson
Levy, who wrote to Leon Josephson while the latter was in Denmark.
Levy is also a business partner in the Inter-Continent Oil Co. of Jacob Jones
Harvey who signed letters on behalf of that firm ostensibly regarding business
transactions with Leon Josephson and the impostor known as Nicholas Sherman.
Levy was interviewed by a special agent in February 1936. Levy was found at
the office of the Inter-Continent Oil Co. on Rector Street where the firm had a
small room in the office of Manealoff & Co., importers and exporters. Levy de-
scribed J. J. Harvey as “an old time oil promoter” with whom he had entered into
partnership. Apparently the Inter-Continental Oil Co. had very little, if any,
business and Levy was also working for Manealoff & Co.
Levy was asked whether he was acquainted with Leon Josephson and Nicholas
Sherman and he stated that he had first met Josephson, a Trenton lawyer, 6 or
7 years before through business acquaintances in New York City. Levy stated
a120 scope of soviet activity in the united states
that he understood that during his own absence from the country during the
winter of 1934-35, Josephson called at the office and suggested that Harvey pro-
vide him with oil samples to take along on a proposed trip to Europe. Since
Harvey recognized Josephson as a friend of Levy’s, he agreed to the request
and, Levy understood, made a similar arrangement with one of Josephson’s
friends whom Levy did not know. Levy maintained that this was a perfectly
proper procedure since he and Harvey were anxious to make sales through any
person.
Levy denied that either he or his wife was related to Josephson but no mention
was made to him of the letters signed “Hannah Josephson Levy” which were found
in the possession of Josephson. Levy stated that his wife’s maiden name was
Hannah Smith and that they were married in New York City on January 29,
1933. That marriage records indicate that the bride’s name was Hannah J.
Smith.
Lydia Loeb
This name appeared on an affidavit executed before Max Kitzes on behalf of
her alleged niece, Lydia Stahl. This affidavit was submitted with the passport
application executed in the name Lydia Stahl in 1928. The person who signed
the name Lydia Loeb gave her address as 120 West HGth Street, New York City.
An inquiry at 120 West 116th Street, New York City, disclosed that nothing
was known there of Lydia Loeb or Lydia Stahl. There was no forwarding
address for either person.
Robert M. Long
This man was the witness on a fraudulent passport application executed in
1927 in the name Abe James Harfield. He gave his address as 101 Monroe Street,
New York, but could not be located there when an investigation was conducted
in 1932.
Otto Lukas
Otto Lukas, 336 St. Ann’s Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. A person giving the aforemen-
tioned name and address was the identifying witness on a passport application
executed on October 11, 1928, by an impostor in the name Ksavier A. Szpokas.
The witness was not located and nothing is known concerning him.
Henry George Lynd
The true name and identity of the person who made the application in this
name are unknown. The facts of the case so far as known are set forth under
the heading, Application — Henry George Lynd.
Lynd’s alleged wife has had passports in the name Susan Abbott Lynd and
Susanna Fineberg. Information concerning those applications is set forth under
the names given.
His real name is said to be Serge Mikailov, a Soviet official.
See Susanna Paxton.
Susan Abbott Lynd
Dorothy Gary' Markey
Mrs. Markey was identifying witness on the passport application executed in
November 1930 in the name Susan Abbott Lynd. At that time she gave her
address as 4515 Foster Avenue, Long Island City, N. Y. She could not be lo-
cated when an effort was made to question her.
Mrs. Markey was born at Newport News, Va., on October 1, 1897, and was
issued passports in 1926 and 1931. Her maiden name was Dorothy Page Gary
and she has been known at times as Dorothy Page and Myra Page. At one
time Mrs. Markey w T as the Moscow correspondent of the Daily Worker.
Mrs. Markey w r as also included in a passport issued to her husband, John F.
Markey, in 1928. Mr. Markey w 7 as also issued a passport not including his
wife on September 2, 1931. He vras born at Sheep Run, W. Va., on July 27.
1898.
John Markey
In the 1926 passport application in the name of Phillip Shatz, the applicant
gave his address as care of John Markey, 2010 North Humbold Boulevard, Chi-
cago, 111.
SCOPK OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a121
Helen Maurer
The name Helen Maurer of the address 258 West 22d Street, New York City,
appears on the fraudulent application executed by Mrs. Alexander Bittleman
in the name Helen Lillian Bowlen. Miss Maurer was the identifying witness
and claimed to he the first cousin of the applicant. She has no passport appli-
cation and nothing further is known concerning her.
Henrietta Maurer
This name was signed by Katherine Harrison on the affidavit of birth sub-
mited in connection with the case of Valeria Meltz.
James C. McCarthy
This man was identifying witness on the passport application executed at the
New York passport agency by George Mink on June 13, 1930, on which passport
No. 274033 was issued on June 14, 1930. Nothing more is known about Mr.
McCarthy.
W. C. McCuistion
This man appeared at the office of the Department’s special agents in New
York with the imposter who made an application in the name Louis Paretti.
McCuistion described himself as a seaman and writer and presented an Army
discharge certificate showing service in the medical corps at Fort Oglethorpe,
Ga., during the World War. He also had Seaman’s certificate No. 4031 issued
at Galveston, Tex., on February 24, 1021. He claimed birth at Paris, Tex., on
December 17, 1900.
McCuistion was believed to be identical with one Larry McCuistion who was
arrested at Baltimore on June 26, 1932, for having assaulted a policeman, for
which he served in jail 112 days. He is said to be 6 feet tall and to weigh
about 190 pounds. He is described by the New York police as “the strong
arm man” for the Communist Marine Workers organization.
Mrs. G. Meltz
This name was signed by Katherine Harrison on the affidavit of birth sub-
mitted in connection with the case of Valeria Meltz.
Valeria Meltz
See application, Valeria Meltz.
Esther Michael
See application, Esther Michael.
Frank Miller
This man was a witness on the 1931 passport application in the name Abe
Harfield. He gave his address as 9124 114th Street, Richmond Hill, N. Y. While
he was said to reside there at the time the investigation was conducted in 1932,
he could not be contacted.
George Mink
Mink has been active in the Communist movement for many years and at
one time was head of the International Marine Workers Union.
During the World War Mink served in the United States Navy under the
name George Martin Mink from June 19, 1917, to January 4, 1918. He later
served as a seaman on board merchant ships.
Mink was issued a passport on June 14, 1930, upon an application in which he
stated that he was born at Scranton, Pa. lie submitted with this application a
birth certificate issued upon the basis of an affidavit which he had filed at Scran-
ton. His signature on this affidavit was witnessed by William L. Standard, an
attorney at law, and by a person who signed the name Jack Gray, 27 East 107th
St. Mink’s passport was renewed at the American consulate general at Berlin,
Germany, on May 31, 1932.
Mink executed a new passport application on March 5, 1934, in which he also
claimed birth in Scranton. After an investigation had disclosed that Mink had
a122 scope of soviet activity in the united states
served in the Navy and at that time had given his place of birth as Philadelphia,
and since he could offer no evidence that he was actually born at Scranton, he
was issued a passport valid for 1 year showing the place of birth as Philadelphia.
On December 12, 1934, he was given a duplicate passport valid for 2 years from
the date of issue of the original passport.
While traveling in Denmark on the duplicate passport, Mink was arrested on
a charge of espionage and was sentenced to serve IS months in prison.
At about the same time that Mink was arrested in Denmark, the Danish
police also arrested Leon Josephson and two men who had fraudulent American
passports in the names of Nicholas Sherman and Adolph Rabinowitz.
Among Mink’s effects were found his own passport and another one in the name
of A1 Gottlieb which bore his photograph. The passports in the names Harry H.
Kaplan and Abraham Wexler were also found in his possession. These pass-
ports did not bear Mink’s photograph and had not been altered.
In Mink’s notebook were found the New York phone numbers Jerome 7-5072
and Jerome 6-5610. The first-mentioned phone was listed in the name of Mrs.
Millie Walters and was formerly listed in the name Morris Walters. The ad-
dress in each case was 15 Clark Place, East Bronx, New York. The phone Jerome
6-5610 was listed in the name of Mrs. Esther Rubin, 1368 Sheridan Avenue,
Bronx, New York.
During the course of the investigation it was disclosed that one Sarah Kauf-
man had gone to Denmark with Mink on his first trip to that country. Mink
was sentenced to serve 18 months in prison but was pardoned on June 30, 1936,
and departed for Russia on July 22, 1936.
Mink was questioned by Consul General Lester Maynard and asked concerning
the 3 passports which w T ere found in his possession and the addresses of the
3 men. He claimed that the men had asked him to purchase tickets for them in
Germany since it would be cheaper to buy them with registered marks than to
buy them in America. At first he claimed that he did not know their addresses
but later gave the address of Kaplan as the American House, Trenton, N. J.,
and the address of Wexler and Gottlieb as the Seaman’s Church Institute, 25
South Street, New York City. Mink told vice consul Gjessing that he had met
Josephson by accident a few days previously.
Mink gave to Joseph Zack a naturalization certificate in the name of Samuel
Fox, which Zack used to procure a passport in that name.
Mink was the identifying witness on fraudulent passport applications exe-
cuted in the names Harold Hall and Louis Paretti.
George Morris
In this name Earl Russell Browder fraudulently obtained a passport and
used it for travel in China. Although there is a Communist named George
Morris, Browder does not appear to have assumed his identity when making
this application since he used his own date and state of birth.
INI artu a Morris
This name was signed to the affidavit of birth which was submitted with the
fraudulent passport application executed by Earl Browder in the name George
Morris. An investigation conducted in 1929 disclosed that 1893 Daly Avenue,
the supposed address of Martha Morris, was a large apartment house known
as the Daly Apartments, and that Martha Morris was unknown to the superin-
tendent of the building and to tenants who had resided there for a period of
years.
Max Nathan
In the renewal of the Berger application for a passport, the applicant stated
that he represented the Construction Supplies Company of America.
Mr. Max Nathan, one of the partners of the Construction Supplies Company
of America, which was located at 500 Fifth Ave., New York City, was inter-
viewed in January 1936 but claimed that he had never heard of a person named
Harry Berger and was unable to identify the applicant’s photograph. (832.00
Revolutions/496)
Afterwards, the Department received from Brazil a photostatic copy of a
letter addressed to Harry Berger by the Construction Supplies Company of
America, which letter was signed by Leon S. Kahn. This letter purported to
appoint Harry Berger as a representative of the firm in the Orient for the pur-
pose of selling medicines to Chinese physicians and druggists.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a123
Mr. Nathan was issued passports in 1925, 1930, 1932, and 1938. Ilis last
passport, No. 58424G, issued on October 4, 1938, was made valid for China as he
claimed that he was going there on behalf of the Construction Supplies Company
of America.
Joseph Paretti
This name was signed to an affidavit of birth submitted in connection with
the fradudulent passport application in the name Louis Paretti.
Louis Paretti
A passport application was issued in this name by a person of unknown
identity who may be identical with a Communist courier named Bienko.
Susanna Paxton, Alias Susanna Fineberg, Alias Susan Abbott Lynd
This woman was apparently born in Emporia, Kans., on or about June 25,
1902. Her photograph was identified by her father, Mr. J. V. Paxton, who then
resided at Emporia, Ivans., in an interview with the postmaster on February 8,
1932. Mr. Paxton stated that his daughter was married to Mr. Bram Fineberg
but had always retained her maiden name. Her last known address at that time
was Lux Hotel, Moscow, Ilussia, which address was given to him in a cable
about January 2, 1932.
This woman was issued a passport in the name Susanna Fineberg on July 2,
1929, and was issued a passport in the name Susan Abbott Lynd on November 7,
1930. In the two applications she made conflicting statements concerning the
date and place of her birth and concerning her marital relations.
This woman’s alleged husband, Abram Fineberg, is an Englishman, born at
London on September 25, 1S92, and was issued a British passport at London on
July 21, 1919. A copy of this application is in the file S00.00B Lynd, Henry G.
For further information concerning the case, see the memorandums regard-
ing the applications in the case Henry George Lynd, Susan Abbott Lynd, and
Susanna Fineberg.
In addition to the foregoing, this woman was a witness on the 1927 applica-
tion of Julius Rosenthal. At that time she signed the name Susanna Hart
Paxton.
George Edward Powers
This man was identifying witness on the fraudulent passport application exe-
cuted in 1927 by Earl Russell Browder in the name George Morris.
An investigation conducted in 1929 disclosed that Powers was a labor-union
organizer with headquarters at 7 East 15th Street, New York City, and lived
at 24-25 27th Street (formerly 10S Goodrich Street), Astoria, Long Island,
occupying apartment 32 with the family of Maurice La Pato). Powers claimed
that he knew Morris to be a writer and interested in labor unions and that
they had come in contact on several occasions during a period of 4 or 5 years
at different labor meetings, but that they were not particularly friendly. He
claimed that he was unable to furnish any other information regarding Morris.
Powers is believed to be identical with the George E. Powers who in 1937 was
listed as vice president of the International Workers Order. (See report of
May 12, 1937, 130, Harris, Albert Lyonel.)
Prompt Press
The person who made applications for passports in 1931 and 1939 in the name
Abe Harfield was employed in July 1939 by the Prompt Press, 113 Fourth Ave-
nue, New York City. Nothing more is known concerning this organization.
This organization also did business with World Tourists.
The son of Joseph Sultan worked there awhile.
Esther Michel Rigerman
See application, Esther Michael.
Henry Rigerman
This man was born in Russia and acquired American citizenship through the
naturalization of his father, Louis Rigerman. He was the identifying witness
on the fraudulent application executed by his wife, Esther Michel Rigerman.
A 124 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. Rigerman was issued a passport on September 3, 1931, and went to the
Soviet Union where he is now residing.
Isaac Rijock:
This man applied for and obtained a passport in 1932 in the name of Harold
Schlusberg.
He is an alien who was born in Russia. He is known as John Steuben and
lived in 1938 at 4118 48th Street, apartment E-34, Sunnyside, Long Island, N. Y.
He stated that he was living with his wife, Emma (called Frances) Negie, to
whom he was married in October 1934.
He was at that time in charge of the New York office of the Steel Workers
Organizing Committee (CIO), located in room 1300 at 1133 Broadway, New
York City. Rijock stated that after he heard that we were investigating his case
he went to see Lee Pressman, attorney for the CIO, and that he was suspended
from his employment until he was completely cleared by the Government. Irving
Schwab, an attorney of New York City, was present at the interview with Steuben
who admitted the passport fraud.
Although Rijock claimed that the identifying witness on the fraudulent appli-
cation was a stenographer named Sadie Rosen, it appears that the witness
was actually Sadie Rijock who at that time was the wife of Isaac Rijock and
who was the sister of Esther Michel Rigerman.
Sadie Rijock
In an application for renewal of the fraudulent passport in the name Machla
Lenczycki, dated July 1, 1934, the impostor stated that her legal residence was
1200 East New York Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
An investigation was made at 1200 East New York Avenue in January 193G
and one of the tenants, Mrs. Rubin, identified the photograph of the Lenczycki
impostor as very closely resembling one of the numerous visitors to the apart-
ment of the Michel family at that address. Mrs. Jacob Michel was interviewed
at her new home at 1487 St. Marks Avenue, Brooklyn, but denied any knowledge
of the impostor or of the person who obtained the passport in the name of Harry
Berger. Mrs. Michel’s daughter, Sadie Michel Rijock (Ryack), was the wife of
Isaac Rijock, known as John Steuben, who fraudulently obtained a passport in
the named Harold Schlusberg. Mrs. Rijock was the identifying witness on that
lraudulent application and also on a fraudulent application executed by Esther
Rigerman. (832.00 Revolutions/509 5/8.)
Julius Rosenthal
Julius Rosenthal was a naturalized American citizen of German (Jewish)
origin. He was issued passports in 1927 and 1937.
The identifying witness on Rosenthal’s 1927 application signed the name
Susanna Hart Paxton. She is identical with the person who obtained passports
in the names Susan Abbott Lynd and Susanna Fineberg.
The person who made an application for a passport in the name Leon Marks
first requested that the passport be sent in care of Julius Rosenthal but later
changed this to a request that the passport be sent in the New York pouch.
The birth certificate in the name Donald L. Robinson was mailed to 345 East
17th Street, New York City, the address of Rosenthal as shown in the Marks ap-
plication. Rosenthal appears to have occupied an apartment in this building until
some time in 1937 as he was still listed as one of the tenants on December 17,
1937.
Rosenthal was issued a passport on January 1G, 1937, upon an application in
which he stated that he desired to go to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Czecho-
slovakia, France, Palestine, and Italy. However, Rosenthal proceeded to Spain
and was killed while serving in the International Brigade of the Spanish Loyalist
Army. His passport was stamped “Not valid for travel in Spain.”
Esther Rubin
Sarah Kaufman once lived with Mrs. Rubin at 1368 Sheridan Avenue, Bronx,
N. Y.
When George Mink was arrested in Denmark, there was found in his note-
book the New York phone number, Jerome 6-5G10, which was listed in the name
.of Mrs. Esther Rubin, 13G8 Sheridan Avenue, Bronx.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES A 125
Mrs. Kubin is said to be between 45 and 50 years of age and of foreign birth.
She has never had a passport. She resides at 1368 Sheridan Avenue, Bronx, with
her husband, Hiram, and a daughter, and the entire family was described as being
intensely active in communism.
Florence Hathaway Schneller
Mrs. Schneller was born in Kimberley, South Africa, on May 25, 1S95, her
maiden name being Fawkes. She acquired American citizenship through her
marriage on June 27, 1916, to Clarence A. Hathaway.
Mrs. Schneller was divorced from Clarence Hathaway on April 21, 1930, and
married on July 6, 1931, Maxim It. Schneller, an alien and a native of Germany.
Mrs. Schneller was issued a passport on May 25, 1939, upon an application in
which she stated that she resided at 641 Hudson Street, New York City, that her
husband was residing at the same address, and that she desired to go abroad for
3 months to visit her mother in England who was sick.
In February 1931, Mrs. Schneller and Dr. Maximilian N. Schneller, alias Dr.
Carl H. Elsaf (Klsef ) were arrested in Worcester, Mass., for living together with-
out being married. Dr. Schneller was released on bail and disappeared. Schnel-
ler had previously been arrested in Minneapolis and was released on February
19, 1930, on his promise to leave the country. While in Minneapolis he had a
German passport, with two certificates showing service in the French Army, but
the French Consul would not permit his deportation to France, and the German
Government returned the German passport, stating that it was not valid.
Dr. Schneller subsequently left this country for the purpose of avoiding de-
portation after the German authorities had offered to provide a passport for his
deportation to Germany.
In February 1937 the Spanish Ambassador (Loyalist) stated that Dr. Schneller
had been granted permission to go to Spain.
Mrs. Schneller was interviewed by a special agent at the City Hall in New York
in February 1937, at which time she was engaged in WPA work. Her husband
was then in prison at Rikers Island, New York City (No. 64254).
Dr. Schneller went to Spain and was connected with the International Brigade.
He was arrested in Spain on January 22, 1938, and was ordered expelled from
the country. Mrs. Schneller was interviewed in February 1938 and stated that
she thought that her husband’s troubles in Spain were caused by her former
husband, Clarence Hathaway.
The Department’s records do not show how Dr. Schneller returned to this
country, if he has actually done so. If he is in the United States, it is assumed
that he is here in violation of the immigration law.
Amy Esther Schechter
This woman was born in England in 1S92 and acquired citizenship through
the naturalization of her father, Solomon Schechter. She was issued a passport
in her own name in 1920 and a passport in the name Amy Esther Schechter
Kweit in 1930.
When Harry Kweit was questioned in 1936, he first stated that he had never
been married. Later when he was asked about the application in the name Amy
Esther Schechter Kweit, he stated that he had lived with Amy Schechter but was
never married to her. However, he considered that there was a common law
marriage.
Harry Schlusberg
See application, Harold Schlusberg.
Louis L. Schwartz
This man was the identifying witness on the fraudulent passport application
executed on August 9, 1932, by Elsie S. Ewert in the name of Maclila Lenczycki.
At that time Schwartz gave his address as 127 University Place, New York, N. Y.
An agent interviewed Dr. Louis L. Schwartz, the identifying witness, on
January 4, 1936, at his dental office, 1 Union Square West. Dr. Schwartz stated
that he had identified the applicant as an accommodation to one of Ills patients
whose name he thought was Wolf. He was unable to furnish the full name or
address of the alleged patient but promised to make a search of his files and
report later to the agent. A few days later he informed the agent that he was
72723— 57— pt. 23 a 9
a126 scope of soviet activity in the united states
not sure that the name of the patient was Wolf. A few days later he refused
to answer any further questions, having been advised to do so by an attorney
named Abraham Targum. The attorney called at the office of the special agent
in charge in New York and stated that he wanted to know what the investiga-
tion was about. (832.00 Revolutions/498 2/10, 3/10, 8/10.)
Dr. Schwartz was issued a passport on July 24, 1933, and his identifying wit-
ness at that time was Abraham Targum, an attorney residing at 754 Mace
Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. The passport was renewed on May 31, 1935, and was
amended on the same date to include the name of his wife, Anna Schwartz,
who was said to have been born at South Bend, Ind., on January 4, 1907.
Dr. Schwartz claimed citizenship through the naturalization of his father,
Samuel Schwartz, and his residence in the United States during his minority.
His wife, whose maiden name was Anna Rosenberg, was born at South Bend,
Ind., and had previously been married to a Hindu named Chandrakaut G.
Kulkarni.
C. Sebrag
This woman was apparently an employee of the World Tourist, Inc.
Abraham Shafman
This name is signed to the passport application in the name Bruno Herman
August Hanke as identifying witness. He could not be located when an
investigation was conducted in 1934 and nothing is known concerning him.
L. Shapiro
In the passport application executed by Mrs. Alexander Bittleman in 1929 in
the name Anna Spilberg, she requested that her passport be sent in care of her
uncle, Mr. L. Shapiro, 1512 Townsend Avenue, Bronx, N. Y.
In the passport application executed in March 1929 by Alexander Bittleman
in the name Isidore Spilberg, he at first requested that his passport be sent in
care of Mr. L. Shapiro. Later he changed this to a request that the passport
be sent in the New York pouch.
Gertrude Larson Shatz
See application, Gertrude Larson Shatz.
Phillip Shatz
See application, Phillip Shatz.
William Shatz
William Shatz is the father of Phillip Shatz.
In Phillip Shatz’ 1926 passport application he claimed that he was born in
Poland and that he acquired American citizenship through the naturalization
at Cleveland, Ohio, on September 23, 1916, of his father, William Shatz. The
naturalization of William Shatz was later verified and it was ascertained that
he stated in his petition for naturalization that he had a son, Phillip, who was
born on July 12, 1907, at New Rochelle, N. Y. Phillip’s name is mentioned on
the naturalization certificate of Mr. Shatz but his place of birth is not shown.
An effort was made to locate William Shatz at Cleveland but he could not
be found.
Ethel Shipman
On the passport application executed in the name Jean Montgomery the identi-
fying witness was Ethel Shipman, of 220 West 13th Street, Apartment 51.
Miss Shipman does not appear to have a passport file and our only other record
concerning her is a notation that her name was found in the papers of Edward
Royce when he was arrested in California a few years ago.
Samuel Siegal, Bessie Siegal
When Harry Kweit was arrested in 1936, there was found on him a note
reading care of S. Siegal, Apartment 11D, 1686 Bryant Avenue. This apartment
was occupied by Mrs. B. Lerner, her son-in-law, Samuel Siegal, and her daughter,
Bessie Siegal.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a127
Mrs Siegal stated that no one else was at home, that she did not know
anybody bv the names Edward Itiggs or Ilarry Kweit, that she had never
heard of such a person, and that she could not identify the photograph of Kweit.
She stated that her daughter and son-in-law were both at work but that she
had no knowledge whatever as to the nature of their employment or their place
of employment.
Fay Siegartel
See Fannie Zigardler.
Mike Stafik
This name was signed to a report of birth and accompanying affidavit which
were filed at Scranton. Pa., regarding the alleged birth there of Leon Marks.
Stafik was unknown at the address given in the birth report.
Lydia Staiil
This woman was engaged in espionage on behalf of the Soviet Government in
France and was arrested about the same time as Robert Gordon Switz. It is
not known whether or not the American passport in the name Lydia Stahl was
altered and used by this woman.
Joiin Steuben
See Isaac Rijock and application, Harold Schlusberg.
JosnuA Tamer
This man was identifying witness on the fraudulent passport application exe-
cuted in the name Nicholas Sherman.
Tamer is a naturalized American citizen of Russian origin and was issued
a passport in his own name in 11)34.
Tamer was employed as a chemist by the Crucible Steel Co. in Jersey City,
N. J. When the Department’s special agents endeavored to check up on the
Nicholas Sherman application, they interviewed Joshua Tamer’s brother, Harry.
Harry claimed that he was unable to give the address of Joshua, that the latter
left ids home immediately and lied to Russia where he still resides. Mr.
Tamer's wife, Rose Gurevich Tamer, is also a naturalized American citizen and
was issued passports in 1920 and 1934. She went to Russia with her husband
when he fled from this country and returned to the United States in 1937.
When questioned, after her return, she claimed that she knew very little regard-
ing the alleged Nicholas Sherman and his wife, but knew them as Mr. and Mrs.
Fink. The two families had resided together at 26 Brighton Road, Island Park,
Long Island, during the summer of 1933.
The identifying witness on Mrs. Tamer’s 1929 application was Samuel Shoyet,
who has been iu Manchuria for several years. Shoyet is an American citizen
and has traveled on American passports.
While employed by the Crucible Steel Co., Joshua Tamer turned over to the
Soviet espionage service in this country information which he obtained from
that firm. The apartment house in which he resided, 1671 55th Street, was at
one time the headquarters of the Soviet espionage system in New York.
Abraham Peter Targum
Abraham Peter Targum was the witness on the passport application executed
by Louis L. Schwartz and advised Schwartz not to talk regarding his con-
nection with the fraudulent Machla Lenczycki application. In January 1937
Targum wrote to the Department asking for 100 passport application blanks.
According to Harry S. Zuckerman, Targum was a close friend of Aaron Slmrfin
and helped him make up a story regarding the source of the fraudulent appli-
cations sent through Marinelli’s office.
The Department does not have a passport file for Targum.
May 1, 1940.
memorandum for the file
This man was first brought to the Department’s attention when he appeared
at the special agent's office in New York on behalf of Dr. Louis L. Schwartz,
who was identifying witness on the fraudulent passport application executed
a128 scope of soviet activity in the united states
in the name Machla Lenczycki. Later, in connection with the investigation of
the Reubens-Robinson cases, he was mentioned by Harry Zuckerman as a friend
of the defendant Aaron Sharfin, who had assisted in concocting the story which
Zuckerman first told about receiving the passport applications from a man
named Epstein.
After the conviction of Sharfin and the other persons it was discovered that
in January 1937 Targum had written for and obtained passport application
blanks. He was questioned in October 1939 at the courthouse in New York
and stated that he had given the application blanks either to Zuckerman or to
Sharfin.
, A. J. Nicholas.
A. Peter Targum,
Counsellor at Law,
401 Broadway , New York, N. Y., January 5, 1937.
Bureau of Publications,
Washington, D. C.
Gentlemen : Will you kindly send me 50 applications for passports for native
citizens accompanied by members of tlieir families, and 50 applications for pass-
ports for naturalized citizens. I require same for the use thereof by my clients.
I am enclosing herewith my check in the sum of .$1 in payment of the requisite
price.
Very truly yours,
A. Peter Targum.
Alexander Trachtenberg
Alexander Trachtenberg is a naturalized American citizen of Russian origin
who has obtained various passports from 1920 to 1937. He is president of
International Publishing Co. and treasurer of the World Tourists, Inc.
Trachtenberg is one of the leading Communists in the United States.
Margaret Undjus
This woman is supposed to be the wife of Charles Krumbein, although no
actual proof of the marriage appears in the Department’s files.
Mrs. Undjus was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., on January 25, 1S97, and lost her
American citizenship by marriage on November 27, 1915, to an alien named
Joseph Undjus. She reacquired citizenship by naturalization on April 12, 1923,
and claims to have divorced her husband.
Mrs. Undjus executed an application for a passport at the passport agency at
New York 011 October 17, 1927, and was issued passport No. 406G55 on October
18, 1927.
Mrs. Undjus was issued a service passport valid for 4 months at the American
Legation at Riga on May 19, 1930, upon an application in which she stated that
she had resided in Russia from November 5, 1927, to May IS, 1930.
Mrs. Undjus executed an application for the extension of her passport at the
American Consulate General at Berlin on June 20, 1930, and stated therein that
she intended to marry a German citizen in July and that she was to give birth
to a child in November. Therefore, she stated that she would be unable to return
to the United States within the validity of her passport. Upon the authorization
of the Department the passport was extended to be valid to May 19, 1932.
In March 1931 Mrs. Undjus was in Shanghai will Charles Krumbein, who was
then using a passport in the name Albert E. Stewart. Krumbein and Mrs.
Undjus claimed that they were husband and wife and did not request the amend-
ment of the Undjus passport to show her name as Stewart.
After the Chinese raids on the Communist headquarters in Shanghai and
after the departure of Krumbein for Dairen, Mrs. Undjus left Shanghai for
Hong Kong. Upon her arrival in Hong Kong her baggage was examined by
the police and it was found that she was carrying between $12,000 and $15,000
in United States currency.
On June 8, 1935, Mrs. Undjus executed an application for a new passport at
the passport agency in New York City and stated that her last passport was
obtained from Washington on October 17, 1927, and had been destroyed. When
questioned by a special agent regarding the alleged loss of the passport, she
stated that the passport she had in mind was the one issued to her at Riga on
May 19, 1930. She stated that the passport had been lost in a lake in this country
when her handbag fell out of a row boat.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a129
Mrs. Undjus stated that she was known as Margaret Cowl and wrote articles
under that name. She submitted evidence of her divorce from Undjus and stated
that since January 1027 she had considered herself as the common-law wife of
Charles Krumbein.
On June 21, 1935, Mrs. Undjns was informed that in view of the circumstances,
the Department would not accept her statement regarding the alleged loss of her
passport.
Mrs. Undjus thereupon forwarded her 1930 passport to the Department with
an affidavit in which she alleged that her statements regarding the loss of the
passport were made in good faith but that on June 26 she called at the office of her
attorney, Mr. Joseph Brodsky, and after she had told him of her difficulty,
Mr. Brodsky discovered that the passport had been accidentally put away in
his safe.
The Department issued Mrs. Undjus passport No. 223410 on July 2, 1935, valid
for 6 months. The passport was written Margaret Undjus, known as Margaret
Cowl.
Now uses name Margaret Krumbein.
Alfred Wagenknecht
Alfred Wagenknecht is a naturalized citizen, having been born in Germany on
August 15, 1S81.
In 1922 Wagenknecht fraudulently obtained and used a passport in the name
Walter Frederick Bronstrup.
Wagenknecht was issued passports in his own name in 1925 and 1932. He has
been for many years and still is one of the leaders of the Communist Party in
the United States.
Paul Walsii
Paul Walsh was issued passport No. 331741 on December 12, 1930, upon an
application in which he stated that he was born at Austin, Pa., on February 8,
1904. His identifying witness was Mrs. Margaret Duune, 420 East 18th Street,
Apartment 4G, New York City. The passport was renewed at the American
Consulate General at Johannesburg, South Africa, on December 13, 1932. Walsh
was issued service passport No. 132 at the American Embassy in Moscow on
January 8, 1935.
Walsh is known also by the aliases Waldron and Mitchell, first names being
unknown.
Walsh’s wife, Regina Karasick Walsh, was issued passports in 1931 and 1936.
While in China, Walsh is said to have been associated with Arthur Ewert
(Gerhard Eisler) who was traveling on a fraudulent passport in the name
Harry Berger.
Identical with Eugene Dennis.
Millie Walters
When George Mink was arrested in Copenhagen, Denmark, in February 1935,
there was found in his notebook a New York phone number, Jerome 7-5072.
This phone was listed in the name of Mrs. Millie Walters and her address was
15 Clarke Place, East, Bronx, N. Y. Mrs. Walters is a native of Russia and
acquired citizenship through the naturalization of her husband, Morris Walters.
She was issued passports in 1923, 1929, and 1937. According to her last appli-
cation, she was divorced from her husband in 1930. Her address at that time
was 15 East Clarke Place, Bronx, N. Y.
Morris Walters
When George Mink was arrested in Copenhagen, Denmark, in February 1935,
there was found in his notebook a New York phone number, Jerome 7-5072,
which was listed in the name of Millie Walters who was the wife of Morris
Walters.
Mr. Walters was born in Russian Poland in 18S7 and was naturalized at San
Francisco in 1915. He was issued passports in 1920 and 1934.
Bessie Weissman
Bessie Weissman was issued passports in 1922, 1928, and 1932. In the 1932
application she gave her address as 2S00 Bronx Park, East, New York, N. Y.
A 130 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
When Arthur Ewert, alias Harry Berger, was arrested in Brazil in December
1935 there were found in his possession slips of paper bearing the name Bessie
Weissman, 2800 Bronx Park, East, and 383 Madison Avenue, New York.
An investigation in January 1936 disclosed that Bessie Weissman has married
a colored man and that she was then residing in Apartment X-l at 2800 Bronx
Park, East, under her married name, D’Phreuleeci.
Abraham Wexlep*
See application, Abraham Wexler.
Sam Wicii
This mime is signed to an affidavit of birth which was submitted with a
fraudulent passport application in the name Harry Somers by Harry Kweit.
Vivian Wilkinson
This woman was identifying witness on the passport application executed in
1927 in the name Katherine Harrison.
Miss Wilkinson is a native American citizen and was issued a passport in
December 1928. However she is considerably older than she represented in
her passport application, having been born at Philadelphia on January 5, 1897,
instead of at Santa Rosa, Calif, on January 5, 1903, as stated in her application.
The imposter who obtained a passport in August 1927 in the name Abe James
Harfield requested that liis passport be sent care of Vivian Wilkinson, 39 Union
Square, room No. 40, New York, N. Y. An investigation conducted in 1932
disclosed that Vivian Wilkinson had at one time operated a travel agency at
39 Union Square, but had gotten into difficulties and disappeared.
Adolph Wirkkula
This man is the brother of the real Jakob Genhard Wirkkula. He executed
an affidavit of the birth of Jakob before the notary public, Max Kitzes. This
affidavit was submitted with the application for a passport in the name Jakob
Genhard Wirkkula. When interviewed Adolph stated that Jakob's son had
brought him the blank affidavit which lie filled in and returned to Jakob’s son.
Adolph Wirkkula operated a restaurant and delicatessen shop at 21 East 125th
Street, New York City. When interviewed he stated that he did not know
whether or not. Jakob actually went to Europe as he had planned. He stated
that Jakob belonged to several communistic organizations. Adolph stated that
he could not positively identify the copy of the applicant's photograph although
the description fitted that of his brother. He did not think that the signature
on the application was made by his brother.
Jacob Wirkkula
This man is the father of Jakob Genhard Wirkkula, in whose name a passport
application was executed, and a passport issued.
The father, Jacob Wirkkula, was located at 2939 Bevteau Avenue, Chicago,
111. He verified the American birth of the real Jakob Genhard Wirkkula. He
could not identify the copy of the photograph on the application as a likeness
of his son.
Jakob Genhard Wirkkula
An application for a passport was executed in the name Jakob Genhard
Wirkkula by a Finnish Communist named Nuls Wirtanen. The real Jakob G.
Wirkkula was an American Communist and apparently assisted in the fraud.
Mrs. Jakob Wirkkula
This woman is the wife of Jakob Genhard Wirkkula, in whose name a pass-
port application was executed and a passport issued.
When Mrs. Jakob Wirkkula was interviewed at her home at 4309 Eighth Ave-
nue, Brooklyn, she refused to answer any questions except to say that the copy
of the photograph looked like her husband.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES A 131
Nuls Wirtankn
This man applied for and obtained an American passport in the name Jakob
Genliard Wirkkula. He also had a Norwegian passport in the name Johann
Louis Korsell. in which his place of birth was shown as Oslo, Norway. Nuls
Wirtancn was a former Finnish Communist leader.
Isidore Wolfson
This man was identifying witness on the passport application executed in the
name Adolph Kabinowitz. lie gave his address as 3572 DeKulb Avenue, Bronx,
and submitted his naturalization certificate. When the case was investigated in
1935, Wolfson could not be located.
World Tourist, Inc.
The World Tourist, Inc*., furnished the transportation for practically all of the
Americans who were sent abroad to serve in the Spanish Loyalist Army.
The Dun & Bradstreet report shows that the World Tourists, Inc., of 175
Fifth Avenue, was incorporated and chartered in New York on June 10, 1927 with
an authorized capital of $50,000. There is no financial report on this concern
available as they have consistently refused at all times to reveal anything con-
cerning their finances, nor will they even discuss their business. It seems that
they pay all of their current obligations in cash, although they maintain a
satisfactory account with the Corn Exchange Bank at 21st Street and Fifth
Avenue. The company maintains 2 branch offices, 1 at G North Clark Street,
Chicago and the other at 5S0 Market Street in San Francisco. This company
appears to be operating profitably and to have money.
The officers of the company are as follows: Joseph Ft. Brodsky, president,
Alexander Trachtenberg, treasurer, and Jacob M. Golos as secretary and
manager. These three men are also the directors of the company.
Joseph It. Brodsky is supposed to be 52 years old, married and native born
and is an attorney with an office at 100 Fifth Avenue. He is the treasurer of
the 26-28 Union Square, Inc., which was chartered April 2S, 1928, in New York
and which holds the lease on the property at 26-28 Union Square. Mr. Brodsky
is also secretary of the International Publishers Co., of 3S1 Fourth Avenue, which
company was chartered July 18, 1924.
Alexander Trachtenberg is 50 years old, married, and is stated to have come
to this country from Russia as a boy, and is now supposed to be a naturalized
citizen. He is alleged to have been employed by various local publishers as an
editor, and also was the chief statistician for the International Garment Workers
Association. Mr. Trachtenberg is president of the 2G-2S Union Square, Inc.,
and is treasurer of the International Publishing Co., Inc.
Jacob M. Golos is 44 years old, married, and he came to this country some years
ago from Russia. He is alleged to be a naturalized citizen. Mr. Golos has
always been employed in the tourist and travel business, and is now the active
manager of the World Tourists, Inc. (Real name Jacob Raisin, now dead.)
The alleged nature of this organization is the selling for cash to individuals
steamship, bus and railroad tickets and the arrangement of tours.
The incorporation articles for the World Tourists, Inc*., were handled by the
law firm of Shorr, Brodsky & King at 41 Union Square, and this agency was
duly incorporated on June 10. 1927. The notary public before whom these
papers were executed was Carol Weiss King, New York County Clerk’s No. 300,
New York County Registrar No. S272. The directors at the time of incorpora-
tion were Joseph R. Brodsky, Isaac Shorr, and Fay Siegartal, and each sub-
scribed to one share of stock. The capital stock of the agency was to be $5,000
of 50 shares of $100 par value stock. The incorporation papers were signed
by the above three men, Brodsky, Shorr and Siegartal.
The purpose of the agency is to arrange travel tours between the United
States and foreign countries and to buy, prepare and sell booklets and rates on
travel. However, from the articles of incorporation the company has the power
to he much more than just a travel agency, and these articles giving this jiower
mnst have been put in there for some specific purpose.
Joseph Zack
Joseph Zack was horn at Dolnie Motesiee, Slovakia, on March 20, 1893, being
the illegitimate child of one Juliana Zack. The name of the father is not given
on the baptismal record which was created on the date of birth.
a132 scope of soviet activity in the united states
According to Mr. Zack’s mother, who is now Mrs. Juliana Volkl, the name of the
father was Rudolph Kornfeder.
Mr. Zack has at various times claimed that he was born at either Scranton or
Philadelphia but his mother claims that he was actually bora in Slovakia. She
executed an affidavit in 1930 to the effect that her son was born at Philadelphia
but when questioned by the American Consular office in 1937 she admitted making
the affidavit but claimed that she did not know that it contained the statement
that her son was born in the United States. All’s. Volkl is illiterate and could
not read the affidavit herself.
According to Zack’s mother, he spent his childhood wfith his maternal grand-
parents in Slovakia and that she came to the United States alone when he was
about 7 years old and resided here for about 2 years.
Zack was one of the original organizers of the Communist Party in the United
States but broke with that party several years ago. He was for many years a
prominent leader in that movement and wrote articles for Communist publica-
tions.
In 1927 Zack obtained a passport in the name of Samuel Fox with the assist-
ance of George Mink and Harry Kweit. Mink obtained the naturalization certifi-
cate of Fox, while Kweit acted as identifying witness on the passport application.
After obtaining the passport, Zack went to Moscow and studied in the workers’
school there. He obtained a new passport in the name Samuel Fox at Helsingfors
in the early part of 1930, and apparently used the passport to return to the
United States.
After his arrival in this country, Zack obtained a passport in the name of
Joseph Kornfeder, using a birth certificate issued at Scranton, Pa., upon the
basis of a recently created report of birth. The birth certificate was obtained
upon the basis of an affidavit signed by Katherine Harrison and David Bankoff
before Max Kites, a notary public. The identifying witness was Gertrude
Ackerman, another Communist.
After obtaining the Kornfeder passport, Zack went to Panama where he stayed
only a short time and departed for Colombia. In Colombia he organized the
Communist Party and a trade union. From Colombia he went to Venezuela
where he was arrested because of his activities and was deported to the United
States in September 1931.
He is now out of the party.
Fannie Zigardler
Fannie Zigardler (also known as Fay Siegartel) was one of the incorporators
of the World Tourist, Inc.
Fannie Zigardler executed a passport application in 1930 in which she asked
that the passport be forwarded care of J. R. Brodsky, 799 Broadway, New York
City.
She was secretary to Brodsky.
PROOF OF CONSPIRACY*
1. Margaret Browder has applied for and obtained passports in the name Jean
Montgomery.
2. William Browder executed an affidavit in the name William Montgomery
which was submitted with the first fraudulent application in the name Jean
Montgomery.
3. William Browder was the identifying witness on an application executed by
Earl Browder in his own name in which he falsely stated that he had never had a
passport previously.
4. Earl Browder executed a passport application in his own name in which
he falsely stated that he had not had a passport previously.
4a and 4b. Passports in the names Earl Browder, Nicholas Dozenberg and
George Morris w r ere obtained and used by one person, Earl Browder.
5. Earl Browder applied for and obtained a passport in the name of Nicholas
Dozenberg.
6. Earl Browder applied for and obtained a passport in the name of George
Morris.
10 and 11. Margaret Browder, William Browder, and Earl Browder are sister
and brothers.
12. Katherine Harrison lived with Browder as his wife.
13. Katherine Harrison fraudulently obtained a passport in that name.
14. John W. Johnstone executed a fraudulent affidavit of birth in the name Jack
Harrison which was submitted with the passport application in the name Kath-
erine Harrison.
15. Katherine Harrison executed an affidavit of birth before Max Kitzes which
was submitted in connection with the filing of the birth report in the name Joseph
Kornfeder.
16. Katherine Harrison executed a fraudulent affidavit of birth in the name
Mrs. G. Meltz (Henrietta Maurer) before Helene Gannes which was submitted
with the passport application in the name Valeria Meltz.
17. Katherine Harrison signed the name Katherine Johnson as identifying
witness on the fraudulent passport application in the name Gertrude Larson
Shatz. She also executed a fraudulent affidavit of birth which was submitted
with the same application and also signed it Katherine Johnson.
18. The passport applications in the names Gertrude Larson Shatz and
Valeria Meltz were executed by the same person.
19. The persons who obtained the passports in the names Gertrude Larson
Shatz and Phillip Shatz represented themselves to be husband and wife.
20. The affidavit of birth submitted with the passport application in the name
Valeria Meltz was executed before Helene Gannes.
21. Harry Gannes was the identifying witness on the passport application
executed in the name Phillip Shatz.
22. Harry Gannes and Helene Gannes are husband and wife.
23. Passport applications containing contradictory statements were executed
by John W. Johnstone in that name.
24. Max Kitzes was the identifying witness on a passport application executed
by John W. Johnstone.
25. An affidavit of birth was submitted in connection with the passport appli-
cation of Jakob Genhard Wirkkula was executed before Max Kitzes.
26. An affidavit of birth submitted in connection with the passport application
of Lydia Stahl was executed before Max Kitzes.
27. An affidavit of birth submitted in connection with the passport application
of Leon Marks was executed before Max Kitzes.
28. The person who made an application for a passport in the name of Leon
Marks is believed to be identical with the person who used the altered passport
in the name Bruno Herman August Hanke.
♦Numbers in this section refer to lines on chart at pp. 1210 and 1211, pt. 23.
a133
A 134 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
29. The passport applications in the names Bruno Herman August Hanke
and Machla Lenczycki were typed on the same kind of typewriter.
30. A. Peter Targum called at the State Department office in New York con-
cerning the investigation in the Machla Lenczycki case.
31. The persons whose photographs appear on the passport applications in
the names Harry Berger and Machla Lenczycki are husband and wife (Mr. and
Mrs. Arthur Ewert).
32. The address given in an application in the name Machla Lenczycki was
the address of Sadie Rijock.
33. The passport application in the name Harry Berger was executed by
Arthur Ewert.
34. Sadie Rijock was the wife of Isaac Rijock.
35. Isaac Rijock executed a passport application in the name Harold Schlus-
berg.
36. Sadie Rijock was the identifying witness on the fraudulent application
executed by Isaac Rijock in the name Harold Schlusberg.
37. Sadie Rijock was identifying witness on a passport application executed
in the name Esther Michel Rigerman.
38. Bernard Ades was interested in the second passport application exe-
cuted in the name Harry (Harold) Schlusberg.
39. Bernard Ades applied for and obtained a passport in his own name. He
misrepresented the purpose of his trip and used the passport in Spain in viola-
tion of the restrictions contained therein.
40. Bernard Ades was the identifying witness on the passport application
executed in the name Andrew Pape. Pape misrepresented the purpose of his
journey and used the passport in Spain in violation of the restrictions contained
therein.
41. Vivian Wilkinson was identifying witness on the passport application in
the name Katherine Harrison.
42. The first passport in the name Abe James Harfield was sent in care of
Vivian Wilkinson.
43. Affidavits submitted in connection with the Scranton birth certificate in
the name Joseph Kornfeder were executed before Max Kitzes.
44. The passport application in the name Joseph Kornfeder was executed by
Joseph Zack.
45. The passport applications in the names Joseph Kornfeder and Samuel Fox
were executed by the same person.
46. The passport application in the name Samuel Fox was executed by Joseph
Zack.
46a. The naturalization certificate in the name Samuel Fox was furnished
to Joseph Zack by George Mink. Mink was also connected with the obtention
of the Scranton birth certificate in the name Joseph Kornfeder which was used
by Zack.
47. Harry Kweit was the identifying witness on the passport application exe-
cuted by Joseph Zack in the name Samuel Fox.
48. Amy Schechter obtained a passport in the name Amy Esther Seliechter
Kweit.
49. and 50. In the passport application in the name Amy Esther Schechter
Kweit the applicant claimed that she was the wife of Harry Kweit.
51. Harry Kweit made an application for a passport in the name Edward
Riggs.
52. Harry Kweit executed an affidavit in his own name which was filed in
connection wtih the fraudulent passport application executed by Alexander
Bittleman in the name Nathan William Kweit. Harry Kweit was also the
identifying witness on this application and stated that the applicant was his
brother.
53. Harry Kweit executed a passport application in the name Harry Somers.
54. Alexander Bittleman executed a passport application in the name Nathan
William Kweit.
55. Alexander Bittleman executed a passport application in the name Isidore
Spilberg.
56. The passport applications in the names Nathan William Kweit and Isidore
Spilberg were executed by the same person.
57. Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Bittleman are husband and wife.
58. Mrs. Alexander Bittleman obtained a passport in the name Helen Lillian
Bowlen which was afterward amended at her request to show her name as
Helen Lillian Bowden Kw T eit.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES A 135
59. Mrs. Alexander Bittleman obtained a passport in the name Anna Spilberg.
00. The passport applications in the names Helen Lillian Rowlen Kweit and
Anna Spilberg were executed by the same person.
01. The passport applications in the names Edward Riggs and Harry Somers
were executed by the same person.
02. A person of unknown identity signed the name William Hoffman as iden-
tifying witness on the passport application in the name Harry Somers and also
executed an affidavit of birth which was submitted with that application.
03. The same individual who signed William Hoffman on the passport applica-
tion in the name Harry Somers also executed an affidavit of birth which was
tiled in connection with the obtention of a birth certificate in the name Henry
George Lynd.
04. The person who obtained a passport in the name Henry George Lynd resided
at the apartment of Max Bedacht or at least received mail there.
05. When Albert Feierahend was arrested be was found in possession of a
badge signed by Max Bedacht.
00. The passport application in the name Henry George Lynd was executed
by an individual of unknown identity.
07. The person who obtained a passport in the name Henry George Lynd
stayed at the Trenton home of Leon Josephson who also obtained for the impostor
a letter signed by the Governor of New Jersey.
68. Susanna Paxton and the person who obtained a passport in the name
Henry George Lynd held themselves out as husband and wife.
69. Susanna Paxton obtained a passport in the name Susan Abbott Lynd.
70. The applications in the name Susan Abbott Lynd and Susanna Fineberg
were executed by the same person.
71. The passport application in the name Susanna Fineberg was executed by
Susanna Paxton.
72. The persons having possession of passports in the names Henry George
Lynd and Susan Abbott Lynd held themselves out as husband and wife.
72a. Susanna Paxton was identifying witness on the passport application of
Julius Rosenthal.
78. Julius Rosenthal obtained passports in his own name and used one of them
to go to Spain where he was killed.
74. The passport application in the name Leon Marks at first requested that
the passport be sent in care of Julius Rosenthal.
75. Harold Hynes obtained a passport in the name Harold Hall.
76. George Mink was identifying witness on the passport application in the
name Harold Hall.
77. George Mink was identifying witness on the passport application in the
name Louis Paretti.
78. George Mink obtained passports in his own name.
79. Fassport applications in the name George Mink and A1 Gottlieb hear the
photographs of the same person, George Mink.
80. The passport application in the name A1 Gottlieb bears the photograph of
George Mink. This passport was found in Mink’s apartment in Denmark when
he was arrested there.
81. The passport in the name Abraham Wexler was found in Mink’s possession
when he was arrested in Denmark.
82. The passport in the name Harry Herman Kaplan was found in Mink’s
apartment when he was arrested in Denmark.
83. An impostor having a passport in the name Adolph Rabinowitz was
arrested in Denmark about the same time as Mink.
S4. An impostor having a passport in the name Nicholas Sherman was arrested
in Denmark about the same time as IS link.
85. The body of the passport application in the name A1 Gottlieb was written
by Leon Josephson.
86. Harry Herman Kaplan was a friend of Leon Josephson and blames the
latter for the alleged theft of his passport.
87. Leon Josephson and the impostor having a passport in the name of Adolph
Rabinowitz were arrested in Denmark about the same time for the same
activities.
88. Leon Josephson and an impostor having possession of a passport in the
name Nicholas Sherman were arrested at the same time in Denmark for
similar activities. Josephson also obtained letters for the Sherman impostor
which purported to show that be was an employee of an oil company.
a136 scope of soviet activity in the united states
89. Leon Josephson and George Mink were arrested at the same time in
Denmark for the same activities and admitted their association.
90. Joseph R. Brodsky was the attorney for Alfred Wagenknecht when he
was tried for violating the passport laws.
91. Alfred Wagenknecht obtained a passport in the name Walter Frederick
Bronstrup.
92. William M. Beck was the identifying witness on the passport applica-
tion in the name Walter Frederick Bronstrup.
93. Joseph R. Brodsky was the attorney for Margaret Undjus and produced
a passport w r hich she claimed to have lost.
94. Joseph R. Brodsky was attorney for Charles Krumbein when he was
indicted for violating the passport laws.
95. Albert Feierabend obtained a passport in the name Ksavier A. Szpokas.
96. An imposter of unknown identity obtained a passport in the name Ksavier
A. Szpokas.
96a. Albert Feierabend was identifying witness on the passport application
in the name Lizzie Kreitz.
97. Albert Feierabend applied twice for a passport in the name Jacob Kreitz.
9S. Albert Feierabend applied for a passport in his own name and later had
the passport amended to show the name of his wife who submitted the birth
certificate of another person.
99 and 101. Passport applications in the names of Albert Feierabend, Jacob
Kreitz and Ksavier A. Szpokas were executed by the same person, Albert
Feierabend.
100. The persons who executed passport applications in the names Jacob
Kreitz and Lizzie Kreitz purported to he husband and wife.
102. The birth certificate of the wife of Samuel Adams Dardeck was submitted
as the birth certificate of Feierabend’s wife.
103. An address used by Nicholas Dozenberg in his passport applications
was found in the notebook in the possession of Albert Feierabend.
104. Charles Krumbein and Margaret Undjus held themselves out as hus-
band and wife.
105. Charles Krumbein used an altered passport in the name Isidor Dreazen.
106. Charles Krumbein applied for and obtained passports in the name Albert
E. Stewart.
107. Charles Krumbein traveled in China with Margaret Undjus while she was
using a passport in her own name.
108. Margaret Undjus made false and contradictory statements in passport
applications executed in her own name.
109. Clarence Hathaway assisted an impostor in obtaining a fraudulent
passport in the name Milton Hathaway.
110. Clarence Hathaway, as editor of the Daily Worker, requested that the
passport of Earl Browder be made valid for Spain.
111. A birth certificate issued at Scranton, Pa., on the basis of a recent report
was submitted in connection with the passport application of Leon Marks.
112. A birth certificate issued at Scranton, Pa., on the basis of a recent report
was submitted in connection with the passport application of Joseph Kornfeder.
113. A birth certificate issued at Scranton, Pa., on the basis of a recent report
was submitted in connection with the passport application of Henry George
Lynd.
114. A birth certificate issued at Scranton, Pa., on the basis of a recent report
was submitted in connection with the passport application of Harold Hall.
115. A birth certificate issued at Scranton, Pa., on the basis of a recent report
was submitted in connection with the passport application of George Mink.
PARTY CONNECTIONS
110. Arthur Ewert met Earl Browder when he came to the United States to
settle a dispute in the American Communist Party.
117. Arthur Ewert met Joseph Zack when he came to the United States to
settle a dispute in the American Communist Party.
118. Nicholas Dozenberg was connected with the magazine, the Communist,
which was the oflScial publication of the Communist Party of the United States.
119. Earl Browder was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
120. Morris Childs was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
121. John W. Johnstone was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
122. Harry Gannes was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES a137
123. Max Kitzes was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
124. Isaac Rijock was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
125. Joseph Zack was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
126. Alexander Bittleman was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
12l! Max Bedaeht was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
12S. Samuel Adams Dardeek was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
129. Margaret Undjus was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
130. Charles Krumbein was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
131. Clarence Hathaway was connected with the magazine, the Communist.
132. Amy Schecliter was an officer of the Marine Workers’ Industrial Union.
133. Harry Kweit was an officer of the Marine Workers’ Industrial Union.
134. Harold Hynes was an officer of the Marine Workers’ Industrial Union.
135. George Mink was an officer of the Marine Workers’ Industrial Union.
Connections Not Shown on Chart
The imposters who used the passports in the names Machla Lenczycki,
Nicholas Sherman, and Adolph Rabinowitz were all in possession of mimeo-
graphed questionnaires which were filled in to show detailed information which
should be known by anyone impersonating the persons whose naturalization
certificates were used. A supply of blank questionnaires was found in the pos-
session of Albert Feierabend when he was arrested.
Andrew Pape, Bernard Ades, Julius Rosenthal, and Harold Hynes went to
Spain and served in the Spanish Civil War.
The transportation of most of the volunteers who went to Spain to serve in
the civil war was arranged through the World Tourist, Inc., of which Joseph
R. Brodsky was the president. William Browder, when going to France during
the existence of the Spanish Civil War also obtained his transportation from
that organization.
The Daily Worker from time to time published information regarding the
Spanish volunteers and what purported to be official lists of those killed. They
also published numerous photographs of the persons slain which were evidently
made from duplicates of the ones appearing on their passport applications.
Clarence Hathaway was editor of the Daily Worker and William Browder was
the president of the corporation which published it.
Proof of Conspiracy
There was found in the possession of Elsie S. Ewert, alias Machla Lenczycki,
a mimeographed questionnaire which had been filled in with information regard-
ing the woman whom she was impersonating. This questionnaire is similar in
form to the one found on Albert Feierabend when he was arrested in New York
a number of years ago and to the ones found iu the possession of the impostors
who were arrested in Denmark with fraudulent passports in the names Nicholas
Sherman and Adolph Rabinovitz. The fact that the questionnaires were mimeo-
graphed is evidence that their use was widespread aud that they were not used
for use only in connection with the particular passport cases.
When Mrs. Elsie S. Ewert, alias Machla Lenczycki, applied for the renewal
of her fraudulent passport, she gave her address as 1200 East New York Ave-
nue. This was the address of Sadie Michel Rijack and her family and another
tenant of the premises thought that she had seen Mrs. Ewert visiting the Michel
family. Sadie Rijack was the wife of Isaac Rijack, known as John Stuben who
fraudulently obtained a passport in the name Harold Schiusberg. Mrs. Rijack
was the identifying witness on that fraudulent application and also on a frau-
dulent application executed by Esther Rigerman.
Abraham Peter Targurn was the witness on the passport application executed
by Louis L. Schwartz and advised Schwartz not to talk regarding his connec-
tion with the fraudulent Machla Lenczycki application. In January 1937 Tar-
gum wrote to the Department asking for 100 passport-application blanks. Ac-
cording to Harry S. Zuckerman, Targurn was a close friend of Aaron Sharfin
and helped him make up a fact story regarding the source of the fraudulent
applications sent through Marinelli’s office.
William M. Beck, who was the witness to the fraudulent passport application
in the name Walter Frederick Bronstrup, was a witness on the naturalization
petition of Max Schulman whose naturalization certificate was used in connec-
tion with the Rubens-Robinson passport frauds.
a138 scope of soviet activity in the united states
Earl Browder used the naturalization certificate of Nicholas Dozenberg when
obtaining a passport in 1921. An address given by Dozenberg in one of his
passport applications was found in the notebook of Albert Feierabend when he
was arrested in 1930.
Margaret Browder, William Browder, and Earl Browder are brothers and
sister. William Browder executed the fraudulent affidavit in the name of
William Montgomery, which was submitted with the passport application executed
by Margaret Browder in the name of Jean Montgomery. William Browder was
also the identifying witness on the application executed by Earl Browder in his
own name in 1934, in which Earl falsely stated that he had never had a passport
previously. William Browder went abroad with a contingent of persons who
were en route to Spain and whose passports were obtained upon their repre-
sentation that they were going elsewhere.
Clarence Hathaway wrote to the Department concerning the validation for
Spain of Earl Browder’s passport and was the identifying witness on the fraudu-
lent passport application in the name, Milton Hathaway.
George E. Powers was the identifying witness on the fraudulent passport
application executed by Earl Browder in the name George Morris. Powers
is now one of the head officers of the International Workers Order headed by
Max Bedacht. A number of persons whose naturalization certificates were used
in the Rubens-Robinson case were members of the International Workers Order.
The Woman who obtained a passport in the name of Katherine Harrison lived
with Earl Browder for several years and was known as his wife. They were
together in China while Browder was using the passport in the name George
Morris. This woman executed fraudulent affidavits of birth which were sub-
mitted with the passport applications in the names Valerie Meltz and Gprtrude L.
Shatz. She also executed an affidavit of birth in connection with the obtention
of a Scranton birth certificate in the name Joseph Kornfeder. The last-men-
tioned affidavit was executed before Max Kitzes in his capacity as notary public.
The affidavit of birth signed Jack Harrison which was submitted with the
Katherine Harrison passport application, was written and signed by John W.
Johnstone. This man made contradictory statements in his own passport applica-
tion. The identifying witness on one of Johnstone's applications was Max Kitzes.
One of the addresses which was in Feierabend's notebook when he was arrested
in 1930 was 554 48th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. With this notation appears the
name Lina. It appears that this was the address of one Lina Karlin. This
same address was given by Nicholas Dozenberg in his 1933 passport application.
Another name shown in Feierabend’s notebook is J. Kalnin. On the passport
application of August Latz the name John Kalnin is written as the identifying
witness.
The applications in the names Susanna Paxton Fineberg and Susan Abbott
Lynd were executed by the same person.
The persons who obtained the passports in the names Susan Abbott Lynd and
Henry George Lynd posed as husband and wife.
The persons known as Henry George Lynd and Susan Abbott Lynd resided in
the apartment of Max Bedacht.
The person who signed the name William Hoffman on the affidavit of birth
in the case of Henry George Lynd also signed the affidavit of birth and as iden-
tifying witness on the fraudulent passport application executed by Harry Kweit
in the name Harry Somers.
When Henry George Lynd and Susan Abbott Lynd arrived at Marseille, they
were met by Leon Josephson.
Lynd resided with Josephson for a while at 1009 Greenwood Avenue, Trenton.
Susanna Paxton, alias Susanna Fineberg. alias Susan Abbott Lynd was iden-
tifying witness on the 1927 passport application of Julius Rosenthal.
George Mink, Leon Josephson, and impostors having passports in the names
Nicholas Sherman and Adolph Rabinowitz were all arrested in Denmark in
February 1935, on a charge of espionage. There were found in Mink’s apart-
ment a passport in the name of A1 Gottlieb which bore his photograph, and
passports in the names Harry H. Kaplan and Abraham Wexler, which bore the
photographs of Kaplan and Wexler.
In conversations with American consular officers, Mink, Josephson, and the
Sherman imposter all admitted being associated with each other.
Josephson admitted to the American Consul General that he had obtained for
the Sherman imposter letters from a commercial concern in New York. Corre-
spondence found in the effects of the men directly connect Josephson and the
Sherman imposter.
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES A 139
Harry H. Kaplan was a friend of Leon Joseplison and blames Joseplison for
the alleged theft of his passport.
There was found in the effects of llabinowitz a letter signed the American
House, referring to a certain document ordered by “L. J.”, which undoubtedly
referred to Leon Joseplison. The proprietor of the American House was Harry
Kaplan.
Both the Sherman imposter and the llabinowitz impostor were in possession
of mimeographed questionnaires which had been tilled in to show information
concerning the persons they were impersonating. These questionnaires were
practically identical with those found on Albert Feierabond when he was arrested
in 1930, and were similar in form to the one found in the effects of Elsie S.
Ewart, alias Machla Lenczycki.
The application in the name A1 Gottlieb bears a photograph of George Mink
and the body thereof appears to be in the handwriting of Leon Joseplison.
George Mink submitted with his passport application a Scranton birth certi-
ficate issued in the same manner as those submitted with the passport applica-
tions in the name Henry George Lynd, Harold Hall, Leon Marks, and Joseph
Kornfeder.
George Mink was identifying witness on the passport applications in the names
Harold Hall and Louis Paretti.
The procedure used in obtaining the passport in the name Nicholas Sherman
was almost identical with the procedure used in obtaining the passport in the
name Gerald Mark Moren. In both cases, the applicant claimed to be a native
of Yugoslavia, submitted the naturalization certificates of deceased persons,
and had their names changed by court order from the names shown in the natur-
ization certificates to the ones in which they obtained the passports.
The affidavits of birth filed at Scranton, Pa., in the cases of Henry George
Lynd and Harold Hall, were typed on the same machine.
The passport application in the name of Bruno Herman August Hanke was
typed on the same kind of typewriter as the application in the name of Machla
Lenczycki.
The person who used the Hanke passport is believed to be identical with the
one who made the fraudulent application in the name Leon Marks.
Harry Kweit was the identifying witness on the passport application executed
by Joseph Zack in the name Samuel Fox, and also on the application executed
by Alexander Bittleman in the name Nathan William Kweit.
George Mink provided Zack with the naturalization certificate of Samuel Fox.
Zack also obtained a passport in the name of .Joseph Kornfeder.
George Mink, Katherine Harrison, and Max Kitzes were also involved in
the Kornfeder fraud. Alexander Bittleman also obtained a passport in the
name Isidore Spilberg and his wife obtained passports in the name Anna Spil-
berg and Helen Lillian Bowlen, having the last mentioned passport amended
to show her name as Kweit.
Harry Kweit obtained and used fraudulent passport in the name Harry
Somers and made a fraudulent application in the name Edward Riggs. A person
who helped to obtain the Lynd birth certificate was witness on the fraudulent
application in the name of Harry Somers.
Amy Esther Schechter obtained a passport in 1930 as the wife of Harry Kweit.
Kweit was associated in the International Marine Workers Union with George
Mink.
INDEX
Note. — T he Senate Internal Security Subcommittee attaches no significance
to the mere fact of the appearance of the names of an individual or an organiza-
tion in this index.
A
Page
Abello, Thomas Peter AGO
Abram, Abraham {sec Auram, Abraham) A33
Abram of sky, Bernard AG6
Abramovitz, Nathan Joseph AG6
Abramowitz, Herman (known as “Hymie”) A33
Abrams, Mrs. Lena A85, A104
Abrams, Stella A85
Acebido (Asevedo), Servando A34
Acken, Edgar Laurence (Edgar L.) A33
Ackerman, Bernard A9
Ackerman, Gertrude AST, ASS, A104, A132
Ackerman, Harry ASS
Acosta, Bertrand Blanchard AG6
Ades, Bernard A80, A94, A9G, A97, A104, A114, A134, A137
Ades, Sigmund A96, A104
Adler, Alexander AG7
Ahearn, Edward Patrick AG7
Aho, Frank Oscar A33
Ain, Harry A33
Albert, Iieuben A67
Alexander, Alex A33
Alexander, Frank Edward AG7
Algus A29
Allander, William A33
Allis, John Joseph A9, A12
Alper, Marcus Mordecai A33
Alspaugh, Elen A9, A1G
Alstrom, William Oliver A33
Altman, David Robert—.' A33
Altman, Israel A33
Altman, Jack (Jace) A33
Alvarez, Julio (Rodriguez) AG7
Amaniera, Joseph (Jr.) (Giuseppe) A33
Amariglio, David (Armarigio) A33
Amatnick, Ernest A33
Amatniek A33
American House, Inc A9S
Ainery, Alfred Leopold A33
Ames, Lena A104
Ames, Mrs AS.”
Ames, Mrs. Lena (or Abrams) A104
Amidon, Elmer Merle AG7
Amis, Benjamin De Wayne A22
A inlie, Hans A33
Amsbury, Clifton Holman A 33
Andahl, Evelyn Florence (Andrell, Evelyn) A33
Anderson, Casper Warren A33
Anderson, Erik Bernard AG7
Anderson (Andersen), George H. A A33
Anderson, John A27, AGO
Anderson, Lawrence A 9
72723— 57— pt. 23 a 10
I
II
INDEX
Page
Anderson, Melvin Sigward A33
Anderson, Ray A33
Andre 11, Evelyn A33
Andrews, Bryon (Byron) A33
Andry, Lester Fernand ACT
Anstrom, Otto Edvold A22
A pice, Giacomini ACT
Appleton, Owen A33
Archer, Amos A33
Arion, Irving (known as Ernest Arion ) A 33
Arkas, Emanuel (Emmanoiue) (Emmanouil) A33
Armitage, Joseph B A33
Arndt, Robert Leroy A 33
Arnio, Arne Ferdinand A2T, A30
Arnold, Sidney Milton ACT
Aronberg, Myron (Mike) A33
Aronovitch, Mayor ACT
Arranz-Diaz, Avelino ACT
Arvola, Edward Ranse (Ranse Edward) A34
Ashford, James, Jr A22
Ashley, Charles Everett ACT
Atamian, John A34
Athanasiades, Michael (Michal) A34
Auerbach, Joseph A34
Auerbach, L A 104
Auerbach, Mrs. L A110
Auerbach, Lena A104
Auerbach, Louis ACT, A 104
Auerback, Harry 1 A104
Auer back, Joseph A104
Auerback, Louis A104
Ave-Lallemant, Robert William Edgar Frederick A34
Avrat, Abraham A34
Aylaian, George A34
Azar, Joseph Harold , A34
B
Babsky, Ezak (known as Sidney Babsky) ACT
Back man, Os mo Henry ACT
Bagner, Isaac ACT
Bab m a n, Evely {see Rahman, Evelyn) A34
Bajac, Slavo James ACT
Bailey, William A34
Bailino, Morris A34
Baiza, Stephen A34
Baker, George A2S
Baker, William A34
Bakerman, Bertram A34
Balagnrchik, Elias (Ylia) A34
Balan, Carl (see Belan, Carl) A34
Balavage, Thomas James A34
Balchowsky, Edward Ross A34
Balcy, Bernard Vaughn ACT
Ball, Homer Eugene ACT
Ball, William James, Jr ACT
Baloff, Mike A35
Bambas, Isaac A84
Bango, Luis Bus to A34
Bankoff, David ASS, A104, A105, A132
Bannerman, Mr AOT
Baran, Joseph A34
Barcena, Isidor (Vsadore) Frank (alias Isidro Frank Barcona) A34
Bard, Philip A34
Barderain, D. (Doney) (Barberian, Doneg) A34
Barkovich, Thomas Michael A 34
INDEX
III
Page
Harnett. James Clinton A34
Baron, Dr. Marry A90
Hjiroii, Theodore AO
Da rr. Charles A34
Carr, Charles A A34
1 5a rr. Charles* Alfred A 34
Harr. Herman A34
Barron, Joseph (.see Baran. Joseph) A 3 4
Barrie, Henry Daniel A 34
Barron, Victor A A 22
Barron. Victor Allen A106
Barry, Griffin AS3, A 105
Bar sky, Abraham David AG7
Barskv, Ben A34
Barsky, Dr. Edward K A34
Bart A 105
Bart, Mr A26
Bart, Mrs A2G, A105
Bassen, Adolf AO, A 14, A22
Bassett, William Oliver AG7
Bassin, Sidney A35
Hasson, Joseph A9
Baszozowsky (Basko), Henry A34
Bates. Frank David A67
Bates, Walter A2S
Battle, T had (lions Arrington AG7
Baublis, Julian A35
Bauman, Ben A2S
Baumler, Albert John A 07
Bauza, Ulises A35
Bayne, James Alexander A35
Beck, William M AS1, A105, A137
Becker, Lavine A A113
Beckett, Thomas Latta AG7
Bedacht, Max A23, A91, A107, A110, A135, A137, A138
Hegel ma n. Elias A35
Bela u. Carl Gustav (Belan. Carl; Belhaw, Carl) A35
Bell, Hilda A 35
Bell, Raymond Everett A 35
Bell, Tom . A 87
Kelli, Henry A 7
Bellows, Carlton Lee (Bellows, Carl) A35
Benet, James Walker A3 5
Bennett. Charles Clifton AG7
Bennett, Robert Lee AG 7
Bennett. Thomas Edwin (alias Thomas Browne Bennett) A35
Benson, A A 5
Benson, Joseph Edward A35
Beral, Benjamin A 28
Beral, Philip A28, A29
Beregszaszt, Ludwig A 25
Berg, Esly (Esley Daniel) A35
Bergen (Bergin), Jacob A 35
Berger, Harry AM).
A90, A 104, A109, A110, A112, A116, A117, A122, A124, A129, A130, A134
Berkowitz, Isidor A 35
Berkowitz, Meier , A 35
Berkowitz, Nathan A 35
Berkowitz, Samuel A 35
Berman, Leopold A35
Berman, Raymond AG7
Bernard, Abraham AG7
Bernhardt, Albert A9
Bernstein, Hilliard Edgar A 35
Bernstein, Louis A 35
Bernstein, Samuel A 37
IV
INDEX
Page
Berry, Gordon King ACT
Berry, John A105
Berry John F A96, A105
Bessie, Alvah Cecil A35
Bevensee, Court A35
Bieuko AC, A23, A95, A123
Bierman, Samuel A33
Billings, Marcus Judson AG7
Binikas, Andrew ACT
Binn, William (alias Max Binn) A35
Bires, Albert A35
Birnbauin, Saul A35
Bissell, Franklin Elmore A35
Bisson, Ellsworth Joseph A35
Bittleman, Alexander A89, All 9, A12C, A134, A13T, A139
Bittleman, Mrs A89
Bittleman, Mrs. Alexander A81, A99, A121, A126
Blackschmidt, Emma Pauline A83
Blackschmidt, Pauline Emma A83
Blackwell, Russell (alias Russell Negrete) ACT
Blair, Clarence Alvin A3o
Blair, Vachel Lindsey A3o
Blake AC, A10J
Blake, A A5, A9
Blakeley, Harold Russell A35
Blanchard, Ralph Bradford A35
Blaskiewiez, Stanley A35
Bleckschmidt, Dr A108
Bleckschmidt, Pauline Emma A10, A10S, A110
Bleir, David ACT
Bliss, E. W. Co A 89
Bloch, Elsa A100, A105, A10G, A117
Bloch, Isidore A100, A105, All 7
Block, Paul, Jr A35
Bloom, Maurice A35
Bloom, Sady AG
Bloom, Sady Saffin. ( See Sadie Weiss.)
Bluestein, Abraham A35
Blum, Anna A 10
Blum, Bertha A 114
Blum, Harry A35
Bodard, Joseph A 9
Boehm, George ACT
Boehnoke, Karl Boyce (known as Charles Boyce) A35
Bogorade, Mrs A92, A10G, A112
Bohus, Paul A10, A15
Bois. William (Bill) Wolfe A35
Bonn, Morris A10
Bonturi, Bruno A3G
Book Union, Inc All 5
Borer, Fred ACT
Borer, Way land A3G
Borisuk, Paul A3G
Bortz, Louis A3G
Borysko, Andrew A36
Botuck, Elijah A3G
Bourne, James Kenneth A3C
Bowers, Edward ACT
Bowers, Max Melcher A3G
Bowlen, Helen Lillian A81, A89, A99, A121, A134, A139
Bowman, John Nelson A3C
Boxer, Harry Jack (alias Harry Cohen) A3G
Boyer, Harvey Karl A3G
Boyer, Jack A 30
Bradbury, Philip Walton ACT
INDEX
V
Page
Braden, Roy A3G
Brady, Robert Granger A 07
Brage, Raphael Bucli (see Buch, R. B.) A3G
Bra ley, L. (Roger Lancaster) A3G
Brandes, Lillian Livien A10, A20
Branko A23
Brands, Alexander A67
Braun, Wren A30
Braxton, Milton (alias Milton Herndon) AG7
Bremen, S. S AG
Brennan, John Francis A36
Brenning, William AG7
Brettschneider, Wilhelm Karl Hermann A98
Brezovic, Albert Louis AG7
Bridenthal, Kenneth Deforest A36
Brier, Morris A36
Briggs, Judson Reynolds A36
Brisker, Luba A36
Briski, Anton A36
Brodsky, Joseph A129
Brodsky, J. R A132
Brodsky, Joseph R A106, A112, A115, A117, A131, A136, A137
Brodsky, Shorr and Siegartal A131
Bron, Benjamin H. ( See Brown, Benjamin H.)
Bronstein, Eugene (Jean) David A36
Bronstein, Oskar AG7
Bronstrup, Walter Frederick A81, A105, A129, A13G, A137
Brooks, Minnie A10, A13
Brostoff, Bernard Benzion (alias Benny Brostoff ) A36
Browder, Earl Russell (known as Earl Browder, George Morris and Nich~
) — XTnJ— XVOJL, XXO^i, XVO' », Y< AH/U,
A107, A109, A112, A113, A122, A123, A133, A136, A138
Browder, Margaret (Jean Montgomery) A8, A94, A10G, A107, A133, A138
Browder, William Edwin (also William E. and William) AG7,
A81, A94, A10G, A107, A133, A137, A138
Brown, Archie A3G
Brown, Benjamin (Benjamin Charles) A36
Brown, Benjamin Hirshfield A3G
Brown, Hymie A36
Brown, John William A28, A29
Brown, Moses A5, A36
Brown, Otto A3G
Brown, Roy Augustave A28, A31
Brown, Tom AGS
Brown, Vernon Wilburt A36
Brown, William (Brown, William Warner Moore) A3G
Browne, Richard (Richard B. ; Richard DeWitt) A3G
Brudzinski, Czeslaw AGS
Brunet, Leonard (see Grumet, Leonard) A37
Brustein, Sam A37
Bruton, Lawrence Leonard A3 7
Bruzzichesi, Ave A37
Bubich, Mike AGS
Buch, Raphael (Brage) (Buck, Brage Raphael) A37
Buckley, Jerome Vincent A37
Budish, Nathan Norman A37
Burch, Fernando A37
Burches, Charles Williams A23
Burdick, Milton A37
Burke, Edward (Ellsworth) A37
Burke, Mary Catherine A10, A19
Burke, Paul A37
Burkett, Roe Handy AGS
Burlak, Ann A10, A19
VI
INDEX
Page
Burning, John AGS
Burns, Paul (Paul Arthur) A37
Burns, Vera All 4
Burozyski, Walter A2S, A29
Burton, Wallace Floyd A37
Busch, Irving AGS
Bu tur la, Frank Walter A37
Basic, Nicholas A7, A 10
Byrne, Albert Barnitz AGS
Byrne, James Joseph A37
Byrne. Thelma S. E AGS
C
Cady, George Arthur A37
O a den head, John A28
Cain, James Burton A2s
Oalcagno, Gioachino (alias Giachino Victor Calcagno) AGS
Caldarella, Michael Vincent AGs
Caldwell, Bonn Mansfield AGS
Callaghan. Thomas Joseph A37
Cal lion, Walter A37
Camnitz, Ben AGS
Campbell, Joseph A37
Canales, Victor (Cerro) AGs
Cannon, Jacob A37
Cappadona, Bernard A37
Carayianes, Apostolos A37
Carbon ell, Jorge AGS
Carbonell, Victor Antonio Cuevas A37
Carea tliers. Benjamin AID. A21
Carl, Edwin AGS
Carlson, Mrs. Carl A91
Carmichael, Edward Brook A37
Carnell, Iloger Gaylord (Carnell, Gaylord ) A3 7
Caron, Berthe A10
Carpenter, John Robert A37
Carroll, Esther A28. A30
Carroll, George Aloysius Raymond A3-7
Carroll, William (Reid) A37
Car. sman, Samuel A37
Carter, Barton A37
Casa-Barro, Jesus de la AGS
Cason, Roy A37
Cassidy, Joseph F A 114
Castle, Guy Wilkinson Stuart, Jr AG*
Castro, Esmaragdo (Seoane) AGS
Castro, Luis Maria AGS
Castronuovo, Alfred A37
Castronuovo, John Michael A3 7
Cavanagh, Frederick A37
Central Committee of the Communist Party A 103
Chadwick, Selma Ruth AGS
Chaikin, George A37
Chait, Jacob Jack AGS
Cliakin, Abraham AGS
Chalfen, Benjamin A83, A101, A107, Alll
Chambers, Ray Hollis A102, A107
Cliapin, Milferd A37
Cliapoff, Samuel A3 7
Chappin, Wilfred (see Chapin, Wilfred) A37
Chase, Van Rensalaer A37
Chesiii, Alexander AID
Chester, Hyman Frank A37
Chestna, William (alias Phil B. Chesna) A6S
Childs, Jack AG, A105
INDEX vn
Pago
Childs, Morris A107, A13G
Chilton, Gordon A37
Chirico, Frank A37
Chisholm, Albert Edward A38
Chisholm, Malcolm McDowell A 3s
Chmilowski, Joseph 15 AGS
Choate, Kieliard 5S A3, AG. AS, A23
Choc holes, Isidore A3S
Cl 10 do IT, Richard Joseph AGS
Churchieh, Emil AGS
Cicitta, Pasquale A38
Civiers. Frank J ; Civietz, Frank ( see Cwierz, Francis Joseph, San Fran-
cisco, Calif.) A3S
Clark, Durward Doyle A38
Clark, George Luther A23
Clark. Leslie Carlton AGS
Cleveland, Roland AGS
Cloke, Richard A38
Cl ute. Wilton A38
Clyde, John Paul, Jr A38
Coad, Mack A3S
Coapman, Arthur Henry A 38
Cohort, Joseph A3S
Cobbs, Walter A38
Codkind, Judea A101, A 108
Codkind, Julius A10S
Cody, Edgar James A3S
Cogswell, Theodore Rose (alias Ted Lewis) AGS
Cohen, Abe (Cohen, Abraham) A38
Cohen, Alvin A38
Colien. Fred eri oka Imogene Martin AGS
Cohen, Isidore A38
Cohen, Joseph All
Cohen, Lawrence A38
Cohen, Leon A3S
Cohen. Milton Mitchell A3S
Cohen, Robert R ASS
Cojerean, Stefan ASS
Colbert, Cleveland Molaiul AGS
Cole, William AS, AOS. AIDS
Coleman, Edward Roy AGS
Collentine, Robert James AGS
Collins, Leroy A3S
Colodny, Robert G >_«. A38
Colon-Gonzalez, Gonzalo „ AGS
Colon, Guillermo (alias William C. Palmer) AGS
Colver. Robert Coughlin (alias Douglas Plitchock) AGS
Com mins, Robert. (See Cummins, Robert Adair.)
Communist International A11G
Communist Party Al, AG-A8
Communist Party, U. S. A.. Report A1-A5
Communist, The (publication) A13G. A137
Cone, Franklin Fay A3S
Connelly, John Russell AGS
Connelly, William Julius AGS
Conner, Herbert Sharpley A3S
Cannon, Karl {see Cannon, Jacob) A38
Construction Supplies Company of America A80, A11G, A122, A123
Contento, Rogiero AGS
Conway, Maurice (Conway, Morris; Conway, Morris Michael) A38
Cook, Donald Clarence AG8
Cook, Frederick Joseph AGO
Cook, Gerald Kent A38
Cook, Hugh Francis A3S
VIII
INDEX
Page
Cook, Walter A69
Cookson, John Wilhelm AG9
Coon, John Canty A38
Coon, John C A38
Cooper, Bernard A108
Cooper, Mr. B A9G
Cooper, James Charles All, A17
Cooper, Lillian A108
Cooper & Brase A96, A10S
Cooperman, Philip AG9
Copeland, Abraham AG9
Copp, Fred Leon AGO
Corbin, Rudolph James A69
Cornelius, Georgiana All
Cornell, Gaylord {See Carnell, Roger G.)
Corrigan, John Horton Anieleto A38
Costa, Michael A38
Costanzo, Frank Carl AGO
Cowl, Margaret A129
Cox, Charles Adolphus (Cox, Charles) A38
Cox, Thomas, Jr AGO
Craddock, James Patrick Campbell A69
Craig, Curtis ASS
Crain, Harry Allen AG9
Crane, Jack A28
Crawford, Ebb Farris AGO
Crawford, Eugene Victor A69
Creswell, Virgil Ray (alias Ray Hornberger) A38
Croizier, Eugene Cyril AGO
Cromwell, Frederick William, Jr AGO
Cronen (Cronin), Charles William A39
Crosby, Paul A30
Cross, Donald Ellis AGO
Crotto, Sidney A30
Crowley, John A39
Crucible Steel Co A127
Cruz, Ernesto (Ortiz) A30
Cuban, Joseph A39
Cullinen, George Ambrose, Jr AGO
Cummins, Robert Adair A39
Curry, Thomas Edward A69
Curtis, Robert Lee A39
Cwierz, Frank J. (Francis James; alias Frank Cwierz) A30
Dabelko, Steve A69
Daduk, Samuel Leon A39
Dahl, Harold E AG9
Dallet, Joseph Jr A30
Daily Worker A112, A113, A120, A136, A137
Daily Worker Corp A107
Danculovic, Paul Nicholas A30
Daniels, David A7
Danko, John A30
Darcy, Sam A83, A108
Dardeck, Isidor All, A108
Dardeek, Mrs A83, A108, A110
Dardeck, Pauline Emma All
Dardeck, Samuel Adams (also known as Sam Darcey Donchin) AlO
All, AS3, A108, A110, A13G, A137
Dart, Rollin AG9
Dashevsky, Morris A30
Davidow, Ruth Rebecca A40
Davidson, David A39
Davis, Edgar AG9
Davis, Helen A28
INDEX
IX
Pago
Davis, Jesse Jefferson AGO
Davis, Leon Warren A39
Davis, Solomon AGO
Day, Harold John A39
Dean, Harold Francis A39
Delehanty, John A A39
Dell, Russell A39
Demas, Nick John A39
Dempsey, Russell Fielding A39
Dennis, Eugene (Paul Walsh) A110, A11S, A129
Dent, Joseph De A39
Department of State, Passport Division A5
Derkacz, Nestor A39
Desevetsco, Casimir (Charles) A39
Desrosiers, Joseph Antonio All, A13
Detro, Philip Leighton A39
Deutsch, Julius Herman A39
Dent sell, Sarah A10, All
Devine, John Michael A39
Diaz, Avelino Arans A39
Diaz, Jose Gonzalez A43
Dickinson, Deark Dick . AG9
Dicks, Walter A39
Dickson, Nathan A69
Dickstein, Daniel A39
Di Forino, Alfonzo Caraibia A39
Dight, Lloyd Louis A 23
Diluca, Sam (alias Domenico Deluca) AG9
Dinkin, Lillian All, A14
Dion, Joseph A 28
Dion, Joseph Raymond A39
Disbrow, Hamilton T All
Disch, Raymond Heinrich AGO
Dobbs, Sonia A8
Doe, Jane A 9
Doggendorf, Nicholas A39
Doherty, James C AGO
Domas, Abraham (known as Morris A. Domes) A39
Dombroff, David A39
Dominguez, Bienvenido A 89
Domjanick, Milan V A 39
Domurat, John (alias John Lee Domurad, Jr.) AGO
Donawa, Arnold Bennett A 39
Doolittle, Kenneth Waldron A39
Dorland, Norman Edward A39
Dorsey, Frank Caruthers A39
Dorsky, Lenal A 40
Doty, Bennett Jeffries AGO
Dougher, Joseph A40
Doughty, Grace R All
Doyle, James Peter A40
Doze lib erg, Katherine A 82, A108, A109
Dozen berg, Nicholas A82, A10G, A108, A3 09,
Alll, A 133, A13G, A13S
D’Phreulecci, Bessie (Bessie Weissman) A130
Dransky, David All
Dransky, David (alias Dave Doran) A40
Draper, George Tuekerman AGO
Drausky, David a 10
Dreazen, Isador A109
Dreazen, Isidor A82, A83, A101, A13G
Dreisen, Isidor All 8
Dresco. Ludovico AS, A95, A109
Drill, Joseph a 40
Drossel, Anthony B A40
X
INDEX
Pago
Drummond, David All, A 19, A40
I) abac, Constantino A40
Dubi, Evaristo All
Dubruel, James A40
Duerden, Allen Richard A (59
Dukes, Larry Stratford A40
Duncan, Cleo Cannon A40
Dunne, Mrs. Margaret A129
D unos, Edward Albin A 09
Dupont, Woodrow Wilson (alias Robert Charles Dupont) A40
Du rein, Ramon (Rumen) A40
Dyer, Edithe May ( Edythe Mae) A40
Dykstra, Matthew A40
E
Earl, Howard A40
Eaton, Henry Griffin A40
Ecker, Norris A 09
Ecstein, Sam A40
Edelinan, Rebecca A12
Edwards, Charles Hamilton A40
Edwards, Thomas A 7. A12
Eggen, Julius Leonard (Egan, Jack) A40
Eggert, Kenneth Franklin A23
Elirenberg, Isadore A09
Ehrlich, Edward A 09
Ehrlich, Reubin (Rubin) A40
Eichler, Anna A23
Eisenberg, Abraham Boris (alias Benjamin Sobel, Sam Abelson. Julius
Lieberman, Henderson) A09
Eisenman, Ida A12
Eisler, Gerhard A7
Eisler, Gerhart (Gerhard) A 110, A 1 29
Eladio, Paul (Sec Eladio, Paula) A40
Elliott, Theodore Roy A 09
Ellis, William Robert A40
Ellison, Ralph David A23
Eloesser, Dr. Leo A40
Elovich, I A12
Elovich, James A12, A22
Elovich, Steve A12
Emerson, Marion Louise (Marion Emerson, Marion L. Emerson) A109, A113
Emery, Samuel A12
Engel son, David A09
English, Carswell Hill A69
Ente, Leon A40
Entin, Bernard A09
Epailly, Raymond L A (59
Epstein A128
Epstein, David A40
Epstein, Hyman A40
Epstein, Moses At 59
Epstein, Ruth Wilson A40
Erkkila, John A 09
Estela, Miguel A A40
Estevez, Manuel Marcelino (alias Manual B. Estevez) A40
Ettinger, Albert Alton A (59
Ettleson, Abraham AG9
Ettleson, Dora A70
Evangelista, Crisanto A12, A 17
Evans, Charles A28
Every, Archibald A40
INDEX
XI
Page
Kwert. Arthur (Gerhard Eislor) (alias Harry Berger) A SO,
A104, A 101), A110, A 120. A 130, A 184, A18C
Kwert, Elsie S. (alias Maehla Lenczyeki) A 12.1, A 187, A 180
Kwert, Elsie Saborowski A SO, A 1 10
Kwert. Airs A00, A 100, All 0
Kwert. Mrs. Arthur A 184
Ex stein, Henry, Jr A 40
F
Faber, William ( Maurice William) All
Fahey (Faliy) ( Jack Bradley ) A41
Fajans, lsidor A TO
Fajardo, Mark (alias Marcos Fajardo) A41
Fallon, Stanley A12
Farber, Richard A41
Fard, Anna R A12
Farrar, Max A41
Farris, Harry Edward A41
Fasanello, Raffaele A 70
Faubion, Howard Henderson A 70
Fa wk es. Florence A 1 25
Fee. Benjamin Junt A29, A30
Fee. Jay B A20
Feierabend, Albert A 82. A83, ASS, A89, A101, A102, A107-A111, A135-A139
Fei era bend. Emma Panline Bleckschmidt A83
Feingersh, Francis All
Feldman, Milton R A29
Feldman. Simon A92, Alll
Feldman, Solomon A ll
Feldt, Orrin Erlandy All
Feller. Joseph Samuel A70
Feller, Milton All
Fell man, Harry A 70
Felsen, Milton A41
Fender. Francis Edwin A41
Ferguson. Harriet A29, A 31
rernandez. Antonio Alvarez A41
Fernandez, Avelino (Gonzalez) A41
Fernandez, Ildefonse (Alfonso Gonxalo) — — A41
Ferrero, Frank Louis A41
Ferrogiaro ( Ferroggiaro). Jerome E. (Ethen) A41
Ferwerda, Ena A 70
Field. Frederick Ray, Jr A70
Field, John A41
Field, Ralph H All
Findley. Benjamin Frank (Benjamin Franklin) A41
Fine. Charles (known as Christopher Cross) A 70
Fineberg, Abram AS3, A123
Fineberg. Brain A123
Fineberg. Susanna A S3. A91, Alll, A 120. A 123. A 124, A135. A13S
Fineberg. Susanna Paxton A 105, A 123, A13S
Finick, Eugene A 70
Fink, Mrs A127
Finkel. Alexander A41
Finkel, Benjamin A 41
Finkel. Samuel A 70
Finkelstein. Belle A93, Alll
Finkelstein, Norm an A70
Finley, Dinsmore A41
Finnish Federation, Inc A 102. A119
Fiqueiredo, Joseph A12, A 1 0
First National Bank of Independence. Mo A94
XII
INDEX
Page
Fishelson, Nathan Nelson A41
Fisher, Harry A70
Fisher, Sol A29
Fishgold, Irving A70
Fishman, Moses (Mosess) A41
Fishman, Morris Simon A41
Fishman, Sol A70
Fitzgerald, Daniel Andrew Lee A41
Flaherty, Charles Alexander A41
Flaherty, Francis P. (Patrick) (alias Frank) A41
Flaherty, Edward Coleman A41
Flam, Emyl Charles A70
Flanner, John Howard, Jr A41
Flett, Harold Fay A41
Fliegel (Fliegle), Edward James A41
Fontaine, Dorothy Wing A70
Ford, James William A12, A23
Ford, Robert Preston A41
Forester, Clarence Michael A41
Forester, Kenneth A70
Forman A87
Forman, Jacob A12
Forman, Sylvia A10, A12
Forristall, James Eugene (alias Leo Forristall) A41
Fors, Charles A A70
For ska, Harold George A41
Forsyth, Thomas Benton A70
Fortin, Romeo A12
Foster, Charles Frank A41
Foster, Wm. E A25
Foster, William Z All 8
Foucek, Albert J A70
Foucek, George A41
Fowler, James Hiram A41
Fox, Mrs. Eva A84
Fox, John W A5, AG, A23, A2G
Fox, John William A105
Fox, Samuel A84, A87, A89, A99, A122, A132, A134, A139
Frait, William A70
Frame, William (Donaldson) A41
Franco, Victor A41
Frank, Raymond A70
Frankel, Isaac A41
Franklin, Samuel N A70
Franklin, Zalmond David A42
Frazier, Samuel A70
Freed, Edward Milton A42
Freed, Harry A70
Freed, Rose A70
Freedman, Bernard A24
Freeman, Jacob (alias Jack Freeman) A42
Freeman, Maurice A42
Freidberg, or Friedberg, Saul A42
Freiman, Helen A70
Fried, Marcus B A 70
Friedle, Sylvester Frank A70
Friedman, Dr. A. (Abraham Irving) A42
Friedman, Jack A42
Friedman, Laurence M. (Morton) A42
Friedman, Martin A42
Friedman, Maurice Wolf A70
Friedman, William A42
Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade A33
Fritzhand, Nicholas A70
Frohman, Raleigh A70
Fuerlicht, Adolf (Feuerlicht, Adolph) A42
INDEX XIII
Page
Fulir, Lena Moerkirk (known as Lini Fulir) A70
Fuhrer, Saul David A 70
Fulginiti, Francesco (Frank) A42
Fuller, Thomas Grant A 70
Fuller, Henry Hoyt A42
Funk, Julius A70
G
Gallagher, Anna K A29
Gandall, William A42
Gannes, Harry AG-9, A12, A13, A25, A97, Alll, A112, A133, A136
G a lines, Helene A13, A92, Alll, A112, A133
Gannes, Pearl Roth A7, A24, A25
Garafolo, Pat A42
Garcia, Angel Ocasio A42
Garcia, Jess A29
Garcia, Marshall (Menendez) A42
Garcia, Vasquez Ramon A42
Garland, Walter Benjamin — A42
Garofalo, Patrick J A70
Gary, Dorothy Page A120
Gascoyne, Douglas A13
Gasper, Peter John A42
Gassen (dentist) A83
Gates, John ( see Ragenstrieh, Israel) A42
Gavin, Eugene Victor A42
Gavin, Robert Owen A70
Gayle, Louis Anton A42
Gebin, Sam A42
Geiser, Carl Frederick A42
Gellert, Hugo A24
Gensky, Toby (known as Tillie J e risky ) A70
George, Henry A42
Gerber, Bernard A42
Gerber, Helen A80
Gerbin (or Gabin) A87
Gerhard t, Julius A42
Gibbs, James Dele van A70
Gibbs, Theodore A42
Gier, Leo A42
Gilbert, Florence A! 3
Ginsberg, Louis A70
Girard, Joseph Lucien A42
Gittelson, Lazarus A42
Givney, John A70
Givulinovich, John Albert A42
Gjessing, Vice Consul A95, A122
Glick, Ralph A13
Glickman, Herman Louis A42
Gluck, Harry A70
Gluck, Max A71
Glutzman, Anna A107
Gneppe (Gnepp), Louis A42
Goddard, Howard Owen A42
Goetz, William A24
Goff, Irving A43
Goland, Philip Pakier A71
Golas, J. N A112
Gold, Isidor (alias Irving Gold) A71
Goldberg, Alex A43
Goldberg, Arhtur A71
Goldberg, Milton A3 3
Goldberg, Pincus A43
Goldblatt, Moses A71
Goldblatt, Rose A43
XIV
INDEX
Page
Goldgaell, Benjamin A29
Goldgaell, Sadie Algus A29
Golding, Mabel Irene mow Mrs. Mabel Irene Spiegel) ATI
Goldman, Abraham AOS
Goldman, Joseph ASP,
Goldman, Samuel ATI
Goldman, San f red A43
Goldrick, Mark (alias Mart Goldrick) ATI
Goldring, Benjamin A43
Goldstein, Abraham David A43
Goldstein, Benjamin A43
Goldstein, Isidore (Essey) A 42
Goldstein, Jechem (known as Jack Goldstein) A43
Goldstein, Jerome ATI
Goldstein, Milton ATI
Goldstein, Morris A43
Goldwyn, Gerald ATI
Goloff, Harry S A43
Golomb, Ned A43
Golos, Jacob M A 131
Golub, Fannie A43
Gomer, Alexander A43
Gomez, Antony Lopez (alias Antonio Gomez) A43
Gomez, Maximo ATI
Gonzalez, Fernando Moll A44, ATI
Gonzales, Francisco A44
Gonzalez, Francisco Moll ATI
Gonzalez, Virgil io A43
Good, Henry Paul * ATI
Good, Manuel W A13
Goodman, Carroll A43
Goodman, Harry A9n
Goodman, Harry S A SO, A1 12
Goodman, Milton A29, A106, A112
Goodman, Robert William A43
Goodwin. Michael A43
Gordon, David ATI
Gordon, Frances AG, A91, A 92, A106, A112, Alls
Gordon, Lazar A43
Gordon, Louis A 43
Gordon, Philip A13
Goslin, Louis Melvin A43
Gotav, Ruben (Montalvo) ATI
Gottlieb, Abe A84
Gottlieb, A1 AG, AS, AS4, A112. A11G, A122, A135, A 130
Goulis All 2
Grachan, Francis G AG, AT, Ain
Grachan, Joseph A13
Graeber, Kenneth M A43
Graham, John A18
Graham, Lillian A A29
Graham, Meredith Sydnor A43
Granfortoni (Gianfortoni ). Salvatore A 43
Granich, Isaac A3 3
Grant, Morris A13
Grant, Samuel A43
Grant, Walter Fairbanks ATI
Graver, Willie A 43
Gray, Jack A121
Gray, Robert ATI
Credit, Rebecca A28. A29
Grecs, Joe A 43
Green, Gilbert A13, Al l
Greenbaum, Adolph A 24
Greenbaiim, Morris A Al, A3
Greenbaum. Morris M AT
INDEX
XV
Page
Greenberg. Gilbert
A IS, A 14, Aid, AIM
A(!
ATI
A43
Green^poon \whnr
A43
A43
'
A43
A43
Greil Fritz
A43
A43
A43
fir nhor Gilbert Hall
ATI
A43
Grodzki, Frank (alias Franciszek Grodzki)
(Irofldfi Frank
—
ATI
A43
l r l cunv — — — — — .
Gross, Joseph Louis
A43
fii'ncw TVivIVian .. .
A 43
fj Samuel
ATI
Grosso Daniel Joseph
A44
Groves William Rov
- - - - - “ - - - ~ " A 29,
A 31
Grumet Leonard
A44
Emmet Martin Jerome
ATI
Grunskv Eugenia —
ATI
Gruskin, Harrv
ATI
Guaralso, Pio
A44
Guida Francesco Salvatore
7 . A14,
A 20
Gunderman, Walter (alias Walter Gunderson).
Gnrsssliiek' Samuel
A44
\ l U 1 1 oil 1 v A, kltliu UCI — — — — — — — — — ■ — i — — — — —
Gnrevitz Edgar A
ATI
Gurka Maurice
A44
Gustafson Bernard Iv PI
ATI
Gutman, Hans
ATI
H
Habel, Harry A2S, A29
Haber, Cohn A 44
Haddock, Philip Carroll ATI
Hadley, William Grant A 44
Hakam, Ha rv.v ATI
Haley, Jonathan Clifford, Jr ATI
Hall, Charles Alfred ATI
Hall, Harold A84, A85, A114, A122, A135, A136, A139
Hall, Haywood A 24
Hal li day, Joseph Daniel A44
Ha 1 1 m on , N i chol a s ATI
Halonen, Oiva Ronald r A44
Halpern, Irving Abraham (alias Alvin Halpern, alias Alvin Berg) A44
Halpert, Rubin A 24
Hamburger, Joseph Max ATI
Hamilton, Evelyn (see Evelyn Rahman) A44
Ha m pk ins, Nicholas Peter A14, A 22, ATI
Kanke, Bruno Herman August (Bruno H, A. Ilanke) AG, AS, AO, A25,
ASA A92, A 95, A104, All 2, A12G, A133, A134, A139
Haunigan, Walter R ATI
Hanson, Francis Edward ATI
Hardy, Phillip Henry ATI
Harfield ASG
Ha r field, Abe A121, A123
Harfield, Abe James AS 5, All 2, A120, A 120, A134
Hargraves, Roger James A 44
Harper, Wiley Emil ATI
Harris, Aaron (alias A. Roy Harris) — A44
Harris, Albert Lyon el ATI, A123
Harris, Arthur A 44
Harris, Kitty ASG, A 112
XVI
INDEX
Page
Harris, Lenient Upharn A14
Harris, Ray A44
Harris, William Henry A71
Harrison, Jack AS6, A115, A133, A13S
Harrison, Joseph A17
Harrison, Katherine A86,
AST, A92, A ( J4, A97, A105, A10G, A112, A115, A11S, A121, A130,
A132, A133, A134, A13S, A139.
Harrison, Margaret A14
Hartmann Her mine Cornelia Pauline A71
Hartzman, Jacob A44
Harvan, Margaret A71
Harvey, John Adriance A24
Harvey, J. J A9S, A113, A11G, A119
Harvey, Jacob Jones A113, A119
Haskell, Daniel Irving A44
Haskell, Mrs. M. L A113
Haskell, W. A. (Waldo A.) ASG, A94, A109, A113
Haslan, Robert A71
Hassett, James Patrick A44
Hathaway, Clarence A. (also Clarence Hathaway and C. A. Hathaway)- A81,
AS7, A113, A114, A125, A136, A137, A13S
Hathaway, Clarence Richard At 13
Hathaway, Florence J All!
Hathaway, Milton A87, A13G, A138
Hathaway, William A 44
Hatner, Herbert Hart A44
Hauke, Alb in All
Hautaniemi, Jouko Kalmeiu A44
Havens, Bernard H A44
Hawkins, Isaiah A24
Hawkins, Maurice Harrison A44
Hawkins, Norman Gilbert A44
Hayes, John Thomas A 44
Haynes, Jackson Stewart A44
Hays, St. John and Buckley (law firm) All!
Heacox, Hiram L A29
Heagney, Frank Aloyosius A44
Hecliler, Lila A9G, A97, A114
Hecht, Joseph A44
Hecht, Leo (alias Seymour Rosenberg) A44
Ileeb, Harry Jack A71
Hegedus, George A44
Heisler, Gus A45
Helepis, Konstartine A44
Helfand, Max A29
Helgeson, Ilelnar (Helmar) A45
Heller, Abraham A A114, A115
Heller, Edith A114
Heilman, Leonard David A71
Henderson, Frank Joseph A 4 5
Hendler, Max A45
Hendrickson, George Sidney A45
Hen richer ( Heinricher ) , Stanley Anthony A45
Henry, Donald Wallace A4f>
Herceg, Michael A 71
Her link, Jennie A29
Herlong, Carneller A24
Herman, Francis J A 4 5
Heine (Hene) , Julius Anault A45
Herschman, Leon A45
Hersh, Arthur A71
Hershkowitz, Hannah A72
Hershkowitz, Herman A72
Heurich, Hugo A45
Hewlett, Wayland Davis A45
INDEX
XVII
Page
Hint, Joseph AT, A 14
Hilkev itch, Aaron Arthur A72
Hill, Carswell (see Carswell Hill English) A45
Hill, James Cleveland A72
Hill, Preston Clair Alo
Hill, Sadie - A30
Hirshfield, Bernard A AT, A 14
Hirshlield, Victor A 72
Hobbs, Everett A 72
Iloeliberg, Emanuel A 45
Hodge, Elmer Edward A45
Iloenig, Nathan A24
Hoff, Harold Smith A45
Hoffman, Albert Clarence A72
Hoffman, Herbert Frank A72
Hoffman, William AGO, A114, A135, A13S
Hoff strom, Waino Emil A 4 5
Hogan, Francis J A102, A1 14
Holborn, Harry A72
Holmes, Robert Hale, Jr A 72
Holtzclaw, Leonard Martin A72
Holub, Bobie A14
Holzman, Benjamin A45
Honey combe, John Gordon A45
Honig, Michael AMO
Hoolianesian, Gabriel A45
Horowitz, William (known as William Horvitz) A45
Horwitz, Dorothy A14
Horzicli, Simon A4.7
Hourihan, Martin William A45
House, Edward A72
Hovan, John George A45
Howard, Joseph Hyman A45
Hubbard, Keith Harry A45
Hudson, Roy Bannerman A14
Huff, Polke A30
Hall, Russell T. (known as Russell Paul Hull) A45
Hum a lies (Diaz), Bernardo A 4-7
Hum rick, Stephen A72
Hunt, Hugh Maxwell A72
Hunter, Archibald James, Jr A 4 .7
Hunter. Oscar Henry A 4 .7
Hunter, Peter A14
Hurst, Harry Chapman A 4. 7
Hnsa, W. J A30
Mushier, Allan (alias Allan Kuslnnier > A47
Hutchins, Grace ASG
Hyde, Mark Powell A 47
Hyde, Thomas Alfred A45
Ilyman, Isidore A 14 7
Hynes, Harold A85, A114. A 135, A137
I
Iceland, Benjamin Isaac A 17
Ignatuk, Boris A1G
I bier, Fritz (Fred) ASS
India, Jerome A4G
Ingalls. Robert Zane A4G
72723— 57— pt. 23 a
11
XVIII
INDEX
Page
Inget, John Henry A46
Inter-Continent Oil Co., Ltd A98, A 113, A116, A119
International Brigade ASO, A106, A125
International Brigade of the Spanish Loyalist Army A85, A124
International Garment Workers Association A131
International Marine Workers Union
International Oxygen Co
International Publishers Co
International Publishers & Booksellers Co., Inc.
International Workers’ Order
Intourist
Irungary, Frances Marsh
Irwin, Herbert James
Isenberg, Robert Woodrow
Israel, Boris J. (alias Baline Owen)
A121, A139
A115
A10G, A114, A115, A128, A131
A114
A105, A123, A138
A92
A13, A14
A30
A46
A46
J
Jackson, Burt Edward A46
Jackson, Erie Ivan A46
Jackson, Leon A116
Jackson, R. J A14
Jacobs, Henry George A5, A7, A9, A24, A25
Jacobs, Edward Deyo A72
Jacobs, Henry G A112
Jacobs, Hyman A46
Jacobs, Lester A72
Jacobs, Pearl Both A5, A7, A24, A25, A112
Jacobson, Leon A15
Jacobson, Louis A15
Jacobson, Oscar A82
Jacques, John Charles, Jr A46
Jaeger, Erich A25
J acquire (Jaquier), Ives Delaville A46
Jamieson, William Edward A72
Jankovic, Mathilda A72
Jelin, Maurice A46
Jenkins, John Hollis A46
Joachim, Hans A72
Joannou, James A4G
Johanson, Sven Emil A46
Johnson, Aaron Bernard A46
Johnson, Earl Raymond A72
Johnson, Edward A46
Johnson, Harry A28, 30
Johnson, Howard Marion A72
Johnson, John A46
Johnson, Katherine A97, All 2, A133
Johnson, Mrs. Katherine A97, A115
Johnson, Lloyd Edward A72
Johnson, Oakley Calvin A15, A18
Johnson, Peter A46
Johnstone, John W. (John Wilson) (also known as Jack Johnstone) A86, A115,
A118, A133, A136
Jokoffsky, Simon Morris A46
Jones, David Everett A46
Jones, Janies Moore A4G
Jones, Joseph A94
Jones, Sheldon Starr A46
Jordan, Denis David A46
Jordan, Frank Benjamin A 46
Jorgensen, Hans Peder A72
Josephson and Josephson A115, A116
Joseph son, Barney A15, A17, ASS, All 5
Josephson, Leon A7, A8, A15, A84,
A87, A91, A113, A115, A119, A122, A135, A136, A138, A139
Josephson, Louis A87
INDEX
XIX
Joyce, Robert L— .
Julinsz, Ernest
Jurotovich, Nikola.
Jurotovich, Paul—.
Page
A15
A72
A98
A98
K
Kachiginn, Harry
Kakle, Ha r land M
K a bier, John Henry
Kahn, Leon S
Kahn, Mrs
Kahn, Sarah Selma (alias Sally Kahn)
Kahn, Yereth Frank
Kailin, Clarence
Kalke, Karl Jouna
Kalkin, Alexander
Kalnin, J
Ivalnin, John
Kamenetsky (Kamenetzky), Louis
Kaminisky, Levie
Kampel, Morris
Kangas, Anna
Kan tola, Olavi
Kapelner, Nathan David
Kaplan, Mrs. Alice
Kaplan, Anna
Kaplan, Benjamin
Kaplan, Florence
Kaplan, Harry Herman (Harry H.)
i. A46
A72
A46
A80, A116, A117, A122
A117
A72
A117
A46
A46
A30
Alll, A138
Alll, A138
A46
A46
A46
A30
A72
A46
A100, A117
A100, A105, A117
A30, A32
A100
AS7, A98, A115, All 6, A117,
A122, A13S, A138, A139
Kaplan Sam A46
Kaplan, Thomas Joseph A46
Kaplinsky, Pincus A46
Karaghuzian, George A72
Karantzales, George A46
Kardash, William A 15
Kark, Horace L A72
Karlin, Lina Alll, A138
Karson, Jacob A46
Kashton, William A IS
Kasiman, Benjamin A47
Katine, Benjamin A47
Katlan, Bernard (alias Bernard or Benjamin Kaplan) A47
Katz, Hyman Jacob A47
Katz, Isaac A72
Katz, Max A47
Katzin, Harry A72
Katzman, Sam A47
Kaufman, Alfred A72
Kaufman, Hyman A72
Kaufman, Lewis A72
Kaufman, Lorenz Ursos Carles A72
Kaufman, Rubin A47
Kaufman, Sarah A117, A122, A124
Kaufman, Sidney A72
Kaye, Conrad A47
Kaye, George A47
Kaye, Sidney M A114
Ivazlering (Keszlering) , John {-see John Keszlering) A47
Kecseian, Arnold A 47
Kee, Salaria (alias Sara Lillie Kee) A 47
Keeler, Addison Starr, Jr A72
Keen, Harry A72
Keir, Duncan, Jr A47
Keith, Charles Lawrence (alias Charles L. Kauffman) A47
Keller, Anton Leonhard A47
XX
INDEX
Page
Keller, Fred Paul, Jr A47
Keller, Leonard Anton (nee Keller, Anton Leonhard) A47
Kelley, Aubrey Kirby A47
Kelly, David Gillis A47
Kelly, Joseph A47
Kelly, Thomas Joseph A47
Kemppaineu, Orvo William A73
Kendzierski, Roman A47
Kerman, Thomas Michael A47
Kennedy, Hoy James A73
Kenner, Valentin A47
Kerhlicker, Anthony A 73
Kesel, Joseph A25
Keslzrina (Keszlering), John A47
Kessler, Leo A1 5
Ketola, Eino W. (William) A47
Kevorkian, Vahram A47
Kliachadourian, David A47
Khachadourian, David A47
Kidd, Roack Pat rock (Roach Patrick) A47
Kilas, Billy (Bali) A47
Kilner, Charles A15
Kilpatrick, Admiral A47
King, Carol Weiss A10G, A131
King, Mrs. Carol Weiss All 7
King, Gordon C All 7
King, H. S A9G
King, H. S., Co ADO, A97, A104
King, Mrs A106, AILS
Kinsey, Special Agent A9G, A116
Kipniss, Bertha (E.?) A47
Kirk, Paul S A15
Kirk, Tony A15
Kirkkula, Adolph A11S
Kirschbaum, Max A47
Kirschenbaum, Samuel A47
Kish, Elmer A10, A15
Kish, Gabor A15
Kish, Leslie A47
Kishor, Nehemiah H AIDS
Kites, Max A 132
Kitzes, Leah AXIS
Kitzes, Max A5,
AG, A15, A91, A92, A100, A102, A105, A112, A11S, A120, A130, A133,
A134, A137, A139.
Glein, Albert Jerald A47
Klein, Herman A47
Klein, Dr. Jacob (R.?) (alias Jack B. Glein) A47
Klein, Seymour (R.?) A47
Ivleinman, Joseph A73
Kleinow, John H. (Henry) A4S
Klerlein, Joseph C. (Carrol) A4S
Klieger, Gustave A73
Klimowski, Joseph A4<S
K1 in gli offer A24
Klinghoffer, Isidore A14, A16
Klonsky, Max ; A73
Knapp, Mai com Dunlop A4S
Kobeluch, John (Jan) A4S
Koble, Jacob A4S
Kobrin, Sollie A4S
Koch. Charles D A 73
Kochigan, Harry. (See Kleinow, John II.)
Koeliinski, Cyprian A4S
Kocius, Franciscos John A 110
Koh en, Louis A73
INDEX
XXI
Page
K oilier, .Jolm A48
Kohn, Albert A48
Kolm, Stanley A73
Koll, Edwin M. D. (Edwin Lincoln) A 48
Kolow, Morris Samuel A4S
Kologa, John A48
Kolowski, Walter A48
Kondell, Herman Leo A73
Konefski, Bernard A73
Koneski, Sam A48
Konove, Milton A48
Koplowitz, Kopel A48
Koplowitz, Morris A73
Korb. Max A48
Koranda, William A13, A16
Korkowitz, Grace (see Berkowitz, Grace) A48
Kornblatt, Samuel A48
Kornblum, Morris A48
Kornblutt, Joel A48
Kornell, Mathias Irving A73
IVUIUlt/Ut/I j d UoCjJU ^ O Uov['lI ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — . — xlOij XIO 4 * J * Lr ,
A118, A132, A133, A134, A13G, A138, A139
Kornfedder, Rudolf ASS, A132
K or sell, Johann Louis A102, A118, A131
Kortvelyesi, John (known as John Kortvesy) A73
Kory. Abraham A30, A31
Kosesak, Gene (Kosocak, John) A48
Koslow, Abraham Barney A73
Kossert, John A48
Kotti, Kriste G A30
Koujie, George A48
Kozar, John A48
Koxjak, Steve A48
Kozlowski, Ernest A4S
Iv rad dock, James P. C. (see Craddock, James P. C.) A48
Krafsur, Samuel A48
Kraman, Daniel A48
Kramer, Jacob Albert A48
Kranes, Louis Nathan A73
Krangel, Morris A48
Krasna, Louis A73
Krassavin, Michael A48
Krausikoff, Maurice A73
Krauthainer. Max A49
Kreitz, Emily A 110
Kreitz, Emily L ASS
Kreitz, Jacob ASS, A110, Alll, A136
Kreitz, Lizzie (Emily) ASS, A110, Alll, A136
Kresciak, Domenico A49
Kressa, Consten A73
Krivitsky, General AS, AS6, A94, A107, A109, A112
Krieger, Abraham A 10
Krieger, Samson A16, A19
Krist, Nikolas (Nikolaos) A49
Krumbein, Charles A82, A S3, A100, A101, A106, A10S, A118, A12S, A129, A136
Krumhein, Margaret A4S
Krupa, Max A49
Km th, Mi to A49
Kuchersky, Abraham A49
Kuleske, George A1G
Kulkarni, Chandrakaut G A120
Kumpis, John A49
Kunstlich, Cecil Alexander A73
Kunz, John A49
Kuperman, Isaac A49
XXII
INDEX
Page
Kupinsky, Wolf (known as Wolf Kupin) A49
Kuppercnan, Louis A49
Kurtz, Sidney (Sydney) A49
Kustern, Frank A49
Kutler, Barnett (Steven (?)) A49
Kutlesa, Steve A73
Kuusisto, Martin A49
Kwatt, Israel A49
Kweit, Amy Esther Schechter ASS, A125, A134
Kweit, Amy Schechter A99
Kweit, Harry A84,
AS9, A90, A96, A98, A99, A105, A114, A116, A119, A125, A126, A127,
A130, A132, A134, A137, A13S, A139.
Kweit, Helen A81
Kweit, Helen Lillian Bowlen A89, A134
Kweit, Nathan William AS1, A84, AS9, A98, A99, A134, A139
L
Labagnora, Michelino A73
La Belle, Ho no re T A1G
Lacher, Benzion A73
Ladman, Louis A49
La go Petroleum Co A85, AS8
Laine, Laurie E A102, A119
Lallemant, Robert W. (see Robert W. E. F. AWF-Lallemant) A49
Lamaroa, James A 73
Lamchick, Leonard (alias Capt. Leonard Lamb) A49
Lamour, Miss Anitra A 104
Lamport, Josef J A49
Land, Stafford K A 49
Land berg, Nattie A25
Landis, Arthur Harold A49
Lane, James Lawrence A49
La no. John Albert A 44
La user, Morris A49
La Pato, Maurice A123
Lardner, James Phillips A44
Larocca, Peter A 49
Larsen, Leonard Hans A73
Lash, Joseph P A73
Latz, August Alll, A138
Laiikkonen, Lauri Armas A73
Law, Norman Emmet A73
Law, Olver A 49
Lawrence, James Duncan A 73
Layton, Paul Eugene A 49
Leap, George Webster A73
Leary, John T., Jr A73
Leavitt, Barrett David A49
Lebovitz, Edwin A49
Lebowitz, Isidore A73
Lee, Harold Harvey A49
Leeds, David ( see Amariglio, David) A33
Lefkowitz, Louis A49
Leggett, Harry A49
Lehmann, Edgar Aalbert A73
Leiberman A110
Leider, Benjamin A73
Leight, Clara A73
Leighton, John Stuart A73
Leinoff, Simon A49
Leiserowitz, Sol (alias Solomon) A73
Lei vi ska, George Henry A73
Lemberger, Myron Edgar A49
Lembke, John A73
INDEX
XXIII
Pa^e
Lemke, Otto Ernest A73
Lenczycki, Machla A80, A8G, A SI), ADO,
A110, A124, A125, A127, A12S, A134, A137, A139
Lenczycki, Mrs A89, A90
Lenin (Lemhi) , Thomas Edward A49
Lending, Isaac Edward A49
Lenthier, Arthur Amand (alias John Lenthier) A49
Lenway, Clyde Charles A49
Lepo, Daniel A49
Leppo, Ernest Earl A49
Lerner, Abraham A7, A 10
Lerner, Bernard Morris (known as Murray Lerner) A49
Lerner, Mrs. B A9G, A119, A12G
Lerner, 1 )avid A 73
Lerner, Hyman A73
Lerner, Isiah (known as Sol Lerner) A49
Lerner, Joseph A16
Lerner. Louis A99, A 11 9
Lesniak, Walter Peter A73
Lessitz (Lissitz), Samuel A50
Lester, Roddie Carlton A30, A31
Let vie, Abe AGO
Levenson, Leonard B. (Bertram) AGO
Levick, Lionel AGO
Levin, Emanuel A90, A119
Levin, Hyman A25
Levin, Louis A73
Levin, Nathan AGO
Levine, Abraham Joseph AGO
Levine, Benjamin AGO
Levine, Louis AGO
Levine, May A73
Levine, Samuel (alias Sam Levine) AGO
Levine, Sidney AGO
Levin ger, Samuel Harold AGO
Levinskv, Joseph AGO
Levitt, I sad ore AGO
Levy, Hannah All 9
Levy, Hannah Joseplison A116, A119, A120
Levy, Israel AGO
Levy, Philip A 113, A11G, A119
Lewandovsky (Lewandowski), Alex AGO
Lewis, Abraham AGO
Lewis, Charles A73
Lewis, Samuel John, Jr A30, A32
Lewis, Walter Chester, Jr AGO
Lieberman, Julius (alias Abraham Boris Eisenberg) A73
Lichter, Harry Edward AGO
Lidz, Arthur AGO
Lightcap, Jacob Harold A25
Lighton, George William AGO
Lilienstein, Nathan AGO
Lilienstein, Regina A1G, A20
Lindberg, Harold Fridjof A73
Lindfors, Veikko Olavi A74
Lingeman, Clarence George A 74
Linn, Sidney AGO
Lippert, David Watson AGO
Lipton, David Raphael AGO
Liptzen, Samuel AO. A7, A14, A16, A110
Lisberg, Norman a 74
Litsas, Christos AGO
Littleton, Edward Cole A 74
Litvackoff, Isiah A7-A9, A10
Litvinas, Anthony AGO
XXIV
INDEX
Page
Li zarrago, Manvel (Lizarraga, Manuel) A50
Lloyd, Thomas Leroy A 50
Loch, Rudolph A 50
Lockett, John Albert A74
Lueb, Lydia A 100, Alls, A120
Loeisser, Dr. Leo E, {see Eloessor, Leo) A 50
Loesch, Victor Michael A 74
Logan, John Monroe A50
Lombardy, Bennie A 30
L oi a sky, Abraham A 50
London, Jessie Brooks A30
Long, Robert M A17, A25, AS3, A 80, A120
I, oo mis, Elliot Burch A50
Lopez. Herman (Cintron) A50
Lopoff, Aaron A50
Lord. Frederick I. (Frederic I vis ) A50
Lorraine, Sidney Hotchkiss A74
Loshak, Israel A30
Lossowski, Vincent, Jr A50
Love, Vaughn A50
Loveman, Eugene Jacob A74
Lovestone, Jay A109
Lowry, J. C AS
Lucas, Frank A50
Lukas, Otto A101, A120
Luchterhand, Emil E. A A13, A16
Lucid, John Michael A51
Luftig, Joseph A51
Lukaszewis, Frank A74
Lund, George R A74
Lundberg, John A29, A31
Lust gar ten, Lawrence A51
Lutka, Paul A51
Lutz, Frederick George A51
Lux, William A51
Lynd A115, A116
Lynd, Henry G A83, A91, A123
Lynd, Henry George A90, A91,
A99, A114, A119, A120, A123, A135, A130, A138, A139
I And. Susan Abbott A83, A91, A120, A123, A124, A135, A138
Me
McCarthy, James C A93, A121
McCarthy, William Fred (Frederick) A51
McCasland, Virgil Ivan (known as V. Ivan McCasland) A52
McConnell, Dorthy F A17
McCuistion, Larry A 121
McCuistion, William Coulter A52, A95, A21
McCullough, Lawrence A52
McDaniel, Edward Luchell A52
McGovern, Peter Joseph A52
McKearn, Joseph William A74
.McKinnon, Daniel Franklin A 5 2
McNabb, Charles Henry A74
McSoley, Henry Carter A52
McStravick, James Terence A52
M
Mnceachron, Paul Norton, Jr A51
Mackay, Anthony A51
MacLeod, Donald Blair A51
Madden, Arthur A51
Magrel, John A51
Magrini, Peter Michaelangelo A74
Maier, Henry Rudolph A51
INDEX
XXV
Page
Mnier, Joseph A 51
Mail, Jack A5i
Maio, Albert De A74
Majercik, Miloslav A74
Makei, Martli ( Maki, Alartii David) A51
Mali tin, Barney A74
Male, Douglas Wayne A74
Malikin, Hyman A30, A31
Mallem, Lloyd A74
Mallon, Tlionms John A74
Malone, Edwin Harold All A17
Malopsky (Malofsky) Harold A51
Mandel, Emanuel A 74
Mandelblatt, Solomon A74
Manealoff & Co A113, A119
Manheim, Erwin A51
Mani, Freeman Woodman A51
Manley, Joseph A25
Manley, Sylvia A25
Mann, Harold Mulford A74
Mann, Thomas Dixon, Jr A74
Manninen, Robert (known as Robert Manning) A74
Manson, Burton Robert A74
.Man tell, Benjamin A51
Manuel, Vicente A 17
Marca, Arnold Theodore A51
A 1 arcus, Moritz A13, 17
Maretio, Joseph A51
Margolis, Irving A 51
Margulis, Grace Miriam A51
Marin, Emihano (Emiliano) A51
Marine Workers’ Industrial Union A137
Marine Workers’ Union A102, A121
Marinelli A137
Marion, Mary C A 17
Marin off, George A31
Market (Markert), Clement Lawrence A51
Markey, Dorothy G A91
Markey, Dorothy Gary A120
Markey, John A97, A120
Markey, John F A120
Markowitz, Leo Isaac A 51
Markowitz, Rubin A51
Markowitz, Sam ATI
Marks, Leon A5, AG, AS, A9, A25, AS5, A91,
A92, A95, A106, Alll, A118, A124, A127, A133, A135, A13G, A139
Marotich, Milo A17
Marquette, Edward Mont A51
Marron, Mary A17
Marsh, Archie Rue A51
Martin, James Hamilton A74
Martin, William A2S, A31
Martinelli, IV i lli am A51
Martinez, Pedro Seno (see Seno, Pedro Martinez) A51
Masjuan, Jaime (Rodriguez) A74
Mason, William Howard A51
Massey, Marion Burton A74
Masterson, Louis Thomas A51
Matejunas, Stanley A51
Matison, Matthew Irving A51
Matosieh, Anthony A51
Mattson, Matti August A51
Maty as, Zoran A17, A21
Matz, Morritz A51
Maurer, Helen AS1, A121
Maurer, Henrietta A92, A112, A113, A121
XXVI
INDEX
Pave
May, Doris A17
Mayer, Charles A51
Mayfield, Obie A 17, A25
Maynard, Consul General Lester A95, A116, A122
Maynard, Roger A74
Maynard, Lawrence (Laurance) A51
Mazurka, Anthony Frank A51
Mazzetti, Frank A51
Mecliailides, Panagiotis A52
Meersand, Emil A74
Megguler (Megguier), J. B. (Megquier, Henry Ben) A52
Meltz, Mrs. G. (Henrietta Maurer) A92, AI12, A113, A121, A133
Meltz, Valeria A92, A97, A112, A121, A133, A138
Meltzer, Clara A17, A108
Meltzer, Shosliano A17
Menacker, Isidore A74
Mendelowitz, Samuel A74
Mendelson, Wilfred A .12
Mendlowitz, Jacob A52
Mendlowitz, Joseph ( See Mendlowitz, Jacob; same person) A52
Menihew, Orlando David A17
Meresca, Stephan (Stephen Anthony) Af»2
Merims, Sonia A74
Merkel, Paul A52
Meronia, Pur fill A74
Merriman, Robert Hale A52
Mertens, Frank A74
Metropolitan, David A74
Metsonen, Thomas A74
Meyerson, Wolf A74
Meyler, Elsa AIOO, A 106
Meyler, Elsa A100, A106
Meyler, George A100, A106
Michael, Esther A92, A93, AI2I, A123
Michael, Lillie A92
Michalchik, George A74
Michel, Mrs. Jacob A90, A124
Mickenberg, Morris A52
Mikades, Gus Constantinos A52
Mikailov, Serge A90, A120
Mikalauskas, Vaolav Simon (known as Wesley Mikalauskas) A52
Miletich, Steve A74
Miller, Carol Marion A74
Miller, David Micah A75
Miller, Frank A86, A121
Miller, Fred Ralph A 52
Miller, James A 52
Miller, William Colfax A75
Miller, William Newton A75
Miller, William Wesley A 52
Mills, John Edward, Jr A75
Millstone, Isidore A 52
Miltenberger, John A A75
Mina, Thomas A75
Miner, Reuben (alias Ruben Minor) A 75
Mink, George A8, A84, A85, A87, A93, A94, A102, AI16,
A1I7, A12I, A124, A129, A132, A134, AI35, A136, A137, A138, A139
Mink, George Martin A121
Minor, Lydia Gibson A17
Minor, Robert A17, A25
Mitchell, Andrew A75
Mitchell, Irving A52
Mitchell, Martha Esther A75
Mohar, Louis A52
Molinar, Albert A75
Molnar, Julius A52
INDEX
xxvn
Pag©
Montanarella, Felice A 52
Montgomery, Jean AG, AS, A93, A94, A10G, A107, A12G, A133, A138
Montgomery, William AS, A93, A94, A107, A133, A 138
Moore, Paul A 75
Moore, Thomas Ayers A 3 2
Moran, Marsden A75
Morel, William Benjamin A 32
Moren, Gerald Mark A139
Morency, Jean Baptiste Philodore A75
Moreno, Louis A29, A30
Morgan. Crawford A52
Morin, Francois Xavier A 73
Morning Freikeit A9
Morris, George 26
Morris, George (Nicholas Dozenberg Earl Browder) AS1,
ASG, A94, A10G, A112, A113, A122, A123, A133, A138
Morris, Mrs. George ASG, A94
Morris, Martha A 94, A122
Morris, Virgil Lanny A75
Morrise, Arthur Walter A18
Morrison, Annie A6, A7, 9, A16, A18, A2G, A105
Morrison, Irving A52
Morrison, Morris A7
Morse, Eugene A 75
Moscow Daily News ASG
Moser, George Cherry A75
Moshier, Harry Charles A52
Moskowitz, Abraham A 52
Moskowitz, I. (Ignatz) A 53
Mosley, Archie A26
Moulton, Howard (Raymond) A53
Moulton, Leonard Roy A53
Mozer, Frank Victor A 29, A 21
M'Quarrie, Edgar Roy A 55
Mroczkowski, Edward Andrew A 53
Mudge, Grover C A IS
Mullen, John J A29, A31
Mullen, Lawrence A1S
Muller, J. J A 31
Muller, John Phillip A 75
Mullinger, Romeyn Charles A 75
Munday, Arthur A53
Murphy, James Patrick A75
Murphy, Marcus Alphons A14, A18
Muscala, Edward Ferdinand A75
Muso, Giuseppe A 53
N
Xabried, Thomas A26
Nagle, Robert Arnold A 53
Nagura, George A17, A18
Nahanchuk, Iwan (real name Ivan Nahanczuk) A53
N ah man, Samuel A53
Naidi, John Di a 75
X a near row, Samuel Conlon (Colon) A 53
Nance, Youngblood (Young Blood) A53
Xarurwicz, Alexander A53
Nash, Louise A94
Nassberg, M. B A114
Nathan, Max A80, A116, A122
Neafus, Ralph Lawrence A75
Nedvar, Joseph A53
Neef, Oscar Christian (alias Redi Xeef ) A75
Neel, Clyde Harvey a 75
Negie, Emma (Frances) A124
XXVIII
INDEX
Page
Nelsen, Marvin A75
Nelson, Kenneth Frederick A75
Nelson, Robert William A53
Nelson. Steve A53
Nemeroff, Murray A53
Nemser, Morris AS2, ASS
Xetreba, Alfred A75
Xeugass, Isidore Janies Newman A75
New Brighton Public Market A83
Newman, Sol A53
Nicholas, Ashley J Al, 5, A12S
Xiclita, Alexander A53
Nieder, David Louis A53
Niederman, Bela A55
Niezgoda, Adam John A 75
Nivala, Robert Kustav A75
Noachowitz, Irving A53
Nobel, Harry A53
Noble, Marion Monden A53
Nolan, Joseph A53
Nolte, Eugene Victor A53
Norie, James Lester, Jr A75
North, Joseph A31
Northcutt, Charles Lawrence A75
Norton, Thomas Allen A 55
Norwicki, Frank A75
Norwood, Robert Webster A53
Novae, Alba A75
Xovotnak, George A1S, All)
Nowakowski, Anthony A 53
Nusser, Charles A53
Nyland, Annie A 17, A18
O
Ober lander, Beatrice AG
Oberman, Howard Bailey A75
Obriot, Tersil A53
Ocasio, Gracis Angel ( sec Garcia, Angel Ocasio) A55
Ochs, Mary Rader A75
Ocken, Anna Helen A75
O/Dell, Paul Wilson A53
Oderaka, William H A53
Oehler, Edward Hugo A53
Offner, Rose A1S
Ofsink, Melvin A75
O’Hara, James Burtle A75
O’Kane, Walter Elmer A75
O’Leong A113
Oliver, Louis Anthony A53
Olken, M A9S
01 ken, Morris L A7, A99
Olmstead, Philip A18
Olmholt, Anders A18
Olsen (Olson), Henry Rudolph A54
O’Malley, Thomas William A54
Omholt, Ella Reeve Bloor All, A18
O’Neil, Oscar A75
Oretc-hkin, Boris Rudolph A54
Ornitz, Louis (Ormnitz, Louis) A54
Orton, Carl Frederick Gutherz A75
Osborne, Norman Jar dine A54
Osheroff, Abraham A54
Oswalt. Lowell Duncan A54
Owen, Blaine (alias of Boris Israel) A54
Ozias, Earl Albert A54
INDEX
XXIX
Page
Pabon, Pedro A75
Taclieco, Edward A54
l'adro, Antonio Pacheco A75
Page, Dorothy A120
Page, Myra A‘J1, A120
Page, Thomas A54
Paine, Granville Walker A75
Palega, Edward A54
Pale n, Waino AT.j
Palmer, Frederick Aaron A75
Palmer, George Anthony, Jr A54
Palmer, Joseph A30, A31
Palmer, William (alias; see Colon, Guillermo, alias William C. Palmer) A54
Panaszervics (Panaszewicz), John Peter A54
Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat All 3
Panscik, John A54
Papadopullo, Michel Antonio (Michael Pappas) A54
Pape, Andrew A137
Pape, Andrew George A75, ADI, A104, A134
Pape, Mrs. Andrew A94
Paretti, Joseph AS, A94, A95, A123
Paretti, Louis A6,
AS, A23, A25, A92, A94, A95, A10S, A109, A121, A122, A123, A135, A139
Pari! la, Jack Liber A26
Parker, Charles Augustus (Agustus) A54
Parker, Daniel A54
Parker, DeWitt Webster A54
Parker, Frank A54
Parker, Max A54
Parks, John William A75
Parmelee, Kenneth C A 54
Parnes, Isaac Harry A 54
Parrotte, Henry John A54
Pasternack, Daniel Alvin A54
Pasternak, Louis A9, AID
Patterson, Harry Benjamin A54
Paula, Eladio A54
Pauli, Eldred Raymond A75
Pavlich, Matt A54
Pawlowski, John (Jan) A54
Paxton, J. V A123
Paxton, Susanna (alias Susanna Fineberg, alias Susan Abbott Lynd) ASS,
A91, Alll, A120, A123, A135, A13S
Paxton, Susanna Hart A123, A124
Payne, Earl Elwood A54
Payne, Melvin Laycock A54
Payne, Perley Baldwin, Jr A54
Pearson, Ruth R A31
Peck, Samuel A76
Peebles, Hurley Golden AID
Pekow, Herman J A54
Pekow, Milton A54
Penino, Pedro A54
Penrod, John Arthur A54
Pereins, Manuel (Manuel Perry) A31
Perez, Aurelio A55
Perez-Fernandez, Angel A76
Perkins, Earl William A55
Perlman, Norman A 55
Per rone, John A55
Perry, Leslie Raymond A7G
Perry, Manuel. (See Pereins, Manuel.)
Persily, Coleman A55
Persnff, Jacob A 55
XXX
INDEX
Page
Peshkin, Irving A55
Petaya, Aino Mat tea A55
Peters, George A55
Peters, Naomi All)
Peters, Raymond Leo A55
Peterson, Frank Oliver A7G
Peterson, John Lloyd A55
Peterson, Kenneth David Richard A76
Petras, Helen A19
Petrullo, John A55
Pettyjohn, Robert Marvin A55
Phe Replace, Manch Oral A55
Phillips, A All 4
Pick, Robert Carl A55
Piekarski, John A55
Pieters, Cornelius Gerardus A55
Pike, Robert Marshall A55
Pirie, Francis Badge A55
Pistone, Rosario A55
Pitt, James Albert A55
Pitts, Dr. Donald H A55
Pitzer, John Charles A55
Piusker, Joseph A12
Platkin, Mary Louise A7(3
Platnick (Plotnick), Henry A55
Platt, Leon (or Plotkin) A6, AS, A9, A25
Plugradt, Erich Oscar (Oskar) A55
Plumb, Franklyn Caroll A55
Pniewski, Theodore A55
Poberesky, Ben A76
Podolin, Isia A55
Polansky, Samuel A55
Polen, Abraham A55
Poliak, John A110
Pollack, Sam A55
Poole, George William A55
Poole, Grace AID
Porter, Mr. I A99
Portnow, Irving A55
Porvaznik, Andrew A76
Posner, Dr. John Jacob A55
Possoff, Morris A6
Povelsen (Poulsen), Helge (Hege) A55
Powers, George Edward A94, A123, A138
Powers, Vincent Arnold A76
Prager, Thomas Theodore A55
Prago, Albert A55
Pressman, Lee A124
Prim off, Florence A26
Primoff, George A5, A7, A26
Primoff students A27
Prince, Clarence I A16, A19
Prince, Clarence Isom A76
Pringle, Claude A55
Priovolos, Louis A55
Prompt Press A86, A123
Provenzano, Merourio A55
Prowell, Alpliaeus Danfourth A76
Publishers Verified Service, Inc A80
Pudinski, Leo A55
Puglia, Vito A55
Pulkkinen, George Albert A55
Purchick, Harry A76
Puro, Henry A27
Purviance, Carlton Clarence A76
INDEX
XXXI
Pago
Purviance, Katharine Reynolds A7G
Putek, John A55
Pylkki, Ilagnar A55
Q
Quiggle, Harlan Gerald A55
Quinones, Gabriel A55
II
Rabie, George (alias George Rabey) A 55
Rabinowitz, Aaron A19
Rabinovitz, Adolph A89
Rabinovitz, I A5G
Rabinowitz, Adolph A95, A108, A116, A122, A131, A135, A137-A139
Rabinowitz, Miriam A19
Rackley, Mildred A56
Haddock (Radock), Michael A56
Rader, Mary (see Ochs, Mary Rader) A56
Radin, Walter Jack A 76
Ragawskas (Ragamkas), Albin A56
Ragenstrich, Isriel (alias John Gates, alias Solregen Streif) A56
Rahman, Mrs. Evelyn A56
Rahman, Karl A 56
Raisin, Jacob ( J. N. Golos) A5, A7, A112, A131
Uamatowski, John Augustus A56
Hamer, Aaron A7G
Ramirez, Nicholas (Nicholas Ramiriz) A 56
Randall, Harry Wayland, Jr A 56
Randolph, P A31
Ransom, Marcus A 76
Rappoport, Isfael A76
Rappaport, Mordecai Gerson (alias Milton Rappaport) A56
Ranert, Henry George A 76
Rausch wald. Mark Benjamin A56
Rautbort, Tony Henry A 56
Raven, Joseph Robert (known as J. Robert Raven) A56
Rawlins, Phillip A5G
Ray, Thomas James A7G
Ray bo r, John Harold A56
Razanski, Bernard A76
Reamey, James S A 19
Redlich, George F A7G
Reed, Harry A31
Reed, Karl Albert A56
Reed, Peter Leroy A56
Reed, Robert Lee A 56
Reed, William Allen A56
Reeves, Harrison V A 56
Reeves, Otto Coleman A76
Regalia, Edmund John A57
Regan, Charles Joseph A 56
Iiehil, Francis Joseph A 56
Rehmann, August A 56
Reinholm, Axel A 56
Reinleb, Hyman A56
Reisky, Arnold A 76
Reitz, John A56
Reopel, Albert Edward A 56
Revera, Leopold (alias Revira) A76
Revere, Stephen (Steve) A56
Rezac, Albert A 56
Rhead, Robert George A56
Rhetta, Virgil A56
Ricci, Francis A5G
Richards, Albert A5, A9, A23, A26
XXXII
INDEX
Paee
Richards, Albert Aeury A2G
Richman, Benjamin David AoG
Ri chi n a n, Morris A5C
Richter, William A5G
Rif kin, Irving A TO
Rigerman, Esther A00, A124, A187
Rigerman, Esther Michel A93, A 9G, Alll, A123, A124, A134
Rigerman, Henry A92, A93, A123
Rigerman, Louis A123
Riggs, Edward A84, A89, A9G, A99, A105, A119, A12T, A134, A135, A139
Rijock, Isaac (known as John Stuben)_ AG, A2G, A90, A96, A124, A127, A134, A137
Rijock, Mrs A90
Rijock, Sadie A96, A124, A134
Rijock (Ryack), Sadie Michel A90, A124, A137
Rijock, Mrs. Sadie A92
Rintz, Norman Charles A7G
Rios, Oscar Ameliano A56
Ripps, Alfred A57
Riszane, Thomas Tito A57
Rivera, Ferdinand A76
Rizzo, Anthony Michael A57
Roach, Douglas Bryan A57
Robbins, Seymour Stanley A57
Robel, Charles Edward A7G
Robertson, Charles A76
Robertson, Milton H. (see Swartzberg, Milton) A57
Robertson, Royce Walker A76
Robinson, Donald L A124
Robinson, James Miller A57
Rochester, Sterling T A12, A19, A 57
Rodriguez, Emilio A7G
Rodriguez, Rafael A7G
Rodriquez, Julius A57
Rodriquez, Oscar Fernandez A31, A76
Rody, John A57
Roffeld (Roeffield), Charles A57
Roffman, Joseph A 57
Rogers, Alfred Enoch A57
Rogers, Robert Bruce A57
Rollins, Fred A76
Rollins, Wade Cutlibeat A57
Romer, Edna Drabkin A76
Ronier, Samuel A57
Roosevelt, Patrick (see Patrick, Roosevelt) A57
Rosario, Conrado Fiqueroay A57
Rosen, Sadie A96, 124
Rosenberg, Abraham Isaac A7G
Rosenberg, Anna A12G
Rosenberg, Leon A57
Rosenberg, Nathan A6-A9, A14, A19
Rosenblatt, Sidney (Sydney) A57
Rosenbluin, Solomon A76
Rosenfeld A10S
Rosenkrantz, Lawrence A57
Rosenstein, Joseph A7G
Rosen stein, Sidney A57
Rosenthal A92
Rosenthal, Julius A57, A123, A124, A135, A137, A13S
Rosenthal, Leon A57
Rosmarin, Joseph A77
Rosner, Hyman A77
Ross, Adolph A57
Ross, George AG, A7, AS, A9, A12, A19, A 107
Rossen, John A 5 7
Roth, Charles A 5 7
Roth, Dr. Jewel A7
INDEX
XXXIII
Hotter, Jacob
Ho uen, Jean Pierre
Rouillard, John
Rovainen, Adolph
Rowlson, Lester Love me
Royce, Andrew
Royce, Edward
Rozen, Leo Manuel
Rubin, Mrs. Esther
Rubin, Harry
Rubin, Henri Mortimer
Rubin, Hiram
Rubin, Mrs
Rucker, James Bernard
R miner, Sidney
Rudnicki, Wasel (alias William Rudnisky)
Rui, Rudolf
Rujevcio, Paul William
Ruiidgren, Paul William
Rusciano, Ricco Joseph
Russiano, Thomas Basil
Rutkauskas, Anthony O
Page
A77
A77
A57
A57
A57
A57
A12G
A77
A117, A122, A124
A57
AST
A125
. ADO, A124, A125
A77
A57
A77
A57
A57
A57
A57
A57
A77
S
Sacalis, Lucas AS 7
Sachs, William ATT
Sack, Ely Joseph A57
Sacks, Leon Meyer A77
Saffin, Rosa A5, A6, AD, A26, A105
Saffin, Sady. (/See Weiss, Sady.)
Saindon, Arthur A5T
Sakaloska, Joseph A5S
Saligopolos, Themestodes (Saligopoplos, Themistocies) A58
Sail, Benzion (Bernard) (known as Bernard Sail) A58
Saloway, Issik (known as Irving N. Soloway) ATT
Salvini, Frederick A58
Salzbrenner, Florenz Frederick A58
Samaras, Constantinos Christodulo ATT
Samuel, Andre A12
Samulis, Victor A7S
Sanborn, Dallas Velmore (Sanborn, D. V.) A58
Sanderson, Paul Murray A58
Sandiford, Frederick F AT7
Sandipher, Israel Erwin ATT
Sanford, Albert Byron A5S
Sanford, Francis Clair A58
Sanforn, Dalles (see Sanborn, Dallas V.) A5S
Sankari, Aate Hjalmar AT7
Sankovieh, Joseph A58-
Sansone, Joseph AT7
Santa Lucia, Anthony A58
Santa Lucia, Joseph Anthony A58
Santini, Victor A5S
Sargent, Edsal Laurence ATT
Sasson, Abraham A58
Sauermilch, Alexander A5S
Savako, John A58
Sawitt, Boris A31
Scar pel lo, Charles Anthony A5S
Scelmann, Theodore ATT
Schacter, David A5S
Schattner, Theodore A58
Schatzberg, Jacob A77
Schechter, Amy (Amy Esther Schecliter Kweit) ASS, A8D, A125, A137, AlSt*
Schecliter, Solomon A125-
72723 — 57 — pt. 23 a 12
XXXIV
INDEX
Page
Schechtman, Mr A89
Schechtman, Mrs A89
Schecter, Rubin A5S
Schembari, Giovanni A58
Schiaparelli, Stefano All 8
Sehiffman, Joe A2G
Schiffman, Jonas A2G
Schilling, Nathan Meyer A58
Scliintone, Victor P A58
Sclilekau, Walter E A5S
Schlesigner, Herbert A77
Schlossberg, Harold A6
Schlusberg, Harold A5, A26, A90, A96, A97, A124, A125, A127, A134, A137
Sclilusberg, Harry A9G, A104, A124, A125, A134
Schmidt, J. Norman A77
Schmitt, Ernest Anthony A58
Schneider, Eddie August A77
Schneider, Helen A19
Schneider, Hyman S A18, A20
Schneider, Isaac A20
Schneider, Koleman A31, A32
Schneider, Leah A14, A20
Schneider, Murray A58
Schneider, Theodore Samuel A58
Schneiderman, Rubin A77
Schneiderman, William A2G
Schneller, Florence Hathaway A125
Schneller, Mrs. Florence Jean A113
Schneller, Maxim R A125
Schneller, Dr. Maximilian N. (alias Dr. Carl H. Elsaf (Elsef) ) A125
Schoen, Eugene, & Co., Inc A108
Schoenberg, Harry (alias Shinsberg) A58
Schrieber, Paul A58
Schrenzel, Isadore A58
Sch net rum, Walter J., Jr A58
Schuler, Clarence ASS
Schuler, Maynard ASS
S cliu 1 man, Max A81
Schulman, Rebecca A59
Schultz, Elias A59
Schultz, Elias A59
Schulz, William A59
Seliultzberg, Gunnar Nils A77
Schuman, Irving Raymond A77
Schutz, Herbert Lawrence A59
Schwab, Irving A124
Schwartz, Abraham A59
Schwartz, Anna A126
Schwartz, Louis L A89, A90, A12S, A127, A137
Schwartz, Dr. Louis L A90, A12S, A12G, A127
Schwartz, Max A77
Schwartz, Ralph Waldo A59
Schwartz, Samuel A126
Schwartzberg, Mordkai (Mordecai) A59
Schwartzman, Alexander A 59
Schweinfest, Robert A59
Sciarra, Phillip Lugiano A77
Scott, Henry A31, A32
Seacord, Douglass Earl A59
Seaman’s Church Institute A122
Seamans Institute A102, A107, A116-
Searl, Herbert Hunt A59
Secundy, Louis A59
Sedlacek, James A77
Sedrag, C A126
Seevin, Arthur A59
INDEX
XXXV
Seibert, Charles Joseph
Seinbcrg, Dora
Selby, Vernon Romayne
Selligmau, Joseph, Jr
Seligson, Herman A
SemenolT, Demeter
Senford, Francis Clair
Seno, Pedro Martinez
Service, Elman Rogers
Severdia, George Anthony —
Sbafman, Abraham
Shafran, Eva
Shafran, Jacob Joseph
Shahinian, Harold
Shaker, Kenneth Rubin
Shanks, Merritt N
Shannon, Gilbert Leslie
Shanzky, Michael
Shapiro, David
Shapiro, Elias
Shapiro, Eugene L
Shapiro, Henry
Shapiro, L
Shapiro, Manuel
Shapiro, Mordecai Morris
Shapiro, Saul Mayer
Shappiro David
Sharfin, Aaron
Shatz, Gertrude Larson
Shatz, Phillip
Shatz, William
Shaw, Ralph
Sheehan, Roy J
Sheir, Nathan Meyer
Shelley, John
Shenkir, Joseph Adolph
Shepard. Harry C. r Jr
Sherburne, Raymond W
Sherer, Marcel
Sherman, Nicholas
Sherod, Richard Montgomery
Shift, Solomon
Shiftman, Jack
Shilman, Arthur
Shipman, Ethel
Shipman, Evan
Shissler, Robert Goris
Shklar, Constantin
Shorr, Brodsky and King
Shorr, Isaac
Shosteck, Sidney
Shoyet, Samuel
Shuldiner, Anna
Shulman, Jak
Sidorovich, Michael
Siegal, Bessie
Siegel. lone
Siegel, Joseph Isaac
Siegal, S
Siegal, Samuel
Siegartel, Fay
Sieve, Horace Lionel
Sills, Benjamin
Silpyan, Samuel
Pago
ADD
A114
A 50
A 50
20
A50
A 50
A77
AGO
AGO
AS5, A 104, A126
A26
AGO
A77
A 59
A77
A59
AG9
AGO
AS
A77
A77
A99, A126
A77
A77
A59
A59
ZiZZZZZT. A127, A12S, A137
A92, A97, A113, AUG, A126, A133, A138
A97, Alll, A120, A12G, A133
A97, A126
A12
AG9
A77
A32
A77
A59
A109
A6
AS0, AOS, A113, A116,
A117, A119, A122, A127, A13G, A137, A13S, A139
A59
AGO
A 59
AGO
AS, A93, A126
A59
A59
A8
A106, A117, A131
A10G, A117, A131
AGO
A127
A77
A59
AGO
A9G, A119, A126
A59
^ AGO
A9G, A119, A12G
A06, A110, A126
A12G, A131, A132
A77
AGO
AGO
XXXYI
INDEX
Pago
Silverman, Conrad A59
Silverman, Ivan A AT7
Silverman, Max A 59
Silverman, Samuel A59
Silverstein, Arthur Paul A60
Silverstein, Esther Miriam ATT
Simon, John Leopold ATT
Simon, Sanuer (Sanor) AGO
Simpson, Donald Arthur A60
Singer, Bernard ATT
Sinnott, Joseph Martin AGO
Sir oka, William A32
Sirotof, Abraham AGO
Siskin, Louis A59, AGO
Skean, Joseph William AGO
Skepastiotis, Nickolas (Nicholas) AGO
Sk if strom, John Raymond ATT
Skolnick, Abraham AT7
Skolnick, Yale AGO
Slater, Carl Theador (Theo) AGO
Small, John AGO
Smith, Art AGO
Smith, Benjamin Carr AT7
Smith, David A60
Smith, Frank James Jr AGO
Smith, Hannah J A120
Smith, Harold AGO
Smith, Harold Jacob AGO
Smith, Harold Le Roy ATT
Smith, Harry Wesly AGO
Smith, John, Jr AGO
Smith, Lawrence Boyden AGO
Smith, Owen Jefferson AGO
Smith, Vern Ralph A2G
Smith, William Poultney, Jr AGO
Smorodin, Abraham AGO
Smullins, Isaac A20, A2T
Snead, Joseph A60
Snesetzky, William A60
Snestzki, Maurice ATT
Snipe, Ha m m ie A20
Snow, Yernon A60
Snyder, John William AGO
Sobel, Abraham AGO
Soich, George A60
Sollenberger, Randall AGO
Solodkin, Leo A60
Solomon, Herbert B ATS
Soltin, Arthur J AG, A9
Somers, Harry A84, A89, A90, A98, A99, A114, A130, A134, A135, A138, A139
Somers, Steve A60
Sorber, Homer Lee AGO
Sorensen, Walter A78
Sorrell, Alan Howard A78
Sorsa, Toivo Albert ATS
Sovetski, Bunni AGO
Soviet Military Intelligence Service A8
Spanish Civil War A137
Spanish Loyalist Army A131
Spencer, Sidney E A20
Sperber, Gustave AGO
Sperry, Charles Vivian A60
Spiesisen, Benjamin AGO
Spilberg, Anna A81, A89, A99, A126, A135, A139
Spilberg, Isidore A81, A89, A99, A119, A126, A134, A139
Spiller, Samuel AGO
INDEX
XXXVII
Page
Spinner, Ralph AGO
Spivak, Albert P A27
Spramek, Martin A61
Sproule, Marion E A109
Sprungman, Walter Howard AG1
Staats, Frank Donald A01
Stachel, Jack AG, A23
Stadt, Zachary Michlin AT 8
Stafik, Mike A92, A127
Stahl, Lydia A99, A105, A117, A118, A120, A127, A133
Stala, Stanley AG1
Stamatakos, Nick Michael AG1
Stamler, Harris Hyman (known as Harry Stampler) A61
Stamm, Morris AG1
Standard Oil of New Jersey AS 6
Standard Oil of Pan American Petroleum AS6
Standard, William L A121
Stanley, Fred Owen A61
Stearns, Douglas Clark, Jr ATS
Steck, Robert A61
Steel Workers Organizing Committee A124
Steele, Alfred A 20
Steele, Raymond Albert AG1
Steffens, Robert William AG1
Steinbach, Raymond A61
Steinberg, Harry A78
Steinberg, Jack AG1
Steinman, A a rue Theodore A78
Stember, Capt. Samuel Julian A61
Stenberg, Irna Berm AG1
Stephens, Russell Malcolm AG1
Stern, Marvin ATS
Sternbach, Jacob Joel AG1
Steuben (Isaac Rijock) A90, A9G
Steuben, John AG, A124, A127
Stevenson, Alwyn
Steward, Earl Clyde
Stewart, Albert E
Stillman, Milton
Stinson, Chester Stewart—
Stix, Frederick
Stokes, Floyd Lee
Stojewa, Conrad Henry__.
Stoloff, Louis
Stone, Harold Wilhelm
Stone, Samuel Wesley, Jr.
Stone, William Carl
Stout, Frank Lester
Straus, Dr. Mark
Straus, Sam
Strauss, Walter Frederick.
Streisand, Joseph
Strom, Alfred
Strom, Emanuel
Strong, Frank Paul
Stuben, John
Sturgeon, Peter Assheton_.
Suarez, Jose Gonzalez
Sullivan, Martin Carlton—
Sullivan, Robert John
Sultan, Joseph
Summers, Thain
Sundeen, Walter
Sundsten, Tauno Arvid
Susnov, Abraham
AG1
AG1
A100, A101, A10S, A11S, A128, A13G
AG1
AG1
AG1
ATS
ATS
ATS
AG1
AG1
AG1
AG1
A61
AG1
AG1
AG1
AG1
ATS
AG1
A90
AG1
AT8
AG1
AG1
A9, A123
AG1
AT8
AT8
AG1
XXXVIII
INDEX
Page
Sussman, Mina A20
Sustar, Anton A61
Sutinen, Henry Oliver A61
Svorinich, John Staphan A61
Syrkine, Vera (alias Saunders and Vera Burns) A114
Swan, William Carry AG1
Swanson, Clarence A61
Swartzberg, Milton Robertson A62
Switz, Robert Gordon A100, A127
Syvanen (Syoanen), Carl Ralph A62
Szevin, Joseph A62
Szilagyi (Sziliagyi), Sandor A62
Szkopiec, John (Szkopier, Jean) A62
Szpokas, Ksavier A. (also Ksavier Augustus Szpokas) A101, A102, A107
Alll, A120, A 136
T
Tabmkn, Morris ( see Tobman, Morris) A62
Taft, Anna A62
Taft, Vera All
Taini, Wayne John A62
Tamer, Joshua AOS, A127
Tamer, Rose Gurevich A127
Tamler, Boris (Bud) AG 2
Tandarich, Emil A62
Tannenhaus, Joseph A7S
Tannenkupf, Milton ATS
Tantilla, Reino Herman A 78
Tanz, Alfred Leo A62
Tar gum, Abraham A90, A126
Targum, A. Peter A128, A134
Targum, Abraham Peter A127, A137
Tatliam, William John AG2
Taub, Howard (see Toub, Howard) AG2
Taub, Jack Isadore A78
Taylor, Clyde Donald A7S
Taylor, Daniel Bede AG2
Taylor, Joseph A62
Taylor, Orville Douglass ATS
Taylor, Wilfred Cottle A1S, A20
Taylor, Wirt Robinson A21
Teiger, Jacob Louis A62
Teitelbaum, Morris (Moe) A62
Temple, Leonora Chandos AG2
Tenor, Leon A62
Teodorsen, Anthony ATS
Teske, Robert A62
Thayer, Donald Arthur AG 2
Thomas, Henry Harris A62
Thomas, Russell F A114
Thomas, Steve A62
Thompson, David A62
Thompson, Krist A 78
Thompson, Richard Chester A 62
Thompson, Robert George All, A21, ATS
Thomson, Godfrey Edward A62
Thomson, John Llewellyn A62
Thornton, James Nathan A 62
Thornton, Mark Binns AG2
Thornton, Ralph AG 2
Thorpe, Guy Evans A62
Thurston, George A62
Thwing, Robert Neil A62
Ticer, Leon No tv ell ATS
Ticer, Raymond Elvis A 62
Tieger, Rudolf A 62
INDEX
xxxrx
Pago
Timpson, Arthur
Timpson, Arthur Edward
Tinker, F. G. (Frank Glasgow, Jr.)
Tisa, John
Tisliip, Victor
Titus, William Bertram
Tivin, Isadore
Toab, Julius
Tobman, Morris
Todd, Robert Moore
Todorovich, Alex
Tom Mooney defense fund
Toney, Anthony
Toohey, Patrick
Toole, Samuel Coleman
Toplianos, Stelios
Torgoff, Leon Sloan
Toub, Howard
Toussaint, Mack
Toutoloff, John
Tovsky, David
Towsen, Augustus Nebinger
Trachtenberg, Alexander
Trade Union Unity League
Trenkler, George
Trogdon, William Rufus
Troka, John R
Troxil, Stephen Edward
Truy, Joseph D
Tseronis, John
Tuggle, Ova Nicholas
Tulikainen, Carlo
Turkewitz, Mrs. Fannie
Turkewitz, Manuel
Turner, John Butler
Turner, Robert
27-2S Union Square, Inc
Tyler, Hamilton Alden
AG2
A 21
(Francisco Gomez Trejo) AG2
A78
AG2
ATS
A78
AG2
AG2
A78
A62
A4
AG3
A16, A20, A21
A78
A63
A78
A63
A30, A32
AG3
A78
A78
A114, A115, A128, A131
A96, A100, A117
A78
A 63
AG3
A78
AG3
A63
A78
A 63
A90
A89
AG3
A27
A106, A131
AG3
U
Ulvi, Anton A63
Undjus, Joseph A21, A128
Undjus, Margaret (known as Margaret Cowl and Margaret Krumbein) — A17,
A21, A100, A101, A106, A128, A129, A136, A137
Ungar, Herman A63
Unger, Henry Frederick A63
Union Press All 9
Usera, Vincent A63
United States Veterans of the International Brigade A33-A79
Vail, Earl Frederick AG3
Vanausdal, Alvin AG3
Van Der Roest, William Allen A63
Valjato, Charles J A63
Valuoh, Rudolph A63
Van Felix, William Crane AG3
Van Meter, Robert Emmet AG3
Van Trier, Charles Johannes AG3
Vanzant, Frances Ralston AG3
Vaughan, Joseph Earle AG3
Vasquez, Frank A63
Velez, Baudilio Colon AG3
Veltford, Theodore Ernst, Jr AG3
Vercelli, John Augustine A63
XL
INDEX
Page
Viggers, Ralph Rushton A63
Vinaccia, John A63
Yinovich, George Lawrence A63
Vogel, Joseph A63
Vogel, Otto Paul A63
Vogel, Sidney Leon A63
Volkl, Mrs. Juliana A132
Vukcevich, Peter ATT, A21, A27
Vukelich, Nick A63
W
Waaranen, Nils Jacob A78
Wadman, Bror Helmer A63
Wagenknecht, Alfred A27, AS1, A105, A106, A129, A136
Wagenknecht, Helen A27
Wagner & Sklar A84
Wagner, Ervin E A63
Wagnon, Alice Elizabeth A63
Waitzman, Samuel A63
Waldman, Seymour A21
Walker, Herbert A32
Walk off, Leroy A78
Wallach, Albert A78
Wallach, Jesse A63
Walsh, Bernard A63
Walsh, Charles Edward A27
Walsh, Edward Leo A63
Walsh, Joseph Martin, Jr A78
Walsh, Paul (Eugene Dennis) (aliases, Waldron and Mitchell) A110, A129
Walsh, Regina Karasiek A129
Walsh, Robert Joseph A63
Walters, Mrs. Millie A122, A129
Walters, Morris A122, A129
Wang, Edwin A63
Wanger, Harry Max A04
Ward law (Wardlow), Ralph Wilkinson A64
Ward eld, Frank A64
Warren, Edwin H A109
Warren, Paul William A78
Warzower, Welwel (also known as William Wiener, Robert William
Weiner, Blake) A5, A7, AS, A9, A105
Washburn, Griffith Bowen A64
Washuk, Mike A 64
Wasserstein, Isadore A79
Waters, George Walter A64
Watkins, Franklin Lee A79
Watson, Alonzo A64
Wawrzykowski, Boleslav A79
Waxman, Rachel (known as Rose Wacksman) A64
Wayne, Taine (Sec Taini, Wayne John) A64
Weaver, Vaughn William A 64
Webber, Fletcher W A21
Weber, Robert Rubin A79
Wegrzynek, John A64
Weil, Max A79
Weinberg, Gerald A 79
Weiner, Milton (alias Morris Weiner) A64
Weiner, Rose A64
Weinerman, Alexander A64
Weinroth, John A64
Weinshank, Irving A79
Weir, Harry Oscar A 79
Weiri, Owen A64
Weis, Jack A79
Weisenfeld, Nathan A64
Weisfield, Edwin Sherman A 79
INDEX
XLI
Page
Weiss, David ATI)
Weiss, Henry Nathan ATI)
Weiss, Jacob A 04
Weiss, Martin A64
Weiss, Morris AG, A12, A21
Weiss, Sadie A12, A21
Weissberg, Isidore A32
Weissman, Bessie A27, A110, A129, A 120
Weissman, Helene ATO
Weissman, Irving A 04
Weissman, Dr. Oscar Israel AG4
Weisz, Joseph ATO
Welch, Ralph Roy A 04
Wellman, Dave AG4
Wellman, Saul Laurence A 04
Wellman, Wilbur Edward AG4
Wendkos, Elkan Leon AG4
Wendorf, Paul A04
Wendroff, Lawrence Chester A04
Wentwortt (Wentworth), William Henry A04
Wergles, Rod Don (alias Rogers Niner) A04
West, Oliva George A04
Wexford, Rose (see also Waxman, Rachel) AG4
Wexler, Abraham A102, A107, A114, A116, A122, A130, A135, A138
Whalen, Joseph Albert A79
Wheeler, Wilbert LaPoint ATO
Wheeler, William Gilmore A04
Whitcomb, Noel Aubrey AG4
White, David McKelvy A79
White, James Leigh A79
White, Morris AG4
White, William Edward AG4
White, William Thomas ATO
Whittier, Marks A65
Whitney, Gordon Porter AG5
Wich, Sam A98, A130
Wickman, Morris Henry AG5
Widder, Louis Aaron AGO
Wideman, Jefferson AG5
Widerhorn, Samuel A65
Wiederhorn, Max A21
Wiederhorn, Samuel A21
Wiencek, Andrew A79
Wiener, Robert William A5, AG, A8, A9, A105
Wiener, William A105
Wihela, Werner Jalmar A79
Wiita, John A27
Wilbur, George Hunt A79
Wilbur Republican League, Inc All 6
Wildman, Earl Randall A65
Wilemon (Wileman), Henry A 65
Wiley, Samuel Donald (alias Samuel McDonald Wiley) A65
Wilkes, Harry A 79
Wilkinson, Vivian A85, A8G, A130, A134
Wilkinson, Vivian M A 86
Willard, Special Agent A 89
Williams, Chester A 22
Williams, Helen A T9
Williams, Jerry Henry ' A T9
Williams, John A65
Williams, Lonnie A22
Williams, Randall Arthur A65
Williamson, John A22
Willis, Samuel Conway A79
Willoughby, William Everett A79
Willuweit, Carl Louis AGS
Page
Wilson, Charles Lee
Wilson, Frank Causey
Wilson, Frank Edward
Wimmer, Bela
Winsheimer, Lawrence Arthur.
Winter, Arthur Myron
Wirkkula, Adolph
Wirkkula, Jakob
Wirkkula, Mrs. Jakob
Wirkkula, Jacob G
Wirkkula, Jakob Genhard
Wirta, Paul Edward
Wirtanen, Nuls
Witt, Arthur
Wittels, Isa do re
Woimala, Ralph Aatos
Wojdan, Wladyslaw
A79
A 65
AG5
A 65
A 65
A65
A102, A118, A130
A119, A130
A103, A130
A130
A102, A103, A118, A119, A130, A131, A133
A65
A102, A11S, A130, A131
A65
A65
A65
A 65
Wolf A90, A125
Wolf, Mrs. Anna A90
Wolf, Arthur A90
Wolf, Nathan A79
Wolff, Milton A65
Worden, Carl is A A65
Wren, Samuel A65
Wolf man, Charles A79
Wolfson, Isidore A95, A131
Wolk, Robert A65
Wolman, Eugene A65
Woods, Mrs. Alice AS5
Workmen’s Union A S3
A106, A112, A114, A116, A117,~A123, A126, A128, A131,’ A132, A137
Wright, James A 05
Wright, William A 03
Wrought. Alexander A 65
Wuotinen, Antti Arthur A 65
Wyman, Arnold A 65
Wynne, John Joseph Myles A 05
Y
Yagoda, Charley A22
Yandrich, Steve A13
Yanowsky, Harry Israel A 65
Yanvrich A7
Yates, James A 65
Yeager, Norbert Terry AG5
Yellin, Jack Harley A 65
Yepes, Victor Manuel A65
Yermendijan, Marshall A65
Yilek, Frank AG5
Yonules, Joseph A65
Youkelson, Rubin A22
Youkelson, Ruth A22
Young, Joseph Lafayette A65
Young, Martin AG
Youngblood, Charles A66
Yourkowski, Joseph Frank A3 2
Yuskas, Casimir AG6
Zablackas, Vete George A66
Zack, Joseph (Joseph Kornfeder) A 84,
AS7, A99, A104, A122, A131, A134, A136, A137, A139
Zack, Juliana A131
Zaionz, Walter AGO
Zajac, Michael AGO
INDEX
XLin
Page
Zajac, Sylvester AGG
Zak, Stephen AG6
Zakman, Samuel AGO
Zalon, Sol A66
Za meres, Joe AGG
Zaret, Daniel Abraham AGG
Zaslavsky, William Boris AGG
Zattoni, Albino Guiseppe AGG
Zauderer, Lewis J AGG
Zawadowski, Joseph T AGG
Zecevich, Milan AGG
Zeronas, Anton AGG
Ziedman, Frank AGG
Ziagos, John AGG
Zielinski, Stephen Charles AGG
Zientz, Harry A66
Zigardler, Fannie (known as Fay Siegartel) A12T, A132
Zingraf, Charles Lester AGG
Zivin, Louis AGG
Zlatovski, George Michael AGG
Zlotnik, Louis AGG
Zoul, George AGG
Zuckerman, Harry S A127, A12S, A137
Zuskar, John A22
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